Healthcare, one of the most important industries, is data-oriented, but most of the research in this industry focuses on incorporating the internet of things (IoT) or connecting medical equipment. Very few researchers are looking at the data generated in the healthcare industry. Data are very important tools in this competitive world, as they can be integrated with artificial intelligence (AI) to promote sustainability. Healthcare data include the health records of patients, drug-related data, clinical trials data, data from various medical equipment, etc. Most of the data management processes are manual, time-consuming, and error-prone. Even then, different healthcare industries do not trust each other to share and collaborate on data. Distributed ledger technology is being used for innovations in different sectors including healthcare. This technology can be incorporated to maintain and exchange data between different healthcare organizations, such as hospitals, insurance companies, laboratories, pharmacies, etc. Various attributes of this technology, such as its immutability, transparency, provenance etc., can bring trust and security to the domain of the healthcare sector. In this paper, a decentralized access control model is proposed to enable the secure interoperability of different healthcare organizations. This model uses the Ethereum blockchain for its implementation. This model interfaces patients, doctors, chemists, and insurance companies, empowering the consistent and secure exchange of data. The major concerns are maintaining a history of the transactions and avoiding unauthorized updates in health records. Any transaction that changes the state of the data is reflected in the distributed ledger and can be easily traced with this model. Only authorized entities can access their respective data. Even the administrator will not be able to modify any medical records.

In the era of the fourth industrial revolution, all aspects of the industrial domain are being affected by emerging technologies. Digitalization of every process is taking place or under process. One of the most important components common to every domain is the supply chain process. Organizations employ a digital supply chain to track the delivery of their products or materials. The digital supply chain is still suffering from a few issues such as no provenance, less transparency, and a trust issue. Blockchain technology, one of the emerging technologies, can be integrated with the supply chain to deal with the existing issues and to improve its performance. In this paper, a model is proposed to integrate blockchain technology with the supply chain to improve performance. The proposed model uses the combination of the Ethereum blockchain and the interplanetary file system to maintain the traceability, transparency, and trustworthiness of the supply chain.

Due to the ever-growing safety and contamination concern regarding products like wheat, rice, and maize in their respective government supply chains, traceability in their chain is highly demanded. The original traceability process for such products from government financial aid to raw material to final consumer is insecure, complex and costly. The existing food supply chain methodology lacks scalability and efficiency in the case of agricultural products. Apart from this, the consumers also don't have the resources or tools used in assessing the quality of such products for detecting flaws or contamination and making a decision whether the product is safe for consumption or not. Blockchain technology provides a revolutionary solution in upgrading traceability and security for the governmental as well as non-governmental agricultural supply chain. This paper proposes a framework that uses smart contracts to track and monitor all interactions and transactions within the government corn agricultural ecosystem. This model ensures the implementation of information relating to the product's real-time availability due to better decision-making in the supply chain. Each transaction will be recorded and stored in the public ledger of the blockchain, ensuring full transparency in its operations. The Blockchain-enabled Secure and Immutable Grain Chain model (BSIGC) framework for e-government supply chain will allow for the immutable, efficient and secure monitoring of corn agricultural goods for safety and quality. A performance analysis shows that this framework performs well on cost efficiency, security, scalability and low computational overhead as compared with conventional ones.