In health sciences, the epidemiological method can be divided into descriptive and analytical epidemiology and the latter being divided into observational (cross-sectional study, case-control study and cohort study) and experimental studies. Cohort studies may be retrospective or prospective, and both assume that the researcher will follow a population over time to seek a possible association between exposure (s) and outcome(s). These types of studies have as advantages the possibility of measuring several exposure factors and outcomes, both primary and secondary, for both relatively frequent outcomes and rare exposure factors. However, they are often long and therefore expensive studies. They have as main biases those of selection, memory and information. These are studies that may point to statistical associations between exposure and outcome that need other models to prove the casualty of these associations.

Exhaustive exercise in a hot environment can impair performance. Higher epinephrine plasma levels occur during exercise in heat, indicating greater sympathetic activity. This study examined the influence of exercise in the heat on stress levels. Nine young healthy men performed a maximal progressive test on a cycle ergometer at two different environmental conditions: hot (40°C) and normal (22°C), both between 40% and 50% relative humidity. Venous blood and saliva samples were collected pre-test and post-test. Before exercise there were no significant changes in salivary biomarkers (salivary IgA: p = 0.12; α-amylase: p = 0.66; cortisol: p = 0.95; nitric oxide: p = 0.13; total proteins: p = 0.07) or blood lactate (p = 0.14) between the two thermal environments. Following exercise, there were significant increases in all variables (salivary IgA 22°C: p = 0.04, 40°C: p = 0.0002; α-amylase 22°C: p = 0.0002, 40°C: p = 0.0002; cortisol 22°C: p = 0.02, 40°C: p = 0.0002; nitric oxide 22°C: p = 0.0005, 40°C: p = 0.0003, total proteins 22°C: p<0.0001, 40°C: p<0.0001 and; blood lactate 22°C: p<0.0001, 40°C: p<0.0001) both at 22°C and 40°C. There was no significant adjustment regarding IgA levels between the two thermal environments (p = 0.74), however the levels of α-amylase (p = 0.02), cortisol (p<0.0001), nitric oxide (p = 0.02) and total proteins (p = 0.01) in saliva were higher in the hotter conditions. Blood lactate was lower under the hot environment (p = 0.01). In conclusion, enduring hot temperature intensified stressful responses elicited by exercise. This study advocates that hot temperature deteriorates exercise performance under exhaustive stress and effort conditions.

Canine Hip Dysplasia (CHD) is a highly prevalent articular pathological condition. In this sense, radiography becomes an important diagnostic method to determine the presence and severity of the disease. The objective was to create 3D models and their respective radiographs representing the CHD (3D AMCHD). The research was carried out in the Laboratory of 3D Educational Technologies of UFAC, under no. 23107.007273/2017-49 (CEUA/UFAC). A canine skeleton (hip bone, femurs and patellae) was used without anatomical deformities compatible with DCF (pelvis, femurs and patella), which were scanned in order to obtain the files of the base model. In these files the deformations representing the different degrees of CHD were performed. Subsequently, the 3D AMCHD files were printed, mounted and X-rayed. The 3D AMCHD represented the bone deformations of the different degrees of CHD. In the radiographs of the 3D AMCHD it was possible to observe and determine each of the bones that constituted the hip joints. This allowed to reproduce the correct positioning to represent the CHD diagnosis and establish the precise points to determine the Norberg angle. In this way, it was evidenced that the 3D AMCHD can be a possible tool to be used in the Teaching of Veterinary Medicine.

Introdução: A doença de Chagas (DC), também conhecida como Tripanossomíase Americana, é uma doença infecciosa e parasitária, causada pelo agente etiológico Trypanosoma cruzi, sendo considerada endêmica em população de baixa renda e classificada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde como uma doença tropical negligenciada. No estado do Acre, quase não há dados científicos sobre a epidemiologia da DC, embora o primeiro caso autóctone tenha sido registrado na década de 1980. Objetivo: Analisar o panorama epidemiológico da transmissão da DC no Estado do Acre, no período de 2009 a 2016. Método: O levantamento da ocorrência da DC no Estado do Acre foi realizado utilizando dados secundários de domínio público do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação do SUS e do Banco de Dados do SUS da Fundação de Vigilância Sanitária do Estado do Acre. Foram coletados dados das seguintes variáveis: sexo, faixa etária, forma de contágio, distribuição por região e município, perímetro e sazonalidade. Resultado: Quarenta e dois casos de DC foram confirmados, com um aumento de mais de 300% de 2015 a 2016 e um coeficiente de frequência de 3,06 casos por 100.000 pessoas, e na região de Tarauacá / Envira, a probabilidade de uma pessoa contrair CD foi de 600% maior que a média do estado. Conclusão: Constatamos que no estado do Acre, no período de 2009 a 2016, a maioria dos casos de DC ocorreu em 2016, na região de Tarauacá/Envira, principalmente no município de Feijó, na zona rural, de julho a outubro, em faixa etária de 0 a 30 anos, sendo a via oral a principal via de transmissão e sem diferença estatística entre homens e mulheres.

The Citizen care in the health field is a fundamental right provided by the federal constitution of Brazil. The Unified Health System (SUS) is one of the best and most important systems in the world and serves around 220 million people. The System is comprehensive and characterized by three pillars of support: universality, completeness and equity. The right to scientific information is one of the main elements of the SUS and the Journal of Human Growth and Development has contributed over its 27 years of existence providing a democratic scenario and a place to debate ideas in the field of public health and the irrefutable defence of SUS in Brazil. In this way, JHGD maintains its tradition of publishing articles devoted to the field of public health and contributing to the dissemination of knowledge and to the progress of science. The Journal intends to serve as a space for exchange knowledge among professionals in universities and help them to deal with the problems of human growth and development, improving the publication scenario of scientific articles refereed by peers, highlighting its commitment to communicate the knowledge obtained through ethic research with bilingual and free publication.

Introduction: Chronic renal disease (CRD) affects a large portion of the population and is directly related to cardiovascular problems and hypertension, among others. Studies show that heart rate variability is directly affected by these problems. Physical-oriented exercises have been shown to be of fundamental importance in improving the adverse effects to dialysis treatment. Objective: To analyze the effects of aerobic training during hemodialysis on autonomic heart rate modulation in patients with CRD. Method: Experimental study of an open, single group clinical trial. In this clinical trial, patients with CRD will initially undergo international physical activity questionnaire and kidney disease quality of life short form protocols, as well as monitoring of heart rate systolic, and diastolic blood pressure. After evaluation of the initial parameters, patients will undergo an aerobic exercise program for 12 weeks, in 3 weekly sessions, lasting 30 minutes a session. These evaluations will allow for a greater control of the disease, and monitoring of any improvements in the quality of life and self-esteem of these patients. Ethics and dissemination: This study was approved following the guidelines and norms that regulate research involving human subjects, in Resolution No. 466/12 of the National Health Council. It was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Juazeiro do Norte, with the number 1962 092. All patients who agree to participate in the research will sign the informed consent form. The results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journal articles and conferences.