Background/Objectives: Bladder cancer is characterized by high recurrence and progression rates, posing a challenge to current diagnostic and treatment strategies. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of emerging technologies, including novel PET tracers, AI-assisted cystoscopy, theragnostics, and molecular biomarkers. Methods: We performed a narrative review of the recent literature focusing on innovations in imaging, AI, theragnostics, and biomarker research relevant to bladder cancer diagnosis and management. Results: Several novel PET tracers, such as 68Ga-PSMA and fibroblast activation protein inhibitor (FAPI), demonstrated potential in improving detection sensitivity. AI-enhanced cystoscopy has shown promise in real-time lesion detection, while theragnostic agents enable combined diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Advances in molecular biomarkers, including circulating Tumor DNA (ctDNA) and gene expression signatures, offer new avenues for patient stratification and monitoring. Conclusions: Integration of advanced imaging, AI, theragnostics, and biomarker analysis may transform bladder cancer management, supporting personalized and more effective care strategies.

Background/Objectives: Prostate cancer is the most prevalent malignancy in men and remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Conventional imaging modalities exhibit limited sensitivity, particularly in the context of disease recurrence and advanced disease. Methods: A narrative review was conducted of studies published between 2015 and 2025, identified through PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane. Eligible publications addressed advanced imaging techniques, PSMA-targeted diagnostics and therapies, radiogenomics, liquid biopsy approaches, and artificial intelligence applications and personalized medicine. Preclinical studies, single case reports, and conference abstracts without full text were excluded. Results: PSMA PET/CT outperforms conventional imaging for detection, and restaging, influencing clinical management across disease stages. Lutetium-177–PSMA-617 has become the standard radioligand therapy for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, whereas alpha-emitting agents remain under clinical investigation. Radiogenomics and liquid biopsy assays (ctDNA, CTCs, AR-V7) provide complementary molecular insights. Artificial intelligence enhances imaging interpretations, standardization, and reproducibility, while multimodal data integration supports individualized risk stratification. Integrative models combining imaging, genomic, and liquid biopsy data pave the way toward precision oncology and personalized therapeutic decision-making. Conclusions: Advances in imaging and theragnostics are reshaping prostate cancer management, bridging the gap between molecular biology and clinical practice to enable precision oncology.

Background. Bladder carcinoma has elevated morbimortality due to its high recurrence and progression in localized disease. A better understanding of the role of the tumor microenvironment in carcinogenesis and response to treatment is needed. Methods. Peripheral blood and samples of urothelial bladder cancer and adjacent healthy urothelial tissue were collected from 41 patients and stratified in low- and high-grade urothelial bladder cancer, excluding muscular infiltration or carcinoma in situ. Mononuclear cells were isolated and labeled for flow cytometry analysis with antibodies aimed at identifying specific subpopulations within T lymphocytes, myeloid cells and NK cells. Results. In peripheral blood and tumor samples, we detected different percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes, monocyte and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, as well as differential expression of activation- and exhaustion-related markers. Conversely, only a significant increase in bladder total monocytes was found when comparing bladder and tumor samples. Interestingly, we identified specific markers differentially expressed in the peripheral blood of patients with different outcomes. Conclusion. The analysis of host immune response in patients with NMIBC may help to identify specific markers that allow optimizing therapy and patient follow-up. Further investigation is needed to establish a strong predictive model.

Background/Objectives: Prostate cancer is the most prevalent malignancy in men and remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Conventional imaging modalities exhibit limited sensitivity, particularly in the context of disease recurrence and advanced disease. Methods: A narrative review was conducted of studies published between 2015 and 2025, identified through PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane. Eligible publications addressed advanced imaging techniques, PSMA-targeted diagnostics and therapies, radiogenomics, liquid biopsy approaches, and artificial intelligence applica-tions and personalized medicine. Preclinical studies, single case reports, and conference abstracts without full text were excluded. Results: PSMA PET/CT outperforms conven-tional imaging for detection, and restaging, influencing clinical management across disease stages. Lutetium-177–PSMA-617 has become the standard radioligand therapy for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, whereas alpha-emitting agents remain under clinical investigation. Radiogenomics and liquid biopsy assays (ctDNA, CTCs, AR-V7) provide complementary molecular insights. Artificial intelligence enhances imaging interpretations, standardization, and reproducibility, while multimodal data integration supports individualized risk stratification. Integrative models combining imaging, genomic, and liquid biopsy data pave the way toward precision oncology and personalized therapeutic decision-making. Conclusions: Advances in imaging and theragnostics are reshaping prostate cancer management, bridging the gap between molecular biology and clinical practice to enable precision oncology.

