In this work, a simple, low-cost and easy-to-handle analytical procedure based on carbon quantum dots (CQDs) is proposed to check commercially available formulated microbicides that are used to mitigate the transmission of viruses, such as SARS-COV-2, or bacterial diseases. For this purpose, CQDs were synthesized via pyrolysis using citric acid and ethylenediamine as precursors to produce an intense fluorescence that is used to measure the concentration of hypochlorite, an important biocidal agent present in sanitizing mats, by quenching mechanisms. The characterization of the CQDs was performed using IR spectrophotometry, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, spectrofluorometry, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and zeta potential measurements. For analytical purposes, fluorescence was measured in a UV chamber irradiated using an LED with the maximum emission at 350 nm. A smartphone was coupled to the UV chamber to measure the fluorescence quenching due to the presence of hypochlorite, and further the digital images were decomposed by RGB data using free software. Tests of pH, CQD concentration and stability of the fluorescence emitted were performed. The stability study of the fluorescence emitted by the CQD solution showed a relative standard deviation lower than 5.0%. The fluorescence digital image-based (FDIB) method resulted in a linear range from 17.44 μmol L⁻¹ to 90.0 μmol L⁻¹ with an LOD of 3.30 μmol L⁻¹ for the determination of hypochlorite using a microplate made of PLA (polylactic acid) customized using a 3D printer. Furthermore, the hypochlorite concentration was tested in situ for its compliance in a sanitizing mat, in a real use situation (daily, a group of four people, each one kept their feet on the mat for 30 s). After 2.5 h, the monitored concentration of hypochlorite was 0.04953% (w/v) or 7.63 mmol L⁻¹, and therefore, it was inefficient to act as a sanitizing agent. Thus, for the first time in the literature, an FDIB method with CQDs is used to verify in situ microbicide practices with a fast and low-cost analytical procedure.

This review provides a critical assessment of the most recent advances in digital imaging (DI) methods, applied for the development of analytical methodologies combining quantum dots (QDs).

The present work describes a laboratory-on-a-drone (Lab-on-a-Drone) developed to perform in situ detection of contaminants in environmental water samples.