The vertical and ontogenetic distribution, and diel vertical migration (DVM), of Eucalanus inermis in relation to the strong vertical gradient in oxygen concentration associated with an intense oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) were studied at a coastal area off northern Chile (20–21° S). A close relationship between the abundance of the whole copepod population and low oxygen waters was found, with most developmental stages remaining near the base of the oxycline (30–80 m) and within the upper zone of the OMZ (30–200 m). All stages performed DVM but not at all the stations, mainly between the 30–60 and 60–200 m strata; a small fraction (<20%) appeared in the surface layer (0–30 m) mostly at night. This strategy of movement would result in a better utilization of food resources since the strong physical and chemical gradients at the base of the oxycline and upper OMZ boundary might serve as a site of particle accumulation. A secondary fluorescence peak was, in fact, found at all the stations, coinciding with minimal dissolved oxygen (DO, <1 mL O₂ L⁻¹) at the base of the oxycline or in the upper OMZ boundary. The relevance of the biogeochemical flux involved in this diel migration pattern was assessed by calculating the potential active input of carbon and nitrogen from the upper layers into deeper the OMZ.

Egg production (EP) and egg development rate (DR) of Centropages brachiatus, Calanus chilensis and Paracalanus indicus, three abundant copepods in the Humboldt Current System, were experimentally assessed during spring–summer and autumn–winter periods between 2001 and 2012 in northern Chile (23°S) and central/southern Chile (36°S). EP was on average 43.3, 29.3 and 5.0 eggs female⁻¹day⁻¹in C. brachiatus, C. chilensis and P. indicus, respectively. C. chilensis and C. brachiatus displayed similar embryonic DR, whereas that of P. indicus was significantly faster. DR was significantly affected by season and location, being faster in the spring–summer and off northern Chile. DRs allowed estimates of temperature-dependent generation times (GT). Expected GTs for C. brachiatus and C. chilensis at mean observed temperatures in both places coincided with those derived from field studies. Estimates of GT could also explain the presence of multiple generations a year, upon continuous reproduction, and potentially in the absence of food limitation. Despite a low EP, P. indicus exhibited a high DR and expected GT in the range of 10–20 days, explaining the existence of many generations a year as reported by field studies. Our findings provide evidence to support the hypothesis that population dynamics of these species may be fundamentally controlled by temperature in the coastal upwelling zone.

Motivation: Here, we make available a second version of the BioTIME database, which compiles records of abundance estimates for species in sample events of ecological assemblages through time. The updated version expands version 1.0 of the database by doubling the number of studies and includes substantial additional curation to the taxonomic accuracy of the records, as well as the metadata. Moreover, we now provide an R package (BioTIMEr) to facilitate use of the database.Main Types of Variables Included: The database is composed of one main data table containing the abundance records and 11 metadata tables. The data are organised in a hierarchy of scales where 11,989,233 records are nested in 1,603,067 sample events, from 553,253 sampling locations, which are nested in 708 studies. A study is defined as a sampling methodology applied to an assemblage for a minimum of 2 years.Spatial Location and Grain: Sampling locations in BioTIME are distributed across the planet, including marine, terrestrial and freshwater realms. Spatial grain size and extent vary across studies depending on sampling methodology. We recommend gridding of sampling locations into areas of consistent size.Time Period and Grain: The earliest time series in BioTIME start in 1874, and the most recent records are from 2023. Temporal grain and duration vary across studies. We recommend doing sample‐level rarefaction to ensure consistent sampling effort through time before calculating any diversity metric.Major Taxa and Level of Measurement: The database includes any eukaryotic taxa, with a combined total of 56,400 taxa.Software Format: csv and. SQL.

In this study, we evaluated the use of bio-oil and biochar on epoxy resin. Bio-oil and biochar were obtained from the pyrolysis of wheat straw and hazelnut hull biomass. A range of bio-oil and biochar proportions on the epoxy resin properties and the effect of their substitution were investigated. TGA curves showed improved thermal stability for degradation temperature at the 5% (T5%), 10% (T10%), and 50% (T50%) weight losses on bioepoxy blends with the incorporation of bio-oil and biochar with respect to neat resin. However, decreases in the maximum mass loss rate temperature (T_max) and the onset of thermal degradation (T_onset) were obtained. Raman characterization showed that the degree of reticulation with the addition of bio-oil and biochar does not significantly affect chemical curing. The mechanical properties were improved when bio-oil and biochar were incorporated into the epoxy resin. All bio-based epoxy blends showed a large increase in Young’s modulus and tensile strength with respect to neat resin. Young’s modulus was approximately 1955.90 to 3982.05 MPa, and the tensile strength was between 8.73 and 13.58 MPa for bio-based blends of wheat straw. Instead, in bio-based blends of hazelnut hulls, Young´s modulus was 3060.02 to 3957.84 MPa, and tensile strength was 4.11 to 18.11 Mpa.

The objective of this research was to investigate the development of epoxides from Chlorella vulgaris lipids to obtain a novel bio-based resin. The process involved the production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) by in situ transesterification of microalgal biomass, followed by epoxidation of the FAMEs to obtain bioresin. During the FAME production process, an assessment was made of the main factors affecting the production of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters (UFAMEs), such as catalyst dosage and methanol:hexane volume ratio. For step epoxidation, an evaluation of the catalyst concentration, temperature and formic acid:hydrogen peroxide ratio was made. From the results obtained, UFAME production was maximized using 20 wt% of catalyst dosage and a volume ratio of 1:2 (v/v, methanol:hexane). Then, in the epoxidation stage, a higher yield was obtained using 1 wt% of catalyst with a volume ratio of 1:1 and maintaining a temperature of 70 °C. The bioresin was blended with neat epoxy resin (DGEBA) and cured with tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA). Bio-based resin was characterized via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) to evaluate this material as an alternative source for oleochemistry.