The global mean near-surface temperature between 2012 and 2021 was 1.11 to 1.14 °C warmer than the pre-industrial level. This makes it the warmest period on record. The aim of this article was to investigate vegetation period changes (onset and termination of the temperature T ≥ 5 °C, T ≥ 10 °C, and T ≥ 15 °C) due to climate change from the average air temperature for the periods 1931–1961, 1961–1991, and 1991–2020 for 24 stations in Slovakia and forecast the length of vegetation periods for the periods 2021–2050, 2051–2080, and 2081–2110. The number of days with these characteristic temperatures was used as an input dataset, from which map outputs were generated in ArcGIS software. Spatial analysis of the vegetation periods in the past, present, and future showed an earlier start of the vegetation period in spring and a later ending in autumn during the last 30 years. The maximum duration of the vegetation period will expand from the south to the north of Slovakia. Future scenarios showed an extension of the vegetation period duration. On the other hand, this potential advantage for crop cultivation is limited by a lack of arable land in the north of Slovakia and by a lack of precipitation in the south of Slovakia.

Water erosion is a phenomenon that significantly damages agricultural land. The current land fragmentation in Slovakia and the complete ambiguity of who owns it leads to a lack of responsibility to care for the land in its current condition, which could affect its sustainability in the future. The reason so much soil has eroded is obvious when looking at current land management, with large fields, a lack of windbreaks between them, and no barriers to prevent soil runoff. Land consolidation might be the solution. This paper seeks to evaluate redistributed land and, based on modeling by the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) method, to assess the degree of soil erosion risk. Ownership data provided information on how many owners and what amount of area to consider, while taking into account new conditions regarding water erosion. The results indicate that 2488 plots of 1607 owners which represent 12% of the model area are still endangered by water erosion, even after the completion of the land consolidation project. The results also presented a way of evaluating the territory and aims to trigger a discussion regarding an unambiguous definition of responsibility in the relationship between owner and user.

Climate change brings to the whole world numerous challenges such as an increase in the global temperature, weather fluctuations, periods of drought and heat alternating the local floods. While the majority of the effects are negative for agricultural production, some can be beneficial. Our work presents the evaluation of the changes in the duration of the great vegetation period (delineated with the beginning and end of days with an average temperature T ≥ 5.0 °C) and the vegetation periods of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thumb.) and beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.). Data sets on the average monthly air temperatures for the period 1961–2020 from one hundred agroclimatic stations in Slovakia were selected for the estimation of the future average air temperatures using statistical methods (linear trendline). Based on the temperature requirements of the selected crops, the potential maximum duration of the vegetation period was estimated for several decades from 2041 up to 2100. The results clearly showed prolongation of the vegetation periods and changes of their zonation in Slovakia. In 2011–2020, the duration of the beetroot vegetation period in the southernmost part of Slovakia (Danubian Lowland) was 15–20 days longer than in decade 1971–1980. It is expected, that this value will rise by another 10–15 days in decade 2091–2100. Since 1971–1980, watermelon vegetation period duration increased by 5–10 days when compared to decade 2011–2020. It is expected that by 2091–2100, its duration will prolong by another 30–35 days.

W artykule podjęto próbę porównania dwóch danin publicznych, naliczanych przez jednostki samorządu terytorialnego celem pozyskania środków na inwestycje w infrastrukturę – opłaty adiacenckiej w Polsce oraz „opłaty na rzecz rozwoju” (poplatek za rozvoj) w Republice Słowackiej. Przyjęto, że obrany cel badawczy będzie realizowany przy pomocy analizy danych zastanych (desk research) oraz analizy opisowo-logicznej. Szczegółowej analizie poddano akty prawne regulujące kwestie naliczania opłaty adiacenckiej w Polsce oraz wybrane akty prawne obowiązujące w Republice Słowackiej. W konkluzji wykazano, że choć obydwie opłaty mają charakter jednorazowej daniny pobieranej na rzecz rozbudowy infrastruktury, sposób ich naliczania i konstrukcja prawna są diametralnie różne.

Climate change is the most pronounced in the last thirty years. In the world, but also in Slovakia, there are extreme temperatures and frequent periods of drought alternating with torrential precipitation. Neither of these two options is suitable for the country. The aim of this article was to determine the distribution of precipitation in the period 1991- 2020. Using the Mann-Kendall trend analysis, it was determined a statistically significant increase or decrease in precipitation in individual months of the year for 75 stations in Slovakia. The results showed that a statistically significant decrease in precipitation is in April. The lack of precipitation causes low moisture in the soil and thus the growth of agricultural crops is limited. A statistically significant increase in precipitation occurred in January. However, this does not mean an increase in snow cover. On the contrary, due to the higher temperatures in the winter months, the snow cover will not last long, especially in the south. As a result, moisture cannot gradually flow to the soil from the snow cover, but the water in the liquid form will flow away from the land. This result with the lack of precipitation in the spring cause prolonged droughts. Based on the data processed, it is proven that despite the increase in precipitation in January, the decrease in precipitation in April is significant over the last thirty years and it is necessary to create measures to collect water in order to use it in the spring months.