Biomimetic nanoparticles (BMNPs) are innovative nanovehicles that replicate the properties of naturally occurring extracellular vesicles, facilitating highly efficient drug delivery across biological barriers to target organs and tissues while ensuring maximal biocompatibility and minimal-to-no toxicity. BMNPs can be utilized for the delivery of therapeutic payloads and for imparting novel properties to other nanotechnologies based on organic and inorganic materials. The application of specifically modified biological membranes for coating organic and inorganic nanoparticles has the potential to enhance their therapeutic efficacy and biocompatibility, presenting a promising pathway for the advancement of drug delivery technologies. This manuscript is grounded in the fundamentals of biomimetic technologies, offering a comprehensive overview and analytical perspective on the preparation and functionalization of BMNPs, which include cell membrane-coated nanoparticles (CMCNPs), artificial cell-derived vesicles (ACDVs), and fully synthetic vesicles (fSVs). This review examines both “top-down” and “bottom-up” approaches for nanoparticle preparation, with a particular focus on techniques such as cell membrane coating, cargo loading, and microfluidic fabrication. Additionally, it addresses the technological challenges and potential solutions associated with the large-scale production and clinical application of BMNPs and related technologies.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are natural carriers of biomolecules that play a crucial role in cell-to-cell communication and tissue homeostasis under normal and pathological conditions, including inflammatory diseases and cancer. Since the discovery of the pro-regenerative and immune-modulating properties of EVs, EV-based therapeutics have entered clinical trials for conditions such as myocardial infarction and autoimmune diseases, among others. Due to their unique advantages—such as superior bioavailability, substantial packaging capacity, and the ability to traverse biological barriers—EVs are regarded as a promising platform for targeted drug delivery. However, achieving a sufficient accumulation of therapeutic agents at the target site necessitates a larger quantity of EVs per dose compared to using EVs as standalone drugs. This challenge can be addressed by administering larger doses of EVs, increasing the drug dosage per administration, or enhancing the selective accumulation of EVs at target cells. In this review, we will discuss methods to improve the isolation and purification of EVs, approaches to enhance cargo packaging—including proteins, RNAs, and small-molecule drugs—and technologies for displaying targeting ligands on the surface of EVs to facilitate improved targeting. Ultimately, this guide can be applied to the development of novel classes of EV-based therapeutics and to overcoming existing technological challenges.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are natural carriers of biomolecules that play a crucial role in cell-to-cell communication and tissue homeostasis under normal and pathological conditions, including inflammatory diseases and cancer. Since the discovery of the pro-regenerative and immune-modulating properties of EVs, EV-based therapeutics have entered clinical trials for conditions such as myocardial infarction and autoimmune diseases, among others. Due to their unique advantages—such as superior bioavailability, substantial packaging capacity, and the ability to traverse biological barriers—EVs are regarded as a promising platform for targeted drug delivery. However, achieving sufficient accumulation of therapeutic agents at the target site necessitates a larger quantity of EVs per dose compared to using EVs as standalone drugs. This challenge can be addressed by administering larger doses of EVs, increasing the drug dosage per administration, or enhancing the selective accumulation of EVs at target cells. In this review, we will discuss methods to improve the isolation and purification of EVs, approaches to enhance cargo packaging—including proteins, RNAs, and small-molecule drugs—and technologies for displaying targeting ligands on the surface of EVs to facilitate improved targeting. Ultimately, this guide can be applied to the development of novel classes of EV-based therapeutics and to overcoming existing technological challenges.

BACKGROUND: Asymptomatic bacteriuria caused by group B gram-positive streptococcus, Streptococcus agalactiae, in pregnant women is a leading cause of sepsis in newborns and young children, transmitted from their mothers. In the present study, the frequency of S. agalactiae inoculation from the urine of pregnant women with asymptomatic bacteriuria was studied with the determination of the sensitivity of isolated strains to antibiotics. AIMS: This study aimed to investigate the inoculation of group B streptococcus in asymptomatic bacteriuria of pregnant women and to determine the sensitivity of the isolated cultures of the pathogen to the main antibiotics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The analysis involved bacteriological studies of 2,559 urine samples collected from pregnant women. Urine was inoculated on UriSelect 4 Medium chromogenic medium with subsequent identification of S. agalactiae using a strepto-latex test or a CAMP test with a Staphylococcus aureus culture. The sensitivity of microorganisms to antibacterial drugs was determined using the disk diffusion method. Data analysis was conducted using the Statistica 12.0 software package. RESULTS: Out of 2,559 urine samples studied, asymptomatic bacteriuria was detected in 317 samples (12.4%), and 330 strains of microorganisms were isolated. S. agalactiae was isolated by culture from 108 pregnant women (4.2% of the total subjects), with 50 cases (16%) showing asymptomatic bacteriuria caused by S. agalactiae. The high significance of Escherichia coli in asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women was shown, with a lesser extent of involvement observed with Enterococcus spp. Furthermore, associations of S. agalactiae with other microorganisms were identified. The high sensitivity of S. agalactiae strains to clindamycin, to a lesser extent to levofloxacin, chloramphenicol, and, especially, to erythromycin, has been demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS: The study revealed a high culturability of group B streptococcus in asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women. Low sensitivity of isolated streptococci to erythromycin, moderate sensitivity to levofloxacin and chloramphenicol, and high sensitivity to clindamycin were also revealed.