Background: Acute myeloid leukemia is the collective name for different types of leukemias of myeloid origin affecting blood and bone marrow. The overproduction of immature myeloblasts (white blood cells) is the characteristic feature of AML, thus flooding the bone marrow and reducing its capacity to produce normal blood cells. USFDA on August 1, 2017, approved a drug named Enasidenib formerly known as AG-221 which is being marketed under the name Idhifa to treat R/R AML with IDH2 mutation. The present review depicts the broad profile of enasidenib including various aspects of chemistry, preclinical, clinical studies, pharmacokinetics, mode of action and toxicity studies. Methods: Various reports and research articles have been referred to summarize different aspects related to chemistry and pharmacokinetics of enasidenib. Clinical data was collected from various recently published clinical reports including clinical trial outcomes. Result: The various findings of enasidenib revealed that it has been designed to allosterically inhibit mutated IDH2 to treat R/R AML patients. It has also presented good safety and efficacy profile along with 9.3 months overall survival rates of patients in which disease has relapsed. The drug is still under study either in combination or solely to treat hematological malignancies. Molecular modeling studies revealed that enasidenib binds to its target through hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonding inside the binding pocket. Enasidenib is found to be associated with certain adverse effects like elevated bilirubin level, diarrhea, differentiation syndrome, decreased potassium and calcium levels, etc. Conclusion: Enasidenib or AG-221was introduced by FDA as an anticancer agent which was developed as a first in class, a selective allosteric inhibitor of the tumor target i.e. IDH2 for Relapsed or Refractory AML. Phase 1/2 clinical trial of Enasidenib resulted in the overall survival rate of 40.3% with CR of 19.3%. Phase III trial on the Enasidenib is still under process along with another trial to test its potency against other cell lines. Edasidenib is associated with certain adverse effects, which can be reduced by investigators by designing its newer derivatives on the basis of SAR studies. Hence, it may come in the light as a potent lead entity for anticancer treatment in the coming years.

Gestational diabetes (GDM) is one of the most common complications occurring during pregnancy. Diagnosis is performed by oral glucose tolerance test, but harmonized testing methods and thresholds are still lacking worldwide. Short‐term and long‐term effects include obesity, type 2 diabetes, and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The identification and validation of sensitidve, selective, and robust biomarkers for early diagnosis during the first trimester of pregnancy are required, as well as for the prediction of possible adverse outcomes after birth. Mass spectrometry (MS)‐based omics technologies are nowadays the method of choice to characterize various pathologies at a molecular level. Proteomics and metabolomics of GDM were widely investigated in the last 10 years, and various proteins and metabolites were proposed as possible biomarkers. Metallomics of GDM was also reported, but studies are limited in number. The present review focuses on the description of the different analytical methods and MS‐based instrumental platforms applied to GDM‐related omics studies. Preparation procedures for various biological specimens are described and results are briefly summarized. Generally, only preliminary findings are reported by current studies and further efforts are required to determine definitive GDM biomarkers.

Background: The osteoarthritis (OA) causes economic, social, and health difficulties to the patients. Approximately 10% to 15% of all persons above the age of 60 have some degree of OA. OA is more common in women than in males. Diagnosed OA prevalence varies widely among EU member states, from 2.8% in Romania to 18.3% in Hungary.Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a slow-progressing, non-inflammatory disorder. This disorder ultimately destroys articular cartilage and other joint components. The main symptoms are stiffness, pain, loss of flexibility, swelling, and bone spurs. Many risk factors, both modifiable and non-modifiable, have been associated with osteoarthritis (OA), including obesity and lack of exercise, genetic susceptibility, bone density, work-related damage, and trauma.Method: Hydrogels, micro and nano-sized particles, and novel topical gels are among the most common examples. Hydrogels are cross-linked polymers with 3-D architecture that can hold water and expand like living tissue. The Micro-carriers, and nano-based drug delivery systems provide several advantages and may demonstrate prolonged release, controlled release, and higher joint half-life.Result: OA-induced male Lewis rats were injected with celecoxib-loaded PEA microspheres to assess in vivo biocompatibility and degradation. According to the findings of this research, PEA microspheres loaded with celecoxib may be employed as safe delivery of drug with self-regulating behavior for the pain treatment related to knee osteoarthritis.Conclusion: The concept of novel drug delivery systems has shown tangible benefits as a new avenue for precise, safe, and high-quality drug delivery for OA treatment. Currently, herbal drugs are also used in osteoarthritis treatment due to their potency and fewer side effects in contrast to synthetic drugs. The herbo-synthetic approach is a new concept for the delivery of both herbal and synthetic drugs together to exploit their individual beneficial effects while reducing undesirable side effects.

The emergence of N-nitrosamine impurities (NAIs) in pharmaceutical products has raised significant global concern due to their confirmed carcinogenic and genotoxic potential. Their presence in widely prescribed medications like metformin, ranitidine, and valsartan has triggered widespread recalls and prompted stringent guidelines by agencies like the USFDA and EMA. Despite technological advancements, the detection and quantification of NAIs at the trace level remain analytically challenging, primarily due to their structural diversity and exceptionally low permissible thresholds for detection. Given the recent surge in regulatory scrutiny and product recalls, this review offers an up-to-date critical evaluation of the origin, mechanism of formation, toxicological implications, and evolving regulatory framework for NAIs. Particular emphasis is placed on the state-of-the-art analytical techniques, including LC-MS, GC-MS, and emerging high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) platforms, along with current practices in sample preparation and method validations. Methodological gaps, including challenges in sample preparation and instrument-specific limitations, are thoroughly analyzed to propose future strategies for robust, high-throughput, and regulatory-compliant analysis of NAIs in complex pharmaceutical matrices. A comprehensive literature search spanning 2018-2025 was performed using PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Scopus. Keywords, such as "nitrosamine impurities", "N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)", and "regulatory guidelines" were used to select articles relevant to ongoing method optimization and harmonization to ensure consistent monitoring and mitigation of NAIs. This work also aims to serve as a valuable resource for pharmaceutical scientists, chemists, toxicologists, and regulatory professionals in their commitment to enhance drug safety and protect public health.