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Mitigation of carbon dioxide emissions has become an utmost important global agenda, keeping into consideration the associated environmental hardships. As a result, it is important to unearth the factors which can neutralize carbon emissions to transform the world economy into a low-carbon one. Against this backdrop, this study explores the carbon dioxide neutralizing effects of economic growth, international tourism, clean energy promotion, and technological innovation in the context of five European Union (EU-5) nations during the 1990–2015 period. This study's main contribution is in terms of its approach to test the interaction effect between foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows and energy innovation on carbon dioxide emissions. The econometric analysis chronologically involves the employment of unit root, cointegration, causality, and regression methods. Overall, the findings support the inverted-U-shaped economic growth-carbon dioxide emissions nexus to verify the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. Besides, the Pollution Haven Hypothesis in the context of the selected panel is also verified as higher FDI inflows are seen to boost the carbon dioxide emission levels. The results also confirm that energy innovation moderates the harmful effect of air transport (a proxy for international tourism) on carbon dioxide emissions during the developing stage of the tourism industry. On the other hand, renewable energy promotion is found to curb carbon dioxide emissions. These findings suggest that the European governments need to enhance investments in their respective renewable energy sectors and simultaneously ensure the development of clean industries, which can collectively help these nations become carbon-neutral in the future.
Daniel Balsalobre-Lorente; Oana M. Driha; Nuno Carlos Leitão; Muntasir Murshed. The carbon dioxide neutralizing effect of energy innovation on international tourism in EU-5 countries under the prism of the EKC hypothesis. Journal of Environmental Management 2021, 298, 113513 .
AMA StyleDaniel Balsalobre-Lorente, Oana M. Driha, Nuno Carlos Leitão, Muntasir Murshed. The carbon dioxide neutralizing effect of energy innovation on international tourism in EU-5 countries under the prism of the EKC hypothesis. Journal of Environmental Management. 2021; 298 ():113513.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniel Balsalobre-Lorente; Oana M. Driha; Nuno Carlos Leitão; Muntasir Murshed. 2021. "The carbon dioxide neutralizing effect of energy innovation on international tourism in EU-5 countries under the prism of the EKC hypothesis." Journal of Environmental Management 298, no. : 113513.
Economic complexity makes it possible to assess the development of the countries, the relations of innovation, and the differentiation of products. The article considers the links between the hypotheses of the Kuznets environmental curve and economic complexity using panel data for the group of BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) from 1990 to 2015. As an econometric strategy, this study considered the panel fully modified least squares (FMOLS), panel dynamic least squares (DOLS), fixed effects (FE), and Panel Quantile Regression. The empirical results showed that economic complexity, income per capita, renewable energy, and carbon dioxide emissions are integrated with the first difference when applying the unit root test. The arguments of Pedroni and Kao cointegration tests were also used. According to these results, the variables used in this research are cointegrated in the long run. The results validated the arguments of the EKC hypothesis, i.e., the income per capita and squared income per capita are positively and negatively correlated with CO2 emissions. Moreover, economic complexity and renewable energy aim to improve environmental damage and climate change.
Nuno Carlos Leitão; Daniel Balsalobre-Lorente; José María Cantos-Cantos. The Impact of Renewable Energy and Economic Complexity on Carbon Emissions in BRICS Countries under the EKC Scheme. Energies 2021, 14, 4908 .
AMA StyleNuno Carlos Leitão, Daniel Balsalobre-Lorente, José María Cantos-Cantos. The Impact of Renewable Energy and Economic Complexity on Carbon Emissions in BRICS Countries under the EKC Scheme. Energies. 2021; 14 (16):4908.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNuno Carlos