Virtual environment has the potential to be used as a medium to facilitate cultural learning. However, this requires guidelines on how to design the environment. This article provides a conceptual framework that guides the design of a virtual environment that facilitates cultural learning for casual users. The exploratory sequential mixed-method design approach was used as the basis for the overall research design. Five studies involving experts and end users were performed to identify and evaluate the framework components. The framework consists of four important components: (i) Information Design, (ii) Information Presentation, (iii) Navigation Mechanism, and (iv) Environment Setting, and outlines two types of design elements: basic elements, which are essential for cultural learning to take place, and extended elements, which provide options for enhanced user experience. Results from the framework evaluation suggest that the proposed design elements are useful in facilitating learning and that the experience of using the virtual environment affected the end users’ sense of awareness and appreciation toward heritage value and preservation.

Besides being a medium for exhibiting three-dimensional heritage objects, the design and development of virtual heritage environments could also facilitate cultural learning. The aim of this article is to present some consideration on factors that could facilitate cultural learning in virtual heritage environment. Cultural learning in the context of this study refers to the acquisition of knowledge that encourages cultural awareness and appreciation. In this study, we explore virtual heritage environment design features, and cultural information characteristics and presentation formats that are important to facilitate cultural learning, from the casual user's perspective. We conducted experiments that required users to explore virtual heritage environments (focusing on architectural heritage) from selected heritage-related websites, followed by interview sessions. Four contributing factors were identified: information design, information presentation, navigation mechanism, and environment setting. The results suggest the need to reduce users’ cognitive load when exploring virtual heritage environments while simultaneously presenting information that adds value to their understanding. The results also suggest that the inclusion of cultural information in virtual heritage environments is essential for cultural learning to take place.

Driving behavior is considered one of the most important factors in all road crashes, accounting for 40% of all fatal and serious accidents. Moreover, aggressive driving is the leading cause of traffic accidents that jeopardize human life and property. By evaluating data collected by various collection devices, it is possible to detect dangerous and aggressive driving, which is a huge step toward altering the situation. The utilization of driving data, which has arisen as a new tool for assessing the style of driving, has lately moved the concentration of aggressive recognition research. The goal of this study is to detect dangerous and aggressive driving profiles utilizing data gathered from motorcyclists and smartphone APPs that run on the Android operating system. A two-stage method is used: first, determine driver profile thresholds (rules), then differentiate between non-aggressive and aggressive driving and show the harmful conduct for producing the needed outcome. The data were collected from motorcycles using -Speedometer GPS-, an application based on the Android system, supplemented with spatiotemporal information. After the completion of data collection, preprocessing of the raw data was conducted to make them ready for use. The next steps were extracting the relevant features and developing the classification model, which consists of the transformation of patterns into features that are considered a compressed representation. Lastly, this study discovered a collection of key characteristics which might be used to categorize driving behavior as aggressive, normal, or dangerous. The results also revealed major safety issues related to driving behavior while riding a motorcycle, providing valuable insight into improving road safety and reducing accidents.

Coal’s rising prominence in the power industry has raised concerns about future CO₂ emissions and energy reliability. As of 2017, it is estimated that Malaysia’s existing natural gas production can only be maintained for another 40 years. Consequently, the carbon intensity of electricity production has increased due to the increasing share of coal-fired plants and electricity infrastructure inefficiencies. To summarise, energy industries have been the highest emitters of CO₂ emissions, with a 54-percent share. In response to these challenges, the government implemented a series of renewable energy (RE) policy measures. Whether these policies are sufficient in driving Malaysian energy decarbonisation is yet to be seen. In this study, we simulated different scenarios from 2015 to 2050 with an agent-based model to explore the roles of renewable energy policies towards emission reduction in the energy sector. The simulation results reveal that when all renewables initiatives were implemented, the share of RE increased to 16 percent, and emissions intensity fell by 26 percent relative to its level in 2005, albeit with increasing absolute carbon emissions. This milestone is still far below the government’s 45 percent reduction target. The simulation results demonstrate that renewable energy policies are less effective in driving Malaysian electricity towards desired low-carbon pathways. Furthermore, it is evidenced that no single approach can achieve the emission reduction target. Therefore, a combination of energy efficiency and renewable energy policy measures is unavoidable to decarbonise the electricity sector in Malaysia.