Background: Foreign residents in Japan faced various barriers that hindered their access to governmental COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) support, which may have influenced their satisfaction with available services and overall well-being. However, limited evidence exists on how awareness of such support relates to satisfaction. This study examined the association between awareness of governmental COVID-19 support and satisfaction among foreign residents living in Japan. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted between September and November 2023 using a commercial online survey panel of foreign residents in Japan. Satisfaction with governmental support was assessed using a 10-point scale and dichotomized at the median. Signal detection analysis was applied to identify factors associated with higher satisfaction. Results: Among 427 respondents, 400 (93.7%) reported receiving COVID-19 vaccination. Satisfaction with government support was assessed using a 10-point scale, with a mean score of 5.8. Awareness of support was the strongest predictor of satisfaction, and length of residence was an additional determinant among those aware of support. Distinct demographic and socioeconomic patterns were observed across awareness and residence groups. Conclusions: Awareness of governmental COVID-19 support played a key role in shaping satisfaction among foreign residents, regardless of service use. Tailored, group-specific approaches considering length of residence and individual characteristics may improve access to support and enhance well-being.