HSSAMs with diverse structures, encompassing various anchoring and functional groups, were systematically categorized and their multifaceted roles in inverted PSCs and TSCs and their correlation with device performance were investigated.

Carbon nitride (C₂N), a two-dimensional material, is rapidly gaining popularity in the photovoltaic (PV) research community owing to its excellent properties, such as high thermal and chemical stability, non-toxic composition, and low fabrication cost over other thin-film solar cells. This study uses a detailed numerical investigation to explore the influence of C₂N-based solar cells with zinc magnesium oxide (Zn_1−xMg_xO) as a buffer layer. The SCAPS-1D simulator is utilized to examine the performance of four Mg-doped buffer layers (x = 0.0625, 0.125, 0.1875, and 0.25) coupled with the C₂N-based absorber layer. The influence of the absorber and buffer layers’ band alignment, quantum efficiency, thickness, doping density, defect density, and operating temperature are analyzed to improve the cell performance. Based on the simulations, increasing the buffer layer Mg concentration above x = 0.1875 reduces the device performance. Furthermore, it is found that increasing the absorber layer thickness is desirable for good device efficiency, whereas a doping density above 10¹⁵ cm⁻³ can degrade the cell performance. After optimization of the buffer layer thickness and doping density at 40 nm and 10¹⁸ cm⁻³, the cell displayed its maximum performance. Among the four structures, C₂N/Zn_0.8125Mg_0.1875O demonstrated the highest PCE of 19.01% with a significant improvement in open circuit voltage (V_oc), short circuit density (J_sc), and fill factor (FF). The recorded results are in good agreement with the standard theoretical studies.

Parametric Optimization of the Selig (S1223-il) Airfoil for Enhanced Performance of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines