Nowadays, natural language processing (NLP) is one of the most popular areas of, broadly understood, artificial intelligence. Therefore, every day, new research contributions are posted, for instance, to the arXiv repository. Hence, it is rather difficult to capture the current “state of the field” and thus, to enter it. This brought the id-art NLP techniques to analyse the NLP-focused literature. As a result, (1) meta-level knowledge, concerning the current state of NLP has been captured, and (2) a guide to use of basic NLP tools is provided. It should be noted that all the tools and the dataset described in this contribution are publicly available. Furthermore, the originality of this review lies in its full automation. This allows easy reproducibility and continuation and updating of this research in the future as new researches emerge in the field of NLP.

Research into fake news detection has a long history, although it gained significant attention following the 2016 US election. During this time, the widespread use of social media and the resulting increase in interpersonal communication led to the extensive spread of ambiguous and potentially misleading news. Traditional approaches, relying solely on pre- LLM (large language model) techniques and addressing the issue as a simple classification problem, have shown to be insufficient for improving detection accuracy. In this context, large language models have become crucial, as their advanced architectures overcome the limitations of pre-LLM methods, which often fail to capture the subtleties of fake news. This literature review aims to shed light on the field of fake news detection by providing a brief historical overview, defining fake news, reviewing detection methods used before the advent of large language models, and discussing the strengths and weaknesses of these models in an increasingly complex landscape. Furthermore, it will emphasize the importance of using multimodal datasets in the effort to detect fake news.

Next Generation Internet of Things (NGIoT) addresses the deployment of complex, novel IoT ecosystems. These ecosystems are related to different technologies and initiatives, such as 5G/6G, AI, cybersecurity, and data science. The interaction with these disciplines requires addressing complex challenges related with the implementation of flexible solutions that mix heterogeneous software and hardware, while providing high levels of customisability and manageability, creating the need for a blueprint reference architecture (RA) independent of particular existing vertical markets (e.g., energy, automotive, or smart cities). Different initiatives have partially dealt with the requirements of the architecture. However, the first complete, consolidated NGIoT RA, covering the hardware and software building blocks, and needed for the advent of NGIoT, has been designed in the ASSIST-IoT project. The ASSIST-IoT RA delivers a layered and modular design that divides the edge-cloud continuum into independent functions and cross-cutting capabilities. This contribution discusses practical aspects of implementation of the proposed architecture within the context of real-world applications. In particular, it is shown how use of cloud-native concepts (microservices and applications, containerisation, and orchestration) applied to the edge-cloud continuum IoT systems results in bringing the ASSIST-IoT concepts to reality. The description of how the design elements can be implemented in practice is presented in the context of an ecosystem, where independent software packages are deployed and run at the selected points in the hardware environment. Both implementation aspects and functionality of selected groups of virtual artefacts (micro-applications called enablers) are described, along with the hardware and software contexts in which they run.