Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in agricultural population is an increasing issue. This study aims to obtain a prevalence estimate of CKDu in male rice farmers in West Java, Indonesia; and analyze the relationship between CKDu and environmental and occupational factors. The study design was cross-sectional. This study included 354 healthy male farmers in two rice agriculture areas in West Java with different altitudes (low altitude and high-altitude location). This research included blood and urine sampling from the farmers for serum creatinine (SCr) level and proteinuria; questionnaire on demographic information, occupational factors and other risk factors for CKDu. We measured ambient temperature and humidity in both study locations for environmental factors. From SCr level and proteinuria, we categorized the farmers into five stages of CKD; then we distinguished CKDu from CKD if the farmers had stage 1–4 of CKD but without diabetes, hypertension and other traditional causes. Data were analyzed with multivariate logistic regression to get prevalence odd ratios of CKDu and its relationship with environmental and occupational factors, adjusted with other risk factors of CKDu. The overall prevalence of CKD was 24.9% and CKDu was 18.6%. For the environmental factors, farm location (high altitude versus low altitude location) was associated with CKDu (Prevalence Odds Ratio (POR): 2.0; 95% CI: 1.2–3.5). For the occupational factors, although not significant, the risk of CKDu increased with the longer use of insecticide and with the more frequent of insecticide use. We suggested that there was a need to conduct future research to investigate more on the association of those environmental and occupational factors with CKDu.

The hypertension rate in Indonesia has increased significantly in the past five years, but there is limited information about the hypertension risk of farmers. Our study assesses the prevalence of hypertension in this population and examines the proportional risk of various work environment and lifestyle factors among farmers. A cross-sectional study was conducted in high and low heat stress agriculture areas of West Java, Indonesia. There were 354 male farmers aged 25 to 73 years old who participated in the study. We measured blood pressure and used a questionnaire on self-reported use of anti-hypertension drugs or diagnosis by a medical professional to define hypertension. We assessed occupational factors including farming methods, heat stress and pesticide use, and personal factors including obesity, food intake, smoking status, alcohol consumption. Multivariate analysis was used to evaluate factors potentially associated with prevalence of hypertension. Forty-six percent of farmers experience hypertension. Farming in a location with higher heat stress (WBGT) was significantly associated with increased risk of hypertension (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) 1.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01, 1.95). Farmers who used pesticide sprayers had an increased risk of hypertension (aPR 1.90, 95% CI 0.93, 3.87). No personal/lifestyle characteristics were significantly associated with hypertension, although ever smoking and ever consuming alcohol had an increased prevalence of hypertension. This study shows the importance of work environmental factors in the prevalence of hypertension and the necessity of public health education, identification and treatment of this “silent killer” among Indonesian farmers.

Latar Belakang: Stunting menjadi salah satu isu kesehatan di negara-negara berkembang termasuk Indonesia, dengan prevalensi yang tinggi yaitu 30.8%. Stunting tidak hanya dipengaruhi oleh faktor nutrisi, tetapi juga riwayat kesehatan seperti penyakit infeksi dan lingkungan rumah tangga. Tujuan: Untuk menganalisis hubungan kejadian ISPA dengan stunting dengan memperhitungkan perancu (status gizi ibu saat hamil, riwayat berat bayi lahir, kelengkapan imunisasi anak, riwayat diare dan sumber air minum). Metode: Studi potong lintang ini menerapkan total sampling dari data Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) 2018 oleh Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan. Hasil: Kejadian ISPA berhubungan dengan stunting (p = 0.029) dengan OR 3.115 (95%CI 1.079-8.994). Namun setelah dikontrol dengan status gizi ibu saat hamil, riwayat berat bayi lahir, kelengkapan imunisasi anak, riwayat diare dan sumber air minum maka ISPA tidak berhubungan bermakna dengan stunting (p > 0.05), meskipun nilai OR tinggi, masing-masing ISPA 3.148 (95%CI 0.592-16.740), untuk diare OR 2.296 (95%CI 0.602-8.759) dan BBLR 2.851 (95%CI 0.772-10.528). Kesimpulan: Kejadian ISPA, diare dan BBLR pada anak berkontribusi terhadap kejadian stunting, masing-masing sebesar 3, 2.8 dan 2.2 kali.

COVID-19 medical waste is residual material from unused reuse which is contaminated by substances that protect infectious or in contact with patients and/or hospital staff who need COVID-19 patients from service activities in the emergency room, isolation room, ICU room, treatment rooms, and other service rooms. The purpose of this study was to discover waste treatment in referral hospitals in North Sulawesi Province arising from the implementation of COVID-19 in 2020. The research was conducted on 18 of COVID-19 Referral Hospitals in North Sulawesi Province in period May - June 2020, by using cross-sectional as a research design. The results showed that 11 hospitals (61.1%) treated COVID-19 medical waste using their own incinerator, while 7 other hospitals (38.9%) treated COVID-19 medical waste using third-party services. All of the hospitals that treat medical waste using an incinerator do not fully have an operational permit from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. The results obtained, in an emergency (COVID-19 pandemic), are excluded from having permission to use incinerators. All health facilities are expected to carry out the process of arranging incinerator operational permit documents coordinating with the Provincial / Regency / City Health Office and Provincial / Regency / City Environment Offices, even in the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic poses a risk of increasing cases of computer vision syndrome (CVS) due to changes in the environment for work and study because of the implementation of the Work/Study from Home policy. This study aimed to determine the risk factors associated with CVS in students. The study design was cross-sectional with the population of bachelor program students, with a sample size of 124 students. Data were collected through online questionnaires. Data analysis was carried out to study the statistical relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable using the Chi-Square test. This study showed that the prevalence of CVS among students was 87.1%. The analysis showed that one variable had a significant relationship with CVS in students, namely emotional exhaustion (OR 5.47, 95% CI: 1.75-17.02). Another variable, although not significant, was considered to play a role as a risk factor for CVS, namely the duration of computer use (OR 4.75, 95% CI: 1.02-22.25). Emotional exhaustion and duration of computer use are important risk factors in the occurrence of CVS in students during the online learning period. It is necessary to increase socialization regarding the ergonomics of using computers and stress management to prevent CVS in students.

Karbamat merupakan salah satu jenis pestisida yang banyak digunakan untuk membasmi hama buah dan sayur. Untuk menentukan bahwa residu karbamat dalam sayuran masih aman dikonsumsi manusia, telah dilakukan analisis beberapa residu karbamat seperti metomil, karbaril, karbofuran, dan propoksur. Sampel-sampel tomat, apel, selada air, kubis, dan sawi hijau dikumpulkan dari tiga supermarket dan satu pasar tradisional di Depok, Jawa Barat. Analisis dilakukan serempak untuk ke empat residu karbamat menggunakan kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi denganpereaksi o-ftalaldehida dan 2-merkaptoetanol dalam reaktor pascakolom dengan detektor fluoresensi. Dari sampel-sampel buah dan sayur yang dianalisis, hanya sawi hijau asal pasar tradisional yang positif mengandung propoksur dengan kadar 1,2 mg/25 gram berat basah (0,048 mg/g berat basah). Dengan Acceptable Daily Intake(ADI) propoksur 0,005 mg/kg berat badan/hari, konsumsi sawi hijau harian seberat 20 g/hari masih cukup aman dari gangguan kesehatan akibat pajanan kronik propoksur dengan margin of safety 298,7 (> 100 sebagai batas aman).Carbamat is a group of pesticides which is commonly used to control fruits and vegetables pests. To determine that carbamat residues in fruits and vegetables are safe for human consumption, carbamate residues such as methomyl, carbaryl, carbofuran, and propoxur in vegetables and fruits have been analyzed. Samples of tomato, apple, water lettuces, cabbage, and mustard greens were collected from three supermarkets and one traditional market in Depok, West Java. The analysis was carried out simultaneously for all four carbamate residues by high performance liquid chromatography using o-phtaladehyde and 2 mercaptoethanol reagents in post-column reactor with a fluorescence detector. Of fruits and vegetable samples analyzed, only mustard greens from traditional market positively containe propoxur at 1.2 mg/ 25 gram wet weight (0,048 mg/gram wet weight). With Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 0.005 mg/kg body weight/day, mustard greens consumption of 20 g/day is safe from adverse health effect from chronic exposure to propoxur with Margin of Safety of 298.7 (> 100 as safe limit).