The objective of this study is to analyze the spontaneous electroencephalographic (EEG) data corresponding to body parts movement imagery tasks in terms of fractal properties. We proposed the six algorithms of fractal dimension (FD) estimators; box-counting algorithm, Higuchi algorithm, variance fractal algorithm, detrended fluctuation analysis, power spectral density analysis, and critical exponent analysis. The different parts of human body movement imagination such as feet, tongue, and index finger are proposed for use as the tasks in this experiment. The EEG data were recorded from three healthy subjects (2 males and 1 female). The experimental results are useful in the measurement of FD changes in EEG data and present different characteristics in terms of variability. The probability density function (PDF) is also applied to show that the FD distribution is along each electrode. This study proposes that the performances of each method can extract information from the EEG data of imagined movement.

Japan's largest platform for academic e-journals: J-STAGE is a full text database for reviewed academic papers published by Japanese societies

In this paper, we propose a method to classify electroencephalogram (EEG) signal recorded from left- and right-hand movement imaginations. Three subjects (two males and one female) are volunteered to participate in the experiment. We use a technique of complexity measure based on fractal analysis to reveal feature patterns in the EEG signal. Effective algorithm, namely, detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) has been selected to estimate embedded fractal dimension (FD) values between relaxing and imaging states of the recorded EEG signal. To show the waveform of FDs, we use a windowing-based method or called time-dependent fractal dimension (TDFD) and the Kullback-Leibler (K-L) divergence. Two feature parameters; K-L divergence and different expected values are proposed to be input variables of the classifier. Finally, featured data are classified by a three-layer feed-forward neural network based on a simple backpropagation algorithm. Experimental results can be considerably applied in a brain-computer interface (BCI) application and show that the proposed method is more effective than the conventional method by improving average classification rates of 87.5% and 88.3% for left- and right-hand movement imagery tasks, respectively.

Based on recent advances in non-linear analysis, the surface electromyography (sEMG) signal has been studied from the viewpoints of self-affinity and complexity. In this study, we examine usage of critical exponent analysis (CE) method, a fractal dimension (FD) estimator, to study properties of the sEMG signal and to deploy these properties to characterize different movements for gesture recognition. SEMG signals were recorded from thirty subjects with seven hand movements and eight muscle channels. Mean values and coefficient of variations of the CE from all experiments show that there are larger variations between hand movement types but there is small variation within the same type. It also shows that the CE feature related to the self-affine property for the sEMG signal extracted from different activities is in the range of 1.855~2.754. These results have also been evaluated by analysis-of-variance (p-value). Results show that the CE feature is more suitable to use as a learning parameter for a classifier compared with other representative features including root mean square, median frequency and Higuchi’s method. Most p-values of the CE feature were less than 0.0001. Thus the FD that is computed by the CE method can be applied to be used as a feature for a wide variety of sEMG applications.

This paper introduces an innovative mobile-assisted language-learning (MALL) system that harnesses deep learning technology to analyze pronunciation patterns and deliver real-time, personalized feedback. Drawing inspiration from how the human brain processes speech through neural pathways, our system analyzes multiple speech features using spectrograms, mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs), and formant frequencies in a manner that mirrors the auditory cortex’s interpretation of sound. The core of our approach utilizes a convolutional neural network (CNN) to classify pronunciation patterns from user-recorded speech. To enhance the assessment accuracy and provide nuanced feedback, we integrated a fuzzy inference system (FIS) that helps learners identify and correct specific pronunciation errors. The experimental results demonstrate that our multi-feature model achieved 82.41% to 90.52% accuracies in accent classification across diverse linguistic contexts. The user testing revealed statistically significant improvements in pronunciation skills, where learners showed a 5–20% enhancement in accuracy after using the system. The proposed MALL system offers a portable, accessible solution for language learners while establishing a foundation for future research in multilingual functionality and mobile platform optimization. By combining advanced speech analysis with intuitive feedback mechanisms, this system addresses a critical challenge in language acquisition and promotes more effective self-directed learning.