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Prof. Dr. Muhammad Bilal
School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China

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0 Bioengineering
0 Biomaterials
0 Bioremediation
0 Chemical Engineering
0 Enzymes

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Enzymes
immobilization
Bio-catalysis
Bioremediation
Metabolic Engineering
Biomaterials
Green Chemistry
Bioengineering

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Article
Published: 24 August 2021 in Catalysis Letters
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Laccase-based biocatalysts are promising agents for the remediation of environmental pollutants. However, stability, reusability, and cost-effectiveness remain a challenge for biochemical engineering. Herein, Trametes versicolor IBL-04 laccase was immobilized on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-alginate beads. The maximum immobilization efficiency was observed using a 2.5 mm bead size with 12% (w/v) PVA and 2% (w/v) alginate concentration. The native enzyme displayed optimal activity at pH 5.0, and 45 °C, which was improved to pH 6 and 70 °C in PVA-alginate immobilized biocatalyst. PVA-alginate immobilized laccase presented comparatively high Vmax (from 720 to 962 U/mL) and low Km (from 70 to 12 µM) values from the native enzyme. Immobilized laccase was applied to catalyze the decolorization of various textile dye pollutants, including Rhodamine B, Reactive Black 5 (RB5), Drimaren Red and Drimaren Turquoise. Results revealed almost complete decolorization and decomposition of all dye’s solution by the laccase-assisted biocatalytic reaction. Prominent peaks of untreated dyes observed in the visible region disappeared following enzymatic treatment, and the appearance of any new peaks was not detected during the enzyme-mediated degradation process. In conclusion, immobilizing laccase on PVA-alginate matrix offers a facile and cost-efficient approach to remediate dyes and exhibit considerable potential for numerous biochemical engineering applications.

ACS Style

Sadia Noreen; Muhammad Asgher; Sarmad Ahmad Qamar; Muhammad Bilal; Hafiz M. N. Iqbal. Poly(vinyl Alcohol)-Alginate Immobilized Trametes versicolor IBL-04 Laccase as Eco-friendly Biocatalyst for Dyes Degradation. Catalysis Letters 2021, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Sadia Noreen, Muhammad Asgher, Sarmad Ahmad Qamar, Muhammad Bilal, Hafiz M. N. Iqbal. Poly(vinyl Alcohol)-Alginate Immobilized Trametes versicolor IBL-04 Laccase as Eco-friendly Biocatalyst for Dyes Degradation. Catalysis Letters. 2021; ():1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sadia Noreen; Muhammad Asgher; Sarmad Ahmad Qamar; Muhammad Bilal; Hafiz M. N. Iqbal. 2021. "Poly(vinyl Alcohol)-Alginate Immobilized Trametes versicolor IBL-04 Laccase as Eco-friendly Biocatalyst for Dyes Degradation." Catalysis Letters , no. : 1-11.

Review
Published: 23 August 2021 in Molecular Biology Reports
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Emerging concepts in nanotechnology have gained particular attention for their clinical translation of immunotherapies of cancer, autoimmune and infectious diseases. Several nanoconstructs have been engineered with unique structural, physicochemical, and functional features as robust alternatives for conventional chemotherapies. Traditional cancer therapies like chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and ultimately surgery are the most widely practiced in biomedical settings. Biomaterials and nanotechnology have introduced vehicles for drug delivery and have revolutionized the concept of the modern immunotherapeutic paradigm. Various types of nanomaterials, such as nanoparticles and, more specifically, drug-loaded nanoparticles are becoming famous for drug delivery applications because of safety, patient compliance, and smart action. Such therapeutic modalities have acknowledged regulatory endorsement and are being used in twenty-first-century clinical settings. Considering the emerging concepts and landscaping potentialities, herein, we spotlight and discuss nanoparticle-based immunotherapies as a smart and sophisticated drug delivery approach to combat cancer metastasis. The introductory part of this manuscript discusses a broad overview of cancer immunotherapy to understand better the tumor microenvironment and nanotechnology-oriented immunomodulatory strategies to cope with advanced-stage cancers. Following that, most addressable problems allied with conventional immunotherapies are given in comparison to nanoparticle-based immunotherapies. The later half of this work comprehensively highlights the requisite delivery of various bioactive entities with particular cases and examples. Finally, this review also encompasses a comprehensive concluding overview and future standpoints to strengthen a successful clinical translation of nanoparticle-based immunotherapies as a smart and sophisticated drug delivery approach.

ACS Style

Yuping Zhao; Muhammad Bilal; Maimoona Qindeel; Muhammad Imran Khan; Kuldeep Dhama; Hafiz M. N. Iqbal. Nanotechnology-based immunotherapies to combat cancer metastasis. Molecular Biology Reports 2021, 1 -18.

AMA Style

Yuping Zhao, Muhammad Bilal, Maimoona Qindeel, Muhammad Imran Khan, Kuldeep Dhama, Hafiz M. N. Iqbal. Nanotechnology-based immunotherapies to combat cancer metastasis. Molecular Biology Reports. 2021; ():1-18.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yuping Zhao; Muhammad Bilal; Maimoona Qindeel; Muhammad Imran Khan; Kuldeep Dhama; Hafiz M. N. Iqbal. 2021. "Nanotechnology-based immunotherapies to combat cancer metastasis." Molecular Biology Reports , no. : 1-18.

