Background and objective: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are the main safety concerns of clinically used medications. Accumulating evidence has shown that ADRs can affect men and women differently, which suggests sex as a biological predictor in the risk of ADRs. This review aims to summarize the current state of knowledge on sex differences in ADRs with the focus on the commonly used psychotropic, cardiovascular, and analgesic medications, and to aid clinical decision making and future mechanistic investigations on this topic.Methods: PubMed search was performed with combinations of the following terms: over 1,800 drugs of interests, sex difference (and its related terms), and side effects (and its related terms), which yielded over 400 unique articles. Articles related to psychotropic, cardiovascular, and analgesic medications were included in the subsequent full-text review. Characteristics and the main findings (male-biased, female-biased, or not sex biased ADRs) of each included article were collected, and the results were summarized by drug class and/or individual drug.Results: Twenty-six articles studying sex differences in ADRs of six psychotropic medications, ten cardiovascular medications, and one analgesic medication were included in this review. The main findings of these articles suggested that more than half of the ADRs being evaluated showed sex difference pattern in occurrence rate. For instance, lithium was found to cause more thyroid dysfunction in women, and amisulpride induced prolactin increase was more pronounced in women than in men. Some serious ADRs were also found to exert sex difference pattern, such as clozapine induced neutropenia was more prevalent in women whereas simvastatin/atorvastatin-related abnormal liver functions were more pronounced in men.

Three-body contact is the main contact type in polishing process and leads to a different thinning mechanism than the two-body contact. Molecular dynamics simulation is employed to investigate the thinning mechanism of 3C-SiC substrate in three-body contact. The thinning mechanisms of 3C-SiC under different moving speeds and motion modes of diamond abrasive are compared. Through the analysis of force, temperature, potential energy, stress distribution and atomic flow field, the causes of different thinning mechanisms are explained. It is found that the influence of moving speed is mainly reflected in the temperature rise of substrate when the motion mode of abrasives is the same. The changes of motion mode will significantly alter the stress distribution, which is closely related to the damage depth and atomic flow field. When the feed speed is the same, increasing the self-rotation speed of abrasives can reduce concentration zone of hydrostatic stress and then reduce the damage depth. The self-rotation of abrasives will also change the distribution of von Mises stress, resulting in the different displacement directions of 3C-SiC atoms. Dislocations are more easily generated when the displacement direction of SiC atoms is the same. The moving speed of abrasive is found to have little effect on the thinning mechanism, while the motion mode of abrasive will significantly change the thinning mechanism.

RF coaxial connectors are essential components in radio frequency and microwave systems. The electrical contacts degradation of RF connectors significantly affects the signal integrity and is one of the major causes of system failure. In the present work, the effects of electrical contacts degradation on signal communication were studied. Different levels of degraded connectors were analyzed using both theoretical analysis and experimental testing. Scattering parameters obtained from simulation models are in good agreement with the measurement results. 3D results were also examined to show how the electromagnetic field characteristics of connectors changes with degradation. The outcomes of this paper are helpful to comprehend the effects of electrical contacts degradation on signal communication and in finding the causes of failure in fault diagnosis analysis.

The temperature variations of interconnected coaxial connectors in RF circuits are strongly influenced by the contact surface characteristics and the ferromagnetic properties of the electroplated materials. In this study, specially structured N-DIN connectors with either magnetic or non-magnetic plating were designed. A dedicated high-frequency, high-power RF experimental platform was set up to monitor and measure the temperature and power of the connectors. Finite element analysis (FEA) was employed to simulate the current density and temperature distribution across the samples. Furthermore, an equivalent circuit model of the central conductor was established by integrating electrical contact theory with the magnetic hysteresis effect. Based on the voltage–temperature (V–T) relation and the derived magnetic field–magnetoresistance (H–M) relation, a predictive model for the temperature rise of the central conductor was formulated. Experimental results demonstrated good agreement with simulation predictions, validating the proposed model and highlighting the critical role of plating material properties in high-power RF connectors’ thermal effect.