Background: Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a rare but aggressive malignancy characterized by high rates of muscle-invasive and non-organ-confined disease at diagnosis, substantial postoperative renal function decline, and frequent intravesical recurrence. These clinical features complicate the use of cisplatin-based chemotherapy and limit the development of robust, disease-specific evidence. Most perioperative recommendations remain extrapolated from bladder cancer, and considerable uncertainty persists regarding the optimal integration of chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and emerging biomarkers. This review aims to synthesize contemporary evidence on neoadjuvant and adjuvant systemic therapy in UTUC, identify persistent gaps in clinical practice, and outline future research priorities in the era of biomarker-driven treatment. Summary: Neoadjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy has been evaluated in prospective phase II studies, which suggest potential benefits in terms of pathological downstaging and survival, with manageable toxicity profiles. Observational and propensity-adjusted studies reinforce these benefits, particularly in responders, and real-world data confirm expanding adoption in advanced and node-positive disease. Neoadjuvant immunotherapy as monotherapy has shown limited activity, while recent data from the iNDUCT trial indicate that early chemo-immunotherapy combinations are feasible but have not yet met primary efficacy endpoints. Findings from the POUT trial show a significant improvement in disease-free survival with adjuvant chemotherapy; however, overall survival data remain immature at the time of premature study closure. Adjuvant immunotherapy trials, including IMvigor010, CheckMate 274, and AMBASSADOR, have not shown a definitive benefit in UTUC subgroup analyses, a finding that may reflect limited statistical power. Persistent challenges include inaccurate preoperative staging, limited use of lymphadenectomy, uncertain management of variant histology and clinically node-positive disease, and the unresolved role of carboplatin. Emerging biomarkers such as circulating tumor DNA and urine tumor DNA show promise for refining risk stratification and minimal residual disease assessment but remain investigational and require UTUC-specific prospective validation. Key Messages: Neoadjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy is gaining acceptance as a perioperative strategy in UTUC, supported by prospective phase II data demonstrating pathological downstaging and manageable safety profiles. Neoadjuvant immunotherapy as monotherapy has demonstrated limited activity to date, whereas chemo-immunotherapy combinations remain under evaluation, with early feasibility but immature efficacy results. Adjuvant chemotherapy, as shown in the POUT trial, significantly improves disease-free survival; however, overall survival benefit remains uncertain due to premature study closure and immature follow-up. Evidence for adjuvant immunotherapy in UTUC remains inconclusive as subgroup analyses from IMvigor010, CheckMate 274, and AMBASSADOR have not demonstrated clear benefit (likely influenced by limited statistical power) highlighting the need for UTUC-specific randomized trials. Emerging biomarkers, including predictive models and circulating tumor DNA, may help refine perioperative treatment selection and guide future individualized strategies.

Purpose: Complicated urinary tract infections (cUTIs) are a frequent indication for admission to Hospital-at-Home (HaH) and outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) programmes. We describe the clinical, urological and microbiological profile, antimicrobial treatment and outcomes of a cUTI cohort managed in a HaH unit, and explored, in an exploratory analysis, factors associated with the 30-day composite of unplanned readmission or death. Methods: Prospective observational single-centre cohort of 262 consecutive cUTI episodes managed in a tertiary HaH unit (March 2023-October 2025). Baseline, urological, microbiological, treatment and outcome variables were recorded prospectively. Bivariate comparisons and an exploratory multivariable logistic regression were used to examine associations with the composite endpoint. Results: Median age was 79.7 years (Q1-Q3 66.1–87.2); 76.0% had multimorbidity. Escherichia coli was the most frequent isolate (45.4%; 41.2% ESBL-producing, 95% CI 32.7–50.2%), and the overall rate of resistance-mechanism-positive isolates was 30.2% (95% CI 24.9–36.0%). Ertapenem (42.8%) and ceftriaxone (41.2%) were the most frequently used intravenous agents. Clinical cure occurred in 92.0% (95% CI 88.1–94.7%) of episodes and 5.3% (95% CI 3.2–8.8%) required unplanned transfer to conventional care, with no deaths during the HaH episode. Within 30 days, 11.5% of episodes (95% CI 8.1–15.9%) were followed by hospital readmission and 4.2% (95% CI 2.4–7.4%) by death (composite endpoint, 13.4%, 95% CI 9.8–18.0%). In exploratory, hypothesis-generating analyses limited by the small number of events, older age and prior urological manipulation were identified as potential factors associated with the composite endpoint (age: OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.01–1.10; prior urological manipulation: OR 2.98, 95% CI 1.12–7.98), with wide confidence intervals. Conclusion: In this single-centre, uncontrolled descriptive cohort, cUTI managed through HaH/OPAT was associated with high clinical cure and low unplanned transfer, despite a substantial burden of ESBL-producing organisms and other resistance-mechanism-positive isolates. Older age and prior urological manipulation emerged as potential markers associated with adverse outcomes, warranting further characterisation in larger, adequately powered cohorts before informing risk stratification at HaH admission.