Journal article
Published: 17 August 2021 in Process Biochemistry
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The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, famous as COVID-19, has recently emerged as a novel virus and imposed an unrecoverable loss to global health and the economy. At present, no effective drug against COVID-19 is available and currently available viral drugs targeting the viral key proteins of related RNA viruses have been found ineffective against COVID-19. This study evaluated the inhibitors of the viral proteases and other structural proteins, including Mpro (Main protease), RdRp (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase), and spike glycoprotein from synthetic and herbal sources. The molecular docking-based approach was used to identify and evaluate the putative inhibitors of key proteins involved in viral replication and survival. Furthermore, the pharmaceutical properties of these inhibitors were explored to predict the drug suitability as a therapeutic agent against COVID-19 by considering adsorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) using Lipinski’s rule or SwissADME. Trandolapril, Benazepril, and Moexipril were evaluated as the best non-carcinogenic and non-toxic potential inhibitors of spike glycoprotein, Mpro, and RdRp, respectively. The drugs showed significant binding affinities against the active sites of respective SARS_CoV-2 target proteins; hence, they can be used as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of COVID-19.

ACS Style

Huda Ahmed Alghamdi; Syed Awais Attique; Wei Yan; Anam Arooj; Obaid Albulym; Daochen Zhu; Muhammad Bilal; Muhammad Zohaib Nawaz. Repurposing the inhibitors of COVID-19 key proteins through molecular docking approach. Process Biochemistry 2021, 110, 216 -222.

AMA Style

Huda Ahmed Alghamdi, Syed Awais Attique, Wei Yan, Anam Arooj, Obaid Albulym, Daochen Zhu, Muhammad Bilal, Muhammad Zohaib Nawaz. Repurposing the inhibitors of COVID-19 key proteins through molecular docking approach. Process Biochemistry. 2021; 110 ():216-222.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Huda Ahmed Alghamdi; Syed Awais Attique; Wei Yan; Anam Arooj; Obaid Albulym; Daochen Zhu; Muhammad Bilal; Muhammad Zohaib Nawaz. 2021. "Repurposing the inhibitors of COVID-19 key proteins through molecular docking approach." Process Biochemistry 110, no. : 216-222.

Article
Published: 14 August 2021 in Catalysis Letters
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Laccase is a versatile enzyme that plays a major role in the remediation of various environmental pollutants. In this work, a thermo-tolerant halophilic Bacillus aquimaris AKRC02 was isolated from pulp and paper mill waste sludge for efficient laccase production. Various agro-industrial waste residues, including potato peel, banana peel, sawdust, pea peel, wheat bran, orange peel, and rice bran, were screened to produce laccase using a submerged fermentation process. Among these, rice bran supported the maximum laccase production (4.58 U/mL). The optimized environmental conditions (incubation time 120 h; 4.58 U/mL), 35 0C; 6.624 U/mL) and pH 7.0; 10.142 U/mL) and nutritional sources (glucose 1.0%; 14.164 U/mL and peptone 0.5%; 18.124 U/mL) significantly enhanced the laccase production. Purified laccase showed a specific activity and purification fold of 228.34 U/mg and 38.08, respectively. The purified enzyme showed a molecular weight of 65 kDa and high thermal stability at 45 0C for 8 h. In conclusion, the remarkable properties of the newly isolated bacterium may provide a significant opportunity for degrading environmental contaminants, making it an attractive biocatalyst for industrial applications.

ACS Style

Adarsh Kumar; Ajay Kumar Singh; Muhammad Bilal; Ram Chandra. Sustainable Production of Thermostable Laccase from Agro-Residues Waste by Bacillus aquimaris AKRC02. Catalysis Letters 2021, 1 -17.

AMA Style

Adarsh Kumar, Ajay Kumar Singh, Muhammad Bilal, Ram Chandra. Sustainable Production of Thermostable Laccase from Agro-Residues Waste by Bacillus aquimaris AKRC02. Catalysis Letters. 2021; ():1-17.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Adarsh Kumar; Ajay Kumar Singh; Muhammad Bilal; Ram Chandra. 2021. "Sustainable Production of Thermostable Laccase from Agro-Residues Waste by Bacillus aquimaris AKRC02." Catalysis Letters , no. : 1-17.

Article
Published: 14 August 2021 in Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics
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Herein, vermiculite clay is used as a reinforcement for epoxy resin, which is pretreated with HCl and functionalized with an organosilane. The functional vermiculite nanoparticles (0–10 mass %) are embedded into epoxy resin, and the mixture is subsequently cured with a diamine to yield highly crosslinked vermiculite-epoxy nanocomposites. These nanocomposites are characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The curing of epoxy resin with diamine monomer and the inclusion of vermiculite nanoparticles are confirmed by FTIR spectra, SEM micrographs, and X-ray diffraction patterns. The surface morphology examined by SEM exhibits well exfoliation of VMT clay in the epoxy matrix. The extent of curing and glass transition temperatures (Tg) are measured from DSC scans. The functional vermiculite nanoparticles demonstrate the hindrance effect by impeding the curing process. However, Tg of vermiculite-epoxy nanocomposites is increased significantly as compared to the neat epoxy polymer.

ACS Style

Haiqing Xu; Yuhang Gao; Aiping Li; Farman Ali; Zarshad Ali; Nisar Ali; Amir Said; Adeel Afzal; Yong Yang; Saifullah; Muhammad Bilal. Fabrication and characterization of functionally graded vermiculite nanocomposite material: the role of curing on glass transition and thermal stability. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 2021, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Haiqing Xu, Yuhang Gao, Aiping Li, Farman Ali, Zarshad Ali, Nisar Ali, Amir Said, Adeel Afzal, Yong Yang, Saifullah, Muhammad Bilal. Fabrication and characterization of functionally graded vermiculite nanocomposite material: the role of curing on glass transition and thermal stability. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics. 2021; ():1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Haiqing Xu; Yuhang Gao; Aiping Li; Farman Ali; Zarshad Ali; Nisar Ali; Amir Said; Adeel Afzal; Yong Yang; Saifullah; Muhammad Bilal. 2021. "Fabrication and characterization of functionally graded vermiculite nanocomposite material: the role of curing on glass transition and thermal stability." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics , no. : 1-10.

Journal article
Published: 13 August 2021 in Science of The Total Environment
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The growing persistence of estrogenic pollutants in water resources is a worrying concern because of their endocrine disrupting activities and potentially hazardous consequences on the environmental matrices, ecology, and human health, even at low concentration. The long-term persistence of steroidal estrogens leads to their bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms that can further reach to humans via food chain route. Considering the toxicity of steroidal estrogens, it is important to mitigate these environmentally related hazardous contaminants. So far, several treatment methods, like adsorption, oxidation, irradiation, and electrochemical techniques have been proposed to eliminate estrogens from aqueous ecosystems. Nevertheless, high operational costs, insufficient removal, generation of toxic sludge, and the necessity of skilled maintenance and operating workers are the major hindrances associated with large scale applications. Bioremediation of steroidal estrogens using enzyme-based biocatalytic system has recently emerged as a promising alternative to remove and bio-transform estrogens from aqueous systems. However, the current literature lacks a critique focusing specifically and comprehensively on steroidal estrogens. The presented review is a critical assessment of the existing literature on steroid-based endocrine disruptive estrogens. A detailed description about the occurrence and eco-fate of steroidal estrogens is given with representative examples. The later half of the review stresses on the redefining (removal) of endocrine disruptive estrogens in water resources with particular reference to enzyme-based approaches.

ACS Style

Muhammad Bilal; Damià Barceló; Hafiz M.N. Iqbal. Occurrence, environmental fate, ecological issues, and redefining of endocrine disruptive estrogens in water resources. Science of The Total Environment 2021, 800, 149635 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Bilal, Damià Barceló, Hafiz M.N. Iqbal. Occurrence, environmental fate, ecological issues, and redefining of endocrine disruptive estrogens in water resources. Science of The Total Environment. 2021; 800 ():149635.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Bilal; Damià Barceló; Hafiz M.N. Iqbal. 2021. "Occurrence, environmental fate, ecological issues, and redefining of endocrine disruptive estrogens in water resources." Science of The Total Environment 800, no. : 149635.

Article
Published: 09 August 2021 in Catalysis Letters
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Engineered laccases represent an eco-friendlier and robust biocatalytic tool for the treatment of dye-harboring textile wastewater. This study investigates the immobilization of purified laccase from Pleurotus sapidus onto firm-quality spherical Ca-alginate beads by a cross-linking approach. Sodium alginate at an optimal concentration of 4% (w/v) furnished the highest immobilization efficiency (69%). EDX analysis confirmed the detection of copper in the laccase-incorporated alginate beads. The optimum pH for free laccase was 3.0, while the Ca-alginate-Lac showed the maximum enzyme activity (440.2 U/mL) at pH 5.0. In contrast to a free enzyme (40 °C), immobilized laccase performed best at an elevated temperature of 65 °C. The Km and Vmax values in the case of free and Ca-alginate immobilized enzymes were 114 µM, 370 U/mL, and 123 µM, 548 U/mL, respectively. Immobilized laccase catalyzed a highly efficient decolorization of various reactive and disperse dye pollutants and recorded in the range of 86.19–91.01%. The COD and TOC levels were substantially reduced to 91.90–94.94 and 77.01–93.29%, respectively, in the maximally degraded dye solutions. Therefore, immobilization of laccase on Ca-alginate beads offers a cost-effective and facile method for environmental remediation applications.

ACS Style

Sadia Aslam; Awais Ali; Muhammad Asgher; Nabila Farah; Hafiz M. N. Iqbal; Muhammad Bilal. Fabrication and Catalytic Characterization of Laccase-Loaded Calcium-Alginate Beads for Enhanced Degradation of Dye-Contaminated Aqueous Solutions. Catalysis Letters 2021, 1 -13.

AMA Style

Sadia Aslam, Awais Ali, Muhammad Asgher, Nabila Farah, Hafiz M. N. Iqbal, Muhammad Bilal. Fabrication and Catalytic Characterization of Laccase-Loaded Calcium-Alginate Beads for Enhanced Degradation of Dye-Contaminated Aqueous Solutions. Catalysis Letters. 2021; ():1-13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sadia Aslam; Awais Ali; Muhammad Asgher; Nabila Farah; Hafiz M. N. Iqbal; Muhammad Bilal. 2021. "Fabrication and Catalytic Characterization of Laccase-Loaded Calcium-Alginate Beads for Enhanced Degradation of Dye-Contaminated Aqueous Solutions." Catalysis Letters , no. : 1-13.

Chapter
Published: 05 August 2021 in Fundamentals of Solar Cell Design
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In the last decade, the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has been surpassed from 9.7% to 25%. Nevertheless, stability issues in PSCs appear to restrict its application toward commercialization. So, this issue of stability in PSC should be urgently addressed to accomplish good reproducibility and longer lifetimes of perovskite device with better power conversion efficiency (PCE). PSCs cannot be transferred from laboratory to industry without solving the stability issue. Here, we summarize the factor that affecting the stability of perovskite devices and also investigate the current development on the degradation mechanisms of PSC under different conditions. Overall, this work contributes to developing a better understanding of the degradation mechanisms and helps in improving the overall stability of the PSCs.

ACS Style

Mutayyab Afreen; Jazib Ali; Muhammad Bilal. Challenges of Stability in Perovskite Solar Cells. Fundamentals of Solar Cell Design 2021, 371 -391.

AMA Style

Mutayyab Afreen, Jazib Ali, Muhammad Bilal. Challenges of Stability in Perovskite Solar Cells. Fundamentals of Solar Cell Design. 2021; ():371-391.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mutayyab Afreen; Jazib Ali; Muhammad Bilal. 2021. "Challenges of Stability in Perovskite Solar Cells." Fundamentals of Solar Cell Design , no. : 371-391.

Journal article
Published: 31 July 2021 in Environmental Technology & Innovation
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Paper mill wastewater is a complex mixture of different organometallic pollutants with alkaline pH and toxicity to aquatic organisms. This study investigates major physicochemical parameters such as BOD (814.0 ± 2.84), COD (2289.0 ± 3.54), TDS (4128.0 ± 5.21), dissolved solid (3520.0 ± 4.85), suspended solids (608.0 ± 1.53), lignin (628 ± 2.24) and heavy metals along with organometallic pollutants from paper mill wastewater detected by gas chromatography and mass spectrophotometer technique. The organometallic pollutants such as decane, 2,9-dimethyl, eicosane, 2-bromotetradecane, 1,2-dihydro-1,4-diphenylphthalazine, benzene acetic acid, 4-[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]-, trimethylsilyl ester, and docosane were detected via. gas chromatography and mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS). These pollutants are highly toxic and cause significant adverse effects on aquatic organisms. The toxic effects of organometallic pollutants were tested on Heteropneustes fossilis (Stinging catfish) and Tubifex-tubifex (sludge worm) using different concentrations of wastewater (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%). Due to wastewater exposure Heteropneustes fossilis, toxic effects were observed, showing notable changes in the secondary lamellae (SL); primary lamellae (PL); mucous cell (MC); epithelial cell (EC); chloride cell (CHC). In Tubifex tubifex, minimum toxic effects were noted at the concentration of less than 25% up to 24 h of exposure and maximum at 48 h of exposure at 50% of the wastewater concentration. After 24 h wastewater exposure, the hemoglobin content was decreased, the body’s rear part became white, and body disintegration was observed in worms. In conclusion, the present study investigates that paper mill wastewater is toxic to the aquatic ecosystem and must be treated and assessed before discharge.

ACS Style

Ajay Kumar Singh; Adarsh Kumar; Muhammad Bilal; Ram Chandra. Organometallic pollutants of paper mill wastewater and their toxicity assessment on Stinging catfish and sludge worm. Environmental Technology & Innovation 2021, 24, 101831 .

AMA Style

Ajay Kumar Singh, Adarsh Kumar, Muhammad Bilal, Ram Chandra. Organometallic pollutants of paper mill wastewater and their toxicity assessment on Stinging catfish and sludge worm. Environmental Technology & Innovation. 2021; 24 ():101831.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ajay Kumar Singh; Adarsh Kumar; Muhammad Bilal; Ram Chandra. 2021. "Organometallic pollutants of paper mill wastewater and their toxicity assessment on Stinging catfish and sludge worm." Environmental Technology & Innovation 24, no. : 101831.

Review
Published: 31 July 2021 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research
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The Spanish flu, Asian flu, Hong Kong flu, HIV/AIDS, SARS, Ebola, and Swine flu, among others, have had a significant impact on agriculture, education, the economy, and human activities, including leisureliness, shipping, healthiness, fisheries, mining, industry, and trade. Currently, manhood is dealing with a new epidemic, the infection of the latest coronavirus (2019-nCoV), which causes a deadly disease named COVID-19. This article aims to examine COVID-19’s effect on agriculture, education, and the economy. There are existing estimates to conclude that the COVID-19 pandemic has a significant influence on agriculture and the food supply chain, mostly influencing food demand and, as a result, food security, with a disproportionate impact on the most disadvantaged. To overcome spread of COVID-19, a non-contact food delivery system has been used by utilizing drown for this purpose. This epidemic crisis also introduced a digital education system that is challenging for students and teachers who are not educated in it. Weak infrastructure, such as electricity, poor access to the Internet connection, and a lack of technology literacy, has hampered the online education system. Coronavirus has an undesirable influence on the global economy by affecting tourism, the financial market, commerce, shipping, manufacturing, and the service sector. The exchange market was also down during the COVID-19 pandemic. In conclusion, we should strictly follow SOP’s to improve our agriculture, education, economy, and other ways of normal life. We should also be vaccinated to fulfill our all losses in different fields.

ACS Style

Mehvish Mumtaz; Nazim Hussain; Zulqarnain Baqar; Saima Anwar; Muhammad Bilal. Deciphering the impact of novel coronavirus pandemic on agricultural sustainability, food security, and socio-economic sectors—a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2021, 1 -15.

AMA Style

Mehvish Mumtaz, Nazim Hussain, Zulqarnain Baqar, Saima Anwar, Muhammad Bilal. Deciphering the impact of novel coronavirus pandemic on agricultural sustainability, food security, and socio-economic sectors—a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2021; ():1-15.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mehvish Mumtaz; Nazim Hussain; Zulqarnain Baqar; Saima Anwar; Muhammad Bilal. 2021. "Deciphering the impact of novel coronavirus pandemic on agricultural sustainability, food security, and socio-economic sectors—a review." Environmental Science and Pollution Research , no. : 1-15.

Review article
Published: 29 July 2021 in Chemosphere
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Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are an emergent group of crystalline porous materials that have gained incredible interest in recent years. With foreseeable controllable functionalities and structural configurations, the constructions and catalytic properties of these organic polymeric materials can be controlled to fabricate targeted materials. The specified monomer linkers and pre-designed architecture of COFs facilitate the post-synthetic modifications for introducing novel functions and useful properties. By virtue of inherent porosity, robust framework, well-ordered geometry, functionality, higher stability, and amenability to functionalization, COFs and COFs-based composites are regarded as prospective nanomaterials for environmental clean-up and remediation. This report spotlights the state-of-the-art advances and progress in COFs-based materials to efficiently mitigate pharmaceutical-based environmental pollutants from aqueous solutions. Synthesis approaches, structure, functionalization, and sustainability aspects of COFs are discussed. Moreover, the adsorptive and photocatalytic potential of COFs and their derived nanocomposites for removal and degradation of pharmaceuticals are thoroughly vetted. In addition to deciphering adsorption mechanism/isotherms, the stability, regeneratability and reproducibility are also delineated. Lastly, the outcomes are summed up, and new directions are proposed to widen the promise of COF-based smart materials in diverse fields.

ACS Style

Jiansong Gan; Xiaobing Li; Komal Rizwan; Muhammad Adeel; Muhammad Bilal; Tahir Rasheed; Hafiz M.N. Iqbal. Covalent organic frameworks-based smart materials for mitigation of pharmaceutical pollutants from aqueous solution. Chemosphere 2021, 286, 131710 .

AMA Style

Jiansong Gan, Xiaobing Li, Komal Rizwan, Muhammad Adeel, Muhammad Bilal, Tahir Rasheed, Hafiz M.N. Iqbal. Covalent organic frameworks-based smart materials for mitigation of pharmaceutical pollutants from aqueous solution. Chemosphere. 2021; 286 ():131710.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jiansong Gan; Xiaobing Li; Komal Rizwan; Muhammad Adeel; Muhammad Bilal; Tahir Rasheed; Hafiz M.N. Iqbal. 2021. "Covalent organic frameworks-based smart materials for mitigation of pharmaceutical pollutants from aqueous solution." Chemosphere 286, no. : 131710.

Journal article
Published: 24 July 2021 in Environmental Research
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Microplastic is a fragmented plastic part that emerges as a potential marine and terrestrial contaminant. The microplastic wastes in marine and soil environments cause severe problems in living systems. Microplastic wastes have been linked to various health problems, including reproductive harm and obesity, plus issues such as organ problems and developmental delays in children. Recycling plastic/microplastics from the environment is very low, so remediating these polymers after their utilization is of paramount concern. The microplastic causes severe toxic effects and contaminates the environment. Microplastic affects marine life, microorganism in soil, soil enzymes, plants system, and physicochemical properties. Ecotoxicology of the microplastic raised many questions about its use and development from the environment. Various physicochemical and microbial technologies have been developed for their remediation from the environment. The microplastic effects are linked with its concentration, size, and shape in contaminated environments. Microplastic is able to sorb the inorganic and organic contaminants and affect their fate into the contaminated sites. Microbial technology is considered safer for the remediation of the microplastics via its unique metabolic machinery. Bioplastic is regarded as safer and eco-friendly as compared to plastics. The review article explored an in-depth understanding of the microplastic, its fate, toxicity to the environment, and robust remediation strategies.

ACS Style

Pankaj Bhatt; Vinay Mohan Pathak; Ahmad Reza Bagheri; Muhammad Bilal. Microplastic contaminants in the aqueous environment, fate, toxicity consequences, and remediation strategies. Environmental Research 2021, 200, 111762 .

AMA Style

Pankaj Bhatt, Vinay Mohan Pathak, Ahmad Reza Bagheri, Muhammad Bilal. Microplastic contaminants in the aqueous environment, fate, toxicity consequences, and remediation strategies. Environmental Research. 2021; 200 ():111762.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pankaj Bhatt; Vinay Mohan Pathak; Ahmad Reza Bagheri; Muhammad Bilal. 2021. "Microplastic contaminants in the aqueous environment, fate, toxicity consequences, and remediation strategies." Environmental Research 200, no. : 111762.

Review
Published: 22 July 2021 in Neurological Sciences
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Traumatic nerve injuries may result in severe motor dysfunctions. Although the microenvironment of peripheral axons favors their regeneration, regenerative process is not always successful. We reviewed and discussed the main findings obtained with low-level laser therapy (LLLT), a therapeutic intervention that has been employed in order to achieve an optimized regeneration process in peripheral axons. Disseminating the best available evidence for the effectiveness of this therapeutic strategy can potentially improve the statistics of success in the clinical treatment of nerve injuries. We found evidence that LLLT optimizes the regeneration of peripheral axons, improving motor function, especially in animal models. Nonetheless, further clinical evidence is still needed before LLLT can be strongly recommended. Although the results are promising, the elucidation of the mechanisms of action and safety assessment are necessary to support highquality clinical studies. The present careful compilation of findings with consistent pro-regenerative evidence and published in respected scientific journals can be valuable for health professionals and researchers in the field, possibly contributing to achieve more promising results in future randomized controlled trials and interventions, providing better prognosis for clinical practice.

ACS Style

Xellen Cunha Muniz; Ana Carolina Correa de Assis; Bruna Stefane Alves de Oliveira; Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira; Muhammad Bilal; Hafiz M N Iqbal; Renato Nery Soriano. Efficacy of low-level laser therapy in nerve injury repair-a new era in therapeutic agents and regenerative treatments. Neurological Sciences 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Xellen Cunha Muniz, Ana Carolina Correa de Assis, Bruna Stefane Alves de Oliveira, Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira, Muhammad Bilal, Hafiz M N Iqbal, Renato Nery Soriano. Efficacy of low-level laser therapy in nerve injury repair-a new era in therapeutic agents and regenerative treatments. Neurological Sciences. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xellen Cunha Muniz; Ana Carolina Correa de Assis; Bruna Stefane Alves de Oliveira; Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira; Muhammad Bilal; Hafiz M N Iqbal; Renato Nery Soriano. 2021. "Efficacy of low-level laser therapy in nerve injury repair-a new era in therapeutic agents and regenerative treatments." Neurological Sciences , no. : 1.

Research article
Published: 15 July 2021 in Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research
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An increase in temperature of up to 2 °C occurs when the amount of CO2 reaches a range of 450 ppm. The permanent use of mineral oil is closely related to CO2 emissions. Maintaining the sustainability of fossil fuels and eliminating and reducing CO2 emissions is possible through carbon capture and storage (CCS) processes. One of the best ways to maintain CCS is hydrate-based gas separation. Selected type T1-5 (0.01 mol % sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) + 5.60 mol % tetrahydrofuran (THF), with the help of this silica gel promotion was strongly stimulated. A pressure of 36.5 bar of CO2 is needed in H2O to investigate the CO2 hydrate formation. Therefore, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGME at 0.10 mol %) along with SDS (0.01 mol %) labeled as T1A-2 was used as an alternative to THF at the comparable working parameters in which CO2 uptake of 5.45 mmol of CO2/g of H2O was obtained. Additionally, it was found that with an increase in tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide (TBAB) supplementation of CO2, the hydrate and operating capacity of the process increased. When the bed height was reduced from 3 cm to 2 cm with 0.1 mol % TBAB and 0.01% SDS (labelled as T3-2) in fixed bed reactor (FBR), the outcomes demonstrated a slight expansion in gas supply to 1.54 mmol of CO2/g of H2O at working states of 283 K and 70 bar. The gas selectivity experiment by using the high-pressure volume analysis through hydrate formation was performed in which the highest CO2 uptake for the employment of silica contacts with water in fuel gas mixture was observed in the non-IGCC conditions. Thus, two types of reactor configurations are being proposed for changing the process from batch to continuous with the employment of macroporous silica contacts with new consolidated promoters to improve the formation of CO2 hydrate in the IGCC conditions. Later, much work should be possible on this with an assortment of promoters and specific performance parameters. It was reported in previous work that the repeatability of equilibrium moisture content and gas uptake attained for the sample prepared by the highest rates of stirring was the greatest with the CIs of ±0.34 wt % and ±0.19 mmol of CO2/g of H2O respectively. This was due to the amount of water occluded inside silica gel pores was not an issue or in other words, vigorous stirring increased the spreadability. The variation of pore size to improve the process can be considered for future work.

ACS Style

Mohd Hafiz Abu Hassan; Farooq Sher; Bilal Fareed; Usman Ali; Ayesha Zafar; Muhammad Bilal; Hafiz M.N. Iqbal. Sustainable Hydrates for Enhanced Carbon Dioxide Capture from an Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle in a Fixed Bed Reactor. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Mohd Hafiz Abu Hassan, Farooq Sher, Bilal Fareed, Usman Ali, Ayesha Zafar, Muhammad Bilal, Hafiz M.N. Iqbal. Sustainable Hydrates for Enhanced Carbon Dioxide Capture from an Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle in a Fixed Bed Reactor. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohd Hafiz Abu Hassan; Farooq Sher; Bilal Fareed; Usman Ali; Ayesha Zafar; Muhammad Bilal; Hafiz M.N. Iqbal. 2021. "Sustainable Hydrates for Enhanced Carbon Dioxide Capture from an Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle in a Fixed Bed Reactor." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research , no. : 1.

Review article
Published: 14 July 2021 in International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
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Co-immobilization of multi-enzymes has emerged as a promising concept to design and signify bio-catalysis engineering. Undoubtedly, the existence and importance of basic immobilization methods such as encapsulation, covalent binding, cross-linking, or even simple adsorption cannot be ignored as they are the core of advanced co-immobilization strategies. Different strategies have been developed and deployed to green the twenty-first century bio-catalysis. Moreover, co-immobilization of multi-enzymes has successfully resolved the limitations of individual enzyme loaded constructs. With an added value of this advanced bio-catalysis engineering platform, designing, and fabricating co-immobilized enzymes loaded nanostructure carriers to perform a particular set of reactions with high catalytic turnover is of supreme interest. Herein, we spotlight the emergence of co-immobilization strategies by bringing multi-enzymes together with various types of nanocarriers to expand the bio-catalysis scope. Following a brief introduction, the first part of the review focuses on multienzyme co-immobilization strategies, i.e., random co-immobilization, compartmentalization, and positional co-immobilization. The second part comprehensively covers four major categories of nanocarriers, i.e., carbon based nanocarriers, polymer based nanocarriers, silica-based nanocarriers, and metal-based nanocarriers along with their particular examples. In each section, several critical factors that can affect the performance and successful deployment of co-immobilization of enzymes are given in this work.

ACS Style

Muhammad Bilal; Nazim Hussain; Juliana Heloisa Pinê Américo-Pinheiro; Yaaser Q. Almulaiky; Hafiz M.N. Iqbal. Multi-enzyme co-immobilized nano-assemblies: Bringing enzymes together for expanding bio-catalysis scope to meet biotechnological challenges. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2021, 186, 735 -749.

AMA Style

Muhammad Bilal, Nazim Hussain, Juliana Heloisa Pinê Américo-Pinheiro, Yaaser Q. Almulaiky, Hafiz M.N. Iqbal. Multi-enzyme co-immobilized nano-assemblies: Bringing enzymes together for expanding bio-catalysis scope to meet biotechnological challenges. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2021; 186 ():735-749.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Bilal; Nazim Hussain; Juliana Heloisa Pinê Américo-Pinheiro; Yaaser Q. Almulaiky; Hafiz M.N. Iqbal. 2021. "Multi-enzyme co-immobilized nano-assemblies: Bringing enzymes together for expanding bio-catalysis scope to meet biotechnological challenges." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 186, no. : 735-749.

Article
Published: 09 July 2021 in Water, Air, & Soil Pollution
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Nitrogen (N) is deficient in more than 90% of soils of Pakistan, mainly because of low organic matter contents. The use of nitrogenous fertilizers is a common practice for sustainable and profitable crop yields. A significant portion of added fertilizers is lost through volatilization, leaching, and denitrification. The low use efficiency of these fertilizers in our climate is a serious concern because of high costs and environmental issues. The present study evaluated the novel synergistic effect of urease and nitrification inhibitors such as ammonium thiosulfate (ATS) and 2-Chloro-6-(trichloromethyl)pyridine (nitrapyrin) to reduce the urea hydrolysis in the soil of three cities of Pakistan, i.e., Faisalabad, Gujranwala, and Sheikhupura, to manage the ammonia as well as N loss. Three different combinations, such as A1, A2, and A3 of both inhibitors, were prepared with varying ratios of 1:1, 0.25:0.75, and 0.75:0.25, respectively. Results showed that the minimum urea hydrolysis of about 2.41, 2.79, and 4.68 IU/g soil was observed with A1 combination after 4th-day observation with the rate of 0.50% concentration for Faisalabad, Gujranwala, and Sheikhupura, respectively. In addition, results showed better urease activity at a pH value of 6.50, incubation time of 30 min, and temperature of 37 °C for all A1, A2, and A3 combinations with 0.50% concentration. Moreover, inhibitor-treated urea showed the maximum plant height of 111, 101, and 101 cm, and root length of 15, 11, and 5 cm, number of tillers of 14, 16, and 19 per panicle, and number of spikes of 37, 21, and 38 per panicle with A1, A2, and A3 combination at 0.50% dose respectively in Faisalabad soil. Overall, it is concluded that 0.50% inhibitor concentration showed the much impressive urease inhibition results followed by 0.25 and 0.10%. However, the application of inhibitors was a good practice to reduce the N loss from soil.

ACS Style

Asim Hussain; Nazish Jahan; Zara Jabeen; Khalil Ur Rehman; Hamza Rafeeq; Muhammad Bilal; Hafiz M. N. Iqbal. Synergistic Effect of Urease and Nitrification Inhibitors in the Reduction of Ammonia Volatilization. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 2021, 232, 1 -17.

AMA Style

Asim Hussain, Nazish Jahan, Zara Jabeen, Khalil Ur Rehman, Hamza Rafeeq, Muhammad Bilal, Hafiz M. N. Iqbal. Synergistic Effect of Urease and Nitrification Inhibitors in the Reduction of Ammonia Volatilization. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 2021; 232 (7):1-17.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Asim Hussain; Nazish Jahan; Zara Jabeen; Khalil Ur Rehman; Hamza Rafeeq; Muhammad Bilal; Hafiz M. N. Iqbal. 2021. "Synergistic Effect of Urease and Nitrification Inhibitors in the Reduction of Ammonia Volatilization." Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 232, no. 7: 1-17.

Review
Published: 06 July 2021 in Molecular Neurobiology
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Traumatic lesions in nerves present high incidence and may culminate in sensorimotor and/or autonomic dysfunctions or a total loss of function, affecting the patient's quality of life. Although the microenvironment favors peripheral nerve regeneration, the regenerative process is not always successful. Some herbs, natural products, and synthetic drugs have been studied as potential pro-regenerative interventions. We reviewed and discussed the most recent articles published over the last ten years in high impact factor journals. Even though most of the articles contemplated in this review were in vitro and animal model studies, those with herbs showed promising results. Most of them presented antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Drugs of several pharmacological classes also showed optimistic outcomes in nerve functional recovery, including clinical trials. The results are hopeful; however, mechanisms of action need to be elucidated, and there is a need for more high-quality clinical studies. The study presents careful compilation of findings of dozens of compounds with consistent pro-regenerative evidence published in respected scientific journals. It may be valuable for health professionals and researchers in the field.

ACS Style

Natália Melo Souza; Mateus Figueiredo Gonçalves; Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira; Muhammad Bilal; Hafiz M. N. Iqbal; Renato Nery Soriano. Revisiting the Role of Biologically Active Natural and Synthetic Compounds as an Intervention to Treat Injured Nerves. Molecular Neurobiology 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Natália Melo Souza, Mateus Figueiredo Gonçalves, Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira, Muhammad Bilal, Hafiz M. N. Iqbal, Renato Nery Soriano. Revisiting the Role of Biologically Active Natural and Synthetic Compounds as an Intervention to Treat Injured Nerves. Molecular Neurobiology. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Natália Melo Souza; Mateus Figueiredo Gonçalves; Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira; Muhammad Bilal; Hafiz M. N. Iqbal; Renato Nery Soriano. 2021. "Revisiting the Role of Biologically Active Natural and Synthetic Compounds as an Intervention to Treat Injured Nerves." Molecular Neurobiology , no. : 1.

Review article
Published: 06 July 2021 in Cleaner Engineering and Technology
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Biorefining is an essential component for achieving a sustainable economy. This approach makes use of zero-waste technologies and generates renewable energy. Besides converting organic waste into profit, the technology also avoids competition with biomass and different food-based feedstocks, water use, and impacts on biodiversity, making it a viable alternative to energy crops. In this context, anaerobic digestion (AD) allows proper waste management through controlling pollution/waste accumulation and converting organic matter into higher-value products: biogas and biofertilizer. Considering these points, Brazil has substantial agricultural productivity and generates a significant amount of waste residues that has enormous potential for biogas and bioenergy production. Cassava is an important staple crop for the country, particularly in northern and northeastern regions, where it is produced and processed mainly by families on a small-scale. It produces solid residues (peels, stems, and leaves) and wastewater, known as cassava wastewater, which is characterized by a high chemical oxygen demand, many mineral nutrients and cyanide. Nonetheless, all of these residues are usually disposed of in the vicinity without any treatment, rather than being used to produce higher value-added products. Hence, this review explored the potential role of anaerobic digestion for cassava residues management in association with the bio-based circular economy. Overall, the current manuscript emphasized cassava waste residue's potential for biogas generation, process intensification, scale scale-up strategies, and challenges.

ACS Style

Ianny Andrade Cruz; Larissa Renata Santos Andrade; Ram Naresh Bharagava; Ashok Kumar Nadda; Muhammad Bilal; Renan Tavares Figueiredo; Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira. Valorization of cassava residues for biogas production in Brazil based on the circular economy: An updated and comprehensive review. Cleaner Engineering and Technology 2021, 4, 100196 .

AMA Style

Ianny Andrade Cruz, Larissa Renata Santos Andrade, Ram Naresh Bharagava, Ashok Kumar Nadda, Muhammad Bilal, Renan Tavares Figueiredo, Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira. Valorization of cassava residues for biogas production in Brazil based on the circular economy: An updated and comprehensive review. Cleaner Engineering and Technology. 2021; 4 ():100196.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ianny Andrade Cruz; Larissa Renata Santos Andrade; Ram Naresh Bharagava; Ashok Kumar Nadda; Muhammad Bilal; Renan Tavares Figueiredo; Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira. 2021. "Valorization of cassava residues for biogas production in Brazil based on the circular economy: An updated and comprehensive review." Cleaner Engineering and Technology 4, no. : 100196.

Journal article
Published: 27 June 2021 in Environmental Research
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The color effluent discharged by alcohol distilleries comprises very high pollution loads due to the plethora of refractory chemicals even after anaerobic treatment and causing adverse effects to the environment. The present study aimed to examine the phytotoxic, cytotoxic, and genotoxic potential of the identified refractory organic and inorganic pollutants discharged in bio-methanated distillery effluent (BMDE). Physico-chemical analyses revealed that BMDE retains high BOD, COD, TDS along with heavy metals like Fe (572.64 mg L−1), Mn (4.269 mg L−1), Cd (1.631 mg L−1), Zn (2.547 mg L−1), Pb (1.262 mg L−1), (Cr 1.257 mg L−1), and Ni (0.781 mg L−1) beyond the permissible limits for effluent discharge. GC-MS analysis revelaed the presence of hexadecanoic acid, TMS ester; octadecanoic acid, TMS ester; 2,3 bis[(TMS)oxy]propyl ester; stigmasterol TMS ether; β–sitosterol TMS ester; hexacosanoic acid; and tetradecanoic acid, TMS ester as major refractory organic pollutants, which are listed as potential endocrine disruptor chemicals (EDCs) as per USEPA. Furthermore, phytotoxicity assessment with Phaseolus aureus L. showed the toxic nature of BMDE as it inhibited various seedling growth parameters, seed germination, and suppression of α-amylase activity in seed germination experiment. Moreover, genotoxicity and cytotoxicity evaluation of the discharged BMDE evidenced in root-tip meristematic cells of Allium cepa L. where chromosomal aberration such as disturbed metaphase, c-mitosis, laggard chromosomes, sticky chromosomes, prolonged prophase, polyploid cells, and apoptotic bodies etc. were observed. Thus, this study's results suggested that BMDE discharged without adequate treatment poses potential risk to environment and may cause a variety of serious health threats in living beings upon exposure.

ACS Style

Vineet Kumar; Sushil Kumar Shahi; Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira; Muhammad Bilal; Jayanta Kumar Biswas; Laura Bulgariu. Detection and characterization of refractory organic and inorganic pollutants discharged in biomethanated distillery effluent and their phytotoxicity, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assessment using Phaseolus aureus L. and Allium cepa L. Environmental Research 2021, 201, 111551 .

AMA Style

Vineet Kumar, Sushil Kumar Shahi, Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira, Muhammad Bilal, Jayanta Kumar Biswas, Laura Bulgariu. Detection and characterization of refractory organic and inorganic pollutants discharged in biomethanated distillery effluent and their phytotoxicity, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assessment using Phaseolus aureus L. and Allium cepa L. Environmental Research. 2021; 201 ():111551.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vineet Kumar; Sushil Kumar Shahi; Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira; Muhammad Bilal; Jayanta Kumar Biswas; Laura Bulgariu. 2021. "Detection and characterization of refractory organic and inorganic pollutants discharged in biomethanated distillery effluent and their phytotoxicity, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assessment using Phaseolus aureus L. and Allium cepa L." Environmental Research 201, no. : 111551.

Review article
Published: 26 June 2021 in Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology
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Characteristics of small group of cancerous cells known as cancer stem cells (CSCs) or tumor initiating cells involve relapse, metastasis, and drug resistant which highly influence the available therapeutic processes. Tumoral drug resistance appears closely related to various acquire or intrinsic characteristics of CSCs e.g., detoxifying enzymes, drug efflux transporters, antiapoptotic protein overexpression, DNA repairability, specific morphology, and quiescence. The specific hypoxic stability and niche impart additional shield against anti-cancer therapeutic approaches for CSCs. Therefore, CSC-based therapeutics are intended to form the core of efficient anticancer strategies. Nanostructured constructs have demonstrated to possess promising applications e.g., targeted drug release, controlled delivery, CSC-targeting drugs, and the development of novel gene-specific diagnostic and treatment modalities. This review describes various drug resistant-related characteristics of CSCs and aim to summarize recent therapeutic and biomedical approaches using nanostructures (nanomedicines). The modification of components presents in extracellular matrix with the nanostructured constructs is considered as one of the promising strategies to upgrade the intra-tumoral drug delivery. Different CSCs-targeting therapies including photothermal therapy (PTT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), hyperthermia, and radiotherapy-based methodologies, which could serve as the novel combination of therapeutic approaches to eliminate CSCs and metastasis have also been described.

ACS Style

Yangyong Mao; Mahpara Qamar; Sarmad Ahmad Qamar; Muhammad Imran Khan; Muhammad Bilal; Hafiz M.N. Iqbal. Insight of nanomedicine strategies for a targeted delivery of nanotherapeutic cues to cope with the resistant types of cancer stem cells. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 2021, 64, 102681 .

AMA Style

Yangyong Mao, Mahpara Qamar, Sarmad Ahmad Qamar, Muhammad Imran Khan, Muhammad Bilal, Hafiz M.N. Iqbal. Insight of nanomedicine strategies for a targeted delivery of nanotherapeutic cues to cope with the resistant types of cancer stem cells. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 2021; 64 ():102681.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yangyong Mao; Mahpara Qamar; Sarmad Ahmad Qamar; Muhammad Imran Khan; Muhammad Bilal; Hafiz M.N. Iqbal. 2021. "Insight of nanomedicine strategies for a targeted delivery of nanotherapeutic cues to cope with the resistant types of cancer stem cells." Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 64, no. : 102681.