Perovskite solar cells represent one of the recent success stories in photovoltaics. The device efficiency has been steadily increasing over the past years, but further work is needed to enhance the performance, for example, through the reduction of defects to prevent carrier recombination. SCAPS-1D simulations were performed to assess efficiency limits and identify approaches to decrease the impact of defects, through the selection of an optimal hole-transport material and a hole-collecting electrode. Particular attention was given to evaluation of the influence of bulk defects within light-absorbing CH₃NH₃SnI₃ layers. In addition, the study demonstrates the influence of interface defects at the TiO₂/CH₃NH₃SnI₃ (IL1) and CH₃NH₃SnI₃/HTL (IL2) interfaces across the similar range of defect densities. Finally, the optimal device architecture TiO₂/CH₃NH₃SnI₃/Cu₂O is proposed for the given absorber layer using the readily available Cu₂O hole-transporting material with PCE = 27.95%, FF = 84.05%, V_OC = 1.02 V and J_SC = 32.60 mA/cm², providing optimal performance and enhanced resistance to defects.

The advantages of IR spectroscopy include relatively fast analysis and sensitivity, which facilitate its wide application in the pharmaceutical, chemical and polymer sectors. Thus, IR spectroscopy provides an excellent opportunity to monitor the degradation and concomitant evolution of the molecular structure within a perovskite layer. As is well-known, one of the main limitations preventing the industrialization of perovskite solar cells is the relatively low resistance to various degradation factors. The aim of this work was to study the degradation of the surface of a perovskite thin film CH₃NH₃PbI_3-xCl_x caused by atmosphere and light. To study the surface of CH₃NH₃PbI_3-xCl_x, a scanning electron microscope, infrared (IR) spectroscopy and optical absorption were used. It is shown that the degradation of the functional layer of perovskite proceeds differently depending on the acting factor present in the surrounding atmosphere, whilst the chemical bonds are maintained within the perovskite crystal structure under nitrogen. However, when exposed to an ambient atmosphere, an expansion of the NH₃⁺ band is observed, which is accompanied by a shift in the N–H stretching mode toward higher frequencies; this can be explained by the degradation of the perovskite surface due to hydration. This paper shows that the dissociation of H₂O molecules under the influence of sunlight can adversely affect the efficiency and stability of the absorbing layer. This work presents an approach to the study of perovskite structural stability with the aim of developing alternative concepts to the fabrication of stable and sustainable perovskite solar cells.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have quickly achieved certified energy conversion efficiency reaching a certified record of 27.3% for single-junction cells, while having a low mass, thin-film form factor and high specific power, which are attractive for space energy systems. However, their long-term reliability in extraterrestrial environments is not adequately ensured by terrestrial qualification routes, and standardized space-related test protocols remain insufficiently developed. This review critically summarizes the current understanding of the degradation of PSCs under the influence of key environmental factors in space—ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, thermal vacuum exposure and thermal cycling, and ultraviolet radiation AM0, as well as atmospheric oxygen in low orbits. The central task of the work is to develop and justify the need to create specialized PSCs test protocols for space applications, since existing ground standards do not reflect the multifactorial nature and extreme orbital loads. It has been shown that thermal vacuum accelerates ion migration, interphase reactions, and degassing, while AM0 UV and atomic oxygen introduce additional photochemical and oxidative mechanisms of destruction; at the same time, stressors often act synergistically and are not detected by single-factor tests. Next, the limitations of the current IEC and ISOS are discussed and an approach to their expansion is formulated through the ISOS-T-Space and ISOS-LC-Space protocols, which integrate high vacuum, AM0 lighting, extended temperature ranges and controlled particle irradiation. It is concluded that the development and interlaboratory validation of such space-oriented protocols is a key condition for the correct qualification of PSCs and targeted optimization of materials and interfaces to meet the requirements of space energy.

Large-scale deployment of the perovskite photovoltaic technology using such high-performance materials as СH3NH3PbI3may face serious environmental issuesin the future. Implementation of perovskite solar cellbased on Sncouldbe an alternative solution for commercialisation. This paperpresents the results of a theoretical study of a lead-free, environmentally-friendlyphotovoltaic cellusing СH3NH3SnI3as a light-absorbing layer. The characteristics of a photovoltaic cell based on perovskite were modelled using the SCAPS-1D program. Various thicknesses of the absorbing layer were analysed,and an optimised device structure is proposed,demonstratinga high power conversionefficiencyof up to 28% at ambient temperature. The analysis of the thicknesses of the СH3NH3SnI3absorbing layer revealedthat at a thickness of 500 nm, performance is demonstrated with an efficiencyof 27.41 %, a fill factor of 85.92 %, a short circuit current density of 32.60 mA/cm2and an open-circuit voltage of 0.98 V. The obtained numerical results indicate that the СH3NH3SnI3absorbing layer may be a viable replacement forthe standard materials and may form the basis of a highly efficient technology of the environmentally-friendlyperovskite solar cells.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a disruptive photovoltaic technology for aerospace and extreme environment applications, driven by their substantial power-to-weight ratio and mechanical flexibility. However, continuous operation under harsh conditions, characterized by the AM0 spectrum, deep vacuum, extreme thermal cycling, and ionizing radiation, exposes the fundamental thermodynamic instability of traditional organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites. This comprehensive review systematically synthesizes 131 recent studies to provide a holistic framework for designing ultrastable, radiation-hardened PSCs. We critically examine the underlying degradation mechanisms, including vacuum-induced volatile desorption, UV-triggered halide segregation, and thermomechanical fracture at buried interfaces. To overcome these critical barriers, we highlight advanced engineering strategies: the transition to all-inorganic CsPbX₃ and lead-free double/chalcogenide perovskites (e.g., Cs₂SnI₆, CaHfS₃), the implementation of dopant-free inorganic transport layers coupled with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) for cascade band alignment, and the integration of polymeric scaffolds for fracture energy toughening. Furthermore, we emphasize the imperative shift toward solvent-free vacuum deposition techniques (ALD, PLD). A distinctive focus of this review is the integration of Artificial Intelligence; specifically, we evaluate Deep Learning architectures, such as Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, for predictive State of Health (SOH) monitoring, underscoring the vital transition from simulated to empirical datasets. Finally, coupled with Material Flow Cost Accounting (MFCA), this review outlines a strategic roadmap for the commercialization and deployment of autonomous, self-diagnosing photovoltaic platforms in next-generation satellite and deep-space missions.

One of the promising directions in solar energy is the use of perovskite-based solar cells. The competitiveness of perovskite solar cells with silicon solar cells is growing every year, but to further improve the efficiency of perovskite-based solar cells, it is worth paying attention to the HTL type. The density of interfacial defects in a solar cell based on CH3NH3SNI3 plays an important role in increasing efficiency. In order to increase the performance of a solar cell based on CH3NH3SNI3, work was done to select the most suitable interfacial defect. In this work, the SCAPS-1D program was used to create a model of a solar cell. The SCAPS-1D program evaluates the effect of the density of interfacial defects on a solar cell based on CH3NH3SNI3, which ranged from 1010 cm-3 to 1017 cm-3. TiO2/СH3NH3SnI3/ Cu2O is proposed as the optimal structure of an environmentally friendly solar cell, which provides optimal performance and better resistance to defects. As a result of the study, the selected optimal option is the structure of an environmentally friendly TiO2/СH3NH3SnI3/Cu2O solar cell with PCE = 27.95%, FF 84.05%, VOC 1.02 V and JSC 32.60 mA/cm2, which provides high efficiency and better resistance to defects. Key words: solar energy, environmentally friendly solar cell, SCAPS-1D, CH3NH3SNI3, modeling, HTL.