The analysis of rainfall patterns in the Indonesian region utilized the Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) method to identify spatial and temporal variations. The study evaluated the dynamic influence of the Tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) and the Tropical Pacific Ocean (TPO) on Indonesian rainfall using monthly data from the Southeast Asian Climate Assessment and Dataset (SACA&D) spanning from January 1981 to December 2016 and encompassing three extreme El Niño events in 1982/1983, 1997/1998 and 2015/2016. Using combined reanalysis and gridded-observation data, this study evaluates the potential impact of the two primary modes in the tropical Indo-Pacific region, namely the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on Indonesian rainfall. The analysis using the EOF method revealed two main modes with variances of 35.23% and 13.07%, respectively. Moreover, the results indicated that rainfall in Indonesia is highly sensitive to sea surface temperatures (SST) in the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean and the central Pacific Ocean (Niño3.4 and Niño3 areas), suggesting that changes in SST could significantly alter rainfall patterns in the region. This research is useful for informing government policies related to anticipating changes in rainfall variability as part of Indonesia’s preparedness for hydrometeorological disasters.

During the dry season, extensive peatland fires in South Sumatra and another peatland in Indonesia result in environmental damage and pose health risks to humans. The Indonesian Government has implemented several measures to prevent the recurrence of these fires. One such measure involves the establishment of observation stations to monitor hydrometeorological parameters in different peatlands across Indonesia, including those in South Sumatra. To effectively control fires in South Sumatra’s peatland and minimize hotspot occurrences, it is essential to determine hydrometeorological parameters that can serve as fire control indicators. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between groundwater levels and hotspot occurrences by analyzing groundwater level data collected from six Peat Restoration Agency stations in South Sumatra’s peatland, along with hotspot data obtained from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer satellite measurements. The findings reveal a significant correlation between groundwater levels and hotspots at the six stations. As the GWL increased, the number of hotspots tended to decrease, and vice versa. This means that GWL can be used as a controlling variable for hotspot emergence. To effectively minimize hotspot occurrences, it is recommended to maintain a minimum groundwater level of −0.45 ± 0.09 m in the peatland of South Sumatra.

Purpose of the study: This study aims to analyze STEM education conceptions among pre-service mathematics and science teachers, focusing on their perceptions, understanding, and readiness to implement STEM education. The research seeks to identify gaps in STEM comprehension to inform teacher preparation program development. Methodology: This descriptive quantitative study describes the STEM concept among prospective science and mathematics teachers using an online questionnaire with Likert scale and open-ended questions. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, such as mean and standard deviation, and validated with Gregory's content validity formula, and Cronbach's alpha. Main Findings: Main findings indicate that 14.58% of respondents demonstrated very high STEM conception with scores exceeding 112.37, while 31.25% exhibited high conception within the range of 98.83 to 112.37. Conversely, 41.67% showed low conception with scores between 85.33 and 98.82, and 12.50% had very low conception, scoring below 85.33. Overall, only 45.83% of pre service teachers possessed adequate STEM conception, highlighting that 54.17% require strengthening in their understanding of STEM. Mathematics is seen as an essential foundational element in STEM education, with technology integration being key to improving learning outcomes. This study highlights the need for curriculum revision and professional development to improve STEM readiness among preservice teachers. Novelty/Originality of this study: This study identified a lack of STEM concepts among preservice mathematics and science teachers, and highlighted the urgency of revising the curriculum with an interdisciplinary approach that connects theory and practice. Limitations include self-reported data and a limited focus, so a larger study is needed.

One of the sea surface temperature anomaly phenomena that influences rainfall in Indonesia is the El-Niño Southern Oscillaton (ENSO) which occurs in the Pacific Ocean. This also has an impact on rainfall on Papua Island, considering the island's geographical position which faces the Pacific Ocean. The impact of this rainfall could potentially be at an extreme level. This research aims to analyze the impact of the El-Niño Southern Oscillaton (ENSO) on extreme rainfall on Papua Island during the period 2002-2022. The extreme rainfall indices used are Annual total wet-day precipitation (PRCPTOT), Consecutive dry days (CDD), Consecutive wet days (CWD) and Number of Days Above nn mm (Rnn). The impact of ENSO on extreme rainfall on Papua Island was studied using daily rainfall data from BMKG and ERA 5 reanalysis. The results of the study showed changes in extreme rainfall trends that occurred on Papua Island in the 2002-2022 period. Changes in the trends of PRCPTOT, Rnn, and CWD tend to increase predominantly influenced by La-Niña in the DJF, MAM and SON periods. Meanwhile, trend changes tend to decrease, influenced by El-Niño in the JJA and SON periods, which can be seen in the CDD index.