The analysis of rainfall patterns in the Indonesian region utilized the Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) method to identify spatial and temporal variations. The study evaluated the dynamic influence of the Tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) and the Tropical Pacific Ocean (TPO) on Indonesian rainfall using monthly data from the Southeast Asian Climate Assessment and Dataset (SACA&D) spanning from January 1981 to December 2016 and encompassing three extreme El Niño events in 1982/1983, 1997/1998 and 2015/2016. Using combined reanalysis and gridded-observation data, this study evaluates the potential impact of the two primary modes in the tropical Indo-Pacific region, namely the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on Indonesian rainfall. The analysis using the EOF method revealed two main modes with variances of 35.23% and 13.07%, respectively. Moreover, the results indicated that rainfall in Indonesia is highly sensitive to sea surface temperatures (SST) in the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean and the central Pacific Ocean (Niño3.4 and Niño3 areas), suggesting that changes in SST could significantly alter rainfall patterns in the region. This research is useful for informing government policies related to anticipating changes in rainfall variability as part of Indonesia’s preparedness for hydrometeorological disasters.

The purpose of this study is to provide predictions of climate conditions and trend of temperature rise in the city of Palembang in the 21st century. The BMKG station data used, namely SK Palembang and SM SMB II from the 2000-2020 period were analyzed based on the agreement of the Expert Team for Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI). ). Analysis using google colab shows that rainfall in the city of Palembang has a fairly high variability and a decrease in the number of rainy days that occur in the city of Palembang with the trend of air temperature, namely TMAXmean and TMINmean, has increased significantly by 2.40C for 50 years. Based on the correlation analysis between rainfall and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) with Google Colab, a negative relationship was found. The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) index used is the Niño 3.4 index. The study concluded that although the geographical location of Palembang city is located in the Asian Monsoon area, the ENSO phenomenon does not significantly affect rainfall variability in Palembang city.

Teachers’ readiness to integrate Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) plays a pivotal role in preparing students to understand and practice sustainable living. This study examined the readiness of 232 in-service biology teachers in South Sumatra, comprising 142 novice teachers (with ≤10 years of experience) and 90 experienced teachers (with>10 years of experience). A descriptive-comparative quantitative design was employed, using two structured questionnaires to measure teachers’ perspectives on ESD and their Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK). Findings revealed that teachers generally showed a strong commitment to ESD but only a moderate conceptual understanding. Within TPACK, attitudes were rated the highest, whereas technological and inquiry-based competencies were rated the lowest. Novice teachers scored higher than experienced teachers, while participation in environmental education training or prior teaching experience in related topics improved readiness. This study highlights the importance of continuous professional development in enhancing teachers’ technological and inquiry-oriented capacities. Strengthening these dimensions is crucial for effectively embedding ESD into biology teaching and science education more broadly. By addressing these gaps, the integration of ESD can move beyond awareness toward transformative learning that equips students with the skills and dispositions needed for sustainable futures.

El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a weather phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean. At the same time, Dipole Mode (DM) is an ocean-atmosphere interaction phenomenon in the Indian Ocean. The area of South Sumatra Province, which is in the Monsunal area, makes the influence of ENSO and DM very instrumental in determining the length of the rainy season and throughout the year. The South Sumatra region is very vulnerable to forest and land fire disasters due to the condition of the area in the form of swamps and peatlands, which are very easy to burn if the dry season occurs in the South Sumatra area. In this study, an analysis of the effect of ENSO and DM on rainfall in the South Sumatra Region from 1981 to 2020 was carried out using a simple linear regression method and the correlation coefficient using Niño 3.4 index data and Dipole Mode with rainfall data and consecutive rainy days data. Consecutive Wet Day (CWD). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Enso and Dipole Mode on rainfall and CWD in the South Sumatra Region. The results show that the correlation between ENSO and rainfall is 0.0017-0.002573, DM and rainfall is 0.05972, and ENSO and CWD is -0.068. The correlation between DMI and CWD is 0.513. So it can be said that ENSO and DMI have no effect on rainfall in the South Sumatra Province. Still, the amount of CWD in South Sumatra Province is significantly determined by the Dipole Mode Index (DMI) at a moderate level. The number of consecutive rainy days in South Sumatra Province is influenced by the dynamics of the ocean and atmosphere of the Indian Ocean, which is characterized by the presence of positive IOD and negative IOD phenomena.

This study reports the experimental results of the measurement and analysis of the moment of inertia (MOI) of rigid bodies using a smartphone magnetometer. The MOI apparatus comprises a spiral spring, stand, deviation scale, and vibration counter. The magnetometer application used on the smartphone is the Physics Toolbox Sensor Suite. The magnet, which is placed on top of the MOI apparatus, rotates with the rigid body, and the smartphone magnetometer is used to detect the magnetic field values. We experimentally determine the relationship between the magnetic field and time. The time function is used to analyse the oscillation period of the rigid bodies, which comprise a solid cylinder, solid sphere, solid cone, and solid circular disc. The oscillation periods are proportional to the radii of the rigid bodies. This experience will trigger student interest in conducting related experiments.

This paper aims to stimulate a teaching and learning reflection for Indonesian IGCSE physics classrooms through a recent booming and recreational game of Newtonian yoyo called lato-lato. As physics is one of the critical and complex subjects in secondary school, it establishes a struggle for students to comprehend the concept of physics. The 21st-century physics education learning aims to promote high-end reasoning and deep understanding. Contextual physic learning will support this mission to reach maximum attainment for students. Physics through contextual knowledge will be more feasible for students. The recent phenomenon of lato-lato encounters a new interest for students. Lato-lato as a demonstrator and contextual example will be a resourceful material for several concepts of Newtonian mechanics, for instance: collision and energy. In addition, lato-lato may provide an advanced idea of circular motion, momentum, and impulse, oscillation. Lato-lato involvement may bring a chance for IGCSE curriculum adjustment in mechanics topics to become a significant pre-learning process. By using the adjusted curriculum, students are more likely to reach their maximum attainment and conceptual understanding of mechanics because students feel interested and encouraged to learn through a problem-solving and real-world setup. Lato-lato (Newtonian Yoyo) phenomenon may solve students’ learning difficulties in IGCSE physics through a conceptual phenomenon.