Economic development and social environment changes influence disease patterns ranging from infectious diseases to noncommunicable diseases, and diabetes is one of the seven causes leading to death and disability in Vietnam. The purpose of this research is to present an overview of the challenges related to diabetes prevention in Vietnam and to find effective ways for the prevention and control of diabetes, as well as to improve the quality of life among diabetes patients. The literature review was conducted using a variety of databases, such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Vietnamese data sources, and papers published in the Vietnamese language. For the searches, we used keywords such as "Diabetes," "Prevention," and "Prevalence of Diabetes." With the increasing prevalence of diabetes, there are approximately 5.76 million people with diabetes currently living in Vietnam. The age-adjusted comparative prevalence of diabetes in the population of Vietnam was approximately 6% in 2017. This review suggests that the government needs to establish social security and policy programs aimed at reducing social risk factors and the burden of healthcare costs for diabetes treatment in older people. In addition, attention should be paid to the management and control of diabetes-related diseases, with an emphasis on new techniques for early diagnosis and treatment. Simultaneously, the health system should ensure that diabetes patients living in rural areas and belonging to ethnic minorities can access better healthcare services to improve their health and decrease their risk for chronic disease and death.

The world is facing the observable and direct impacts of climate change in the shape of extreme weather events, irregular precipitation, glacial melt, sea-level rise, an asymmetric average temperature trends, higher oceanic temperatures, damage to natural ecosystems, and biodiversity. In 2015, collective wisdom stirred the global community to agree upon two unprecedented milestones in recent human history—the Paris agreement and sustainable development goals (SDGs). The twin global agreements set a platform for collective efforts to secure socio-economic and climatic sustainability. Pakistan also joined the board to put forth policy interventions for the mitigation and adaption of climate change risks to maintain symmetry between the environmental quality and economic development. The government of Pakistan (GOP) formulated the National Climate Change Policy (NCCP (2012)) and passed the Pakistan Climate Change Act (PCCA (2017)) to provide an impetus for the implementation of the NCCP. Yet, an appropriate assessment and prioritization of the objectives of the NCCP are indispensable for productive and effective policies to achieve the targets. This study serves this purpose by prioritizing the climate change policy objectives (CCPOs) based on symmetric principles, i.e., energy, transport, urban and town planning, industry, and agriculture as criteria, with 17 sub-criteria in total. The fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (AHP) results show that the energy sector is the most pivotal while implementing the NCCP. Energy production is the most critical area that needs mitigation policy intervention for shifting the energy mix of the economy from high-carbon to low-carbon energy. The fuzzy AHP analysis further revealed the railway, population and urbanization, air pollution, crop growing practices and techniques as the most important related to transport, urban planning, industry, and agriculture sub-criteria, respectively. The fuzzy VIseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) analysis showed the ranking of the CCPOs from high to low through the integration of policies, institutional capacity building, water security, natural resource management, natural disaster management, environmental financial structure development, and social sector development. The findings of the present research would be helpful for experts and policymakers to re-examine the NCCP and put forth action plans to achieve sustainable climate and SDGs.

The establishment of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) is a lengthy, expensive, and long-term orientated endeavor. Proper selection of SEZs is indispensable to meet the objectives of export-led growth and value up-gradation. Consideration of sustainability issues in such planning under the Zone 3.0 paradigm is critical to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. Multiple key factors such as location, linkages, labor force, suitability of industries, incentives and facilitation, and market orientation are important in decision-making process of establishing SEZs. Furthermore, environmental conditions and resource availability need to be considered in the planning and policy making processes to keep symmetry in the natural environment and ecosystem of the areas under consideration for SEZs. The present study uses Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) methods in the perspectives of green industrial zone planning and development in Pakistan under the flagship project of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). This research uses Delphi method, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), and the Fuzzy Vlse Kriterijumska Optimizacija Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR). The Delphi method has been used to identify the main criteria, sub-criteria, and their weights for 3 SEZs under consideration. The results of AHP analysis unfolded that the majority of the experts believe the location and land aspect is the most pivotal criteria in setting SEZs followed by linkages, subsidies, and facilities criteria. Finally, the results of Fuzzy VIKOR analysis considering environmental sustainability reveals that Faisalabad SEZ is the best suited under given criteria and sub-criteria.

This study comprehends a framework for measuring strength of service brands in service industry of Pakistan using three fundamental pillars in building service brand equity i.e. service quality, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. The results validated through the structural equation modeling (SEM) indicates the significance of customer loyalty that is contingent to satisfied customers. Moreover, in the context of service sector organizations, customer satisfaction is highly dependent on service quality. The mediation testing further indicates that customer satisfaction mediates and strengthens the relationship between service quality and customer loyalty, while, the latter fully mediates the relationship between customer satisfaction and service brand equity. Based upon the findings, this study develops a pyramid of building service brand equity. Finally, theoretical and managerial implications have been discussed.