The accelerating energy transition and digital transformation have increased the importance of understanding the drivers of energy-related entrepreneurship and investment across countries. This study aims to investigate how digitalisation and entrepreneurial ecosystem development influence the number and funding of energy-related start-ups, with particular attention to stage-specific effects, lagged dynamics, and non-linear relationships in a cross-country panel setting. The analysis is based on panel data from the European Commission (DESI), the International Energy Agency, and StartupBlink, covering 25 countries (2017–2022) and a global sample (2019–2023), and is estimated using Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood models with fixed effects, lagged variables, and non-linear specifications in R. The findings show that digitalisation has a limited, selective relationship with energy-related entrepreneurship, whereas entrepreneurial ecosystem development plays a more consistent role. Digital connectivity is associated mainly with improved early-stage funding conditions, whereas broader digitalisation indicators do not systematically explain start-up formation. Stronger entrepreneurial ecosystems are linked to both higher green start-up activity and a shift in investment from early-stage ventures to more mature digital energy firms. The non-linear results further suggest diminishing returns to ecosystem development in later-stage green funding, indicating potential saturation effects in highly developed ecosystems. These findings suggest that policies aimed at accelerating sustainable energy entrepreneurship should go beyond general digitalisation strategies and focus more directly on strengthening inclusive entrepreneurial ecosystems, improving access to finance across the start-up lifecycle, and preventing excessive investment concentration in already mature ventures.

Objectives: This research critically examines legitimization in illiberal democracies, emphasizing its influence on governance.Material and methods: This research explores legitimization across political, business, and socio-cultural spheres, using a focused analysis to compare normative and positivist perspectives, specifically David Beetham's and Jean d'Aspremont's. It examines authority legitimization, analyzing its connections with authority, government, law, and democracy, focusing on legitimacy of origin and exercise.Results: Beetham argues that power and legitimacy are closely intertwined. Legitimacy includes compliance, rationalization based on popular beliefs and explicit consent. D'Aspremont's work on government legitimization, emphasizing the importance of origins and practices, is linked with democratic principles. It suggests that origin legitimacy evaluates the source of authority, typically linked to democratic elections, while action legitimacy examines the exercise of authority.Conclusions: Beetham and d'Aspremont's analyses of authority legitimization and legitimacy's roots highlight the significance of understanding power's legitimization for sociology, political theory, and philosophy. Their work reveals its importance for scientists, politicians, and business leaders alike. For scientists, it informs ethical research and policy development. Politicians gain insights for crafting policies that resonate with the public, enhancing governance. Business leaders, through these principles, can improve corporate governance and build stakeholder trust. Understanding normative and positivist approaches to legitimacy can guide leaders to make decisions that are effective, ethical, and widely accepted, emphasizing legitimacy's role in enhancing practices across various fields.

The chapter describes the tools of the AntConc corpus manager and its main seven tabs for working with texts: Concordance, Concordance Plot, File View, Words Clusters, Collocates, Word List, Key Word List. To identify and search for keywords with the resilience semantics as a fixation of the confrontation – resistance – recovery triad, the focus was on the Word List tab, which is a tool for counting and presenting all word usages in the corpus as an ordered list. The developed methodology for working with AntConc, consisting of pre-corpus, corpus and post-corpus work, allowed to identify 5 words-stimuli: Ukrainian криза, крах, стрес, пандемія, травма / English crisis, crash, stress, pandemic, trauma / French la crise, la faillite, le stress, la pandémie, le trauma / German die Krise, der Zusammenbruch, der Stress, dir Pandemie, das Trauma / Polish kryzys, upadek, stres, pandemia, urazz, which terminologically form the notion of resilience.

The article deals with the application of corpus-based direction in English language teaching of university students, suggested by Ukrainian scholars. The most representative corpus for English language teaching (ELT) is the British National Corpus (BNC), which offers many opportunities (e.g. search for specific word forms, search for word forms by lemmas, search for groups of word forms in the form of syntagms, etc.). The article presents the methodological algorithm of university students' work with the BNC during English classes based on the verbs denoting human emotional states. The methodology of work with BNC consists of three stages: 1) a student has to compile the initial lexicographic register of basic verb denoting emotional states; 2) a student has to measure the frequency of each unit in the corpus usage; and 3) a student has to analyse, described and record all corpus calculations. The main benefits of the findings for the future relevant studies may be described in the following way: the work with corpus tools in ELT is aimed at students performing the following successive steps: 1) processing concordances, 2) calculating the absolute frequency, 3) analysing the left and right valence, and 4) modelling clusters to build cognitive-semantic profiles of the studied units, which will allow university students to understand the essence of every grammatical, lexical, and syntactical unit.