Immunohistochemistry (IHC) slides are graded for breast cancer based on visual markers and morphological characteristics of stained membrane regions. The usage of whole slide images (WSIs) from histology in digital pathology algorithms for computer-assisted evaluations has increased recently. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-stained microscopic images are challenging, time-consuming, and error-prone to evaluate manually. This is due to different staining, overlapped regions, and huge, non-homogeneous slides. Additionally, the classification of HER2 images by the selection of fundamental features must be used to capture the difficult elements of the images, such as the irregular cell structure and the coloring of the tissue of the cells. To solve the above problems, a transfer learning model-based, trainable metaheuristic method for choosing the best features is suggested in this paper. Moreover, the suggested model is efficient in reducing model complexity and computational costs as well as avoiding overfitting. The four main components of the proposed cascaded design are: (a) converting WSIs to tiled images and enhancing contrast with fast local Laplacian filtering (FlLpF); (b) extracting features with a ResNet50 CNN technique based on transfer learning; (c) selecting the most informative features with the help of a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) optimizer; and (d) using a support vector machine (SVM) to classify HER2 scores. Results from the HER2SC and HER2GAN datasets show that the suggested model is superior to other methods already in use, with 94.4% accuracy, 93.71% precision, 98.07% specificity, 93.83% sensitivity, and a 93.71% F1-score for the HER2SC dataset being achieved.

Fiber lasers have long remained relevant for various applications worldwide in many industries. This paper presents a mode-locked ytterbium-doped fiber laser (YDFL) using our home-made topological insulator Bi₂Se₃ nanosheets (TI Bi₂Se₃) as the saturable absorber. The fabricated TI Bi₂Se₃ is transported to the end of the fiber ferrule using an optical deposition process, which is a key ingredient for initiating a pulsed fiber laser. With a pump power of 211.1 mW, the captured repetition rate and pulse width are 8.3 MHz and 6.2 ns, respectively. The length of the setup configuration is approximately 20 m, which corresponds to an output power measurement of 12.4 mW with a calculated pulse energy of 1.5 nJ. There are no significant Kelly sidebands, but the strong stability of the pulsed laser is defined by a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of around 60.35 dB.

Utilizing bismuth telluride (Bi₂Te₃) nanosheet saturable absorbers (SA), a remarkable source of continuous-wave infrared radiation known for its high efficiency and wide range of accessible wavelengths, has been successfully developed. The mode-locking bright pulses have a repetition frequency of 9.5 MHz and a pulse width of 0.6 ps at a power level of 203.5 mW. The optical spectrum has its center at 1050.23 nm and delivers pulse energies of 2.13 nJ and output power of 20.3 mW. Using a straightforward 18 m long ring design and a laser cavity with a −19.9 ps²/km dispersion, a 44 dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was achieved to demonstrate the pulse’s strong stability.

The whispering gallery mode on the surface of the microbottle optical resonator (MBR) was studied in this research paper as a relative temperature sensor. The MBR is formed by a technique known as “soften-and-compress” allowed SMF-28 silica fiber to be formed in bottle structure with a bottle diameter D_b = 190μm, stem diameter of D_s = 125μm and bottle length of L_b = 182μm. The Q-factor of the MBR is defined by excited with bare microfiber with 2 μm diameter and managed to have >10⁵. The range of temperature between 40°C to 100°C is then employed to the MBR as a temperature sensor for analysis purpose. The performance of the MBR is promising with sensitivity 0.0149 dB/⁰C with linearity 94% and P-value >10⁵ which is defined as a good sensor. The sensitivity value from the wavelength shift is 1.3 pm/⁰C. The repeatability and stability of the MBR can be employed as a temperature sensor.

Mode-locking is an ultra-short pulse laser generation technique. The range of pulse duration may vary from picoseconds to femtoseconds. Yttrium Oxide (Y₂O₃) based saturable absorber (SA) was appropriately revealed in the mode-locked method within the 1.55-micron regime. Y₂O₃ is perfect for strength, melting point, and chemical stability and can be used as a laminated insulator due to its properties. Moreover, Y₂O₃ also owns broadband service, switching speed, and engineering features. The Y₂O₃-PVA film was produced by combining the 50 mg Y₂O₃ powder into a 50 mL polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution and stirring it at room temperature for about 24 h. A mode-locked pulse was recorded with the integrated Y₂O₃-PVA SA in the erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) cavity, and the output spectrum optical spectrum analyzer displayed was around 1560.66 nm. In addition to the sustained mode-locked pulse, a nearly constant repetition rate of 1.01 MHz at a specific pump power begins from 175.87 mW to 228.04 mW while the pulse duration is 4.15 ps. Lastly, the mode-locked pulse had been evaluated, which showed the peak power started from 4.94 kW to 6.07 kW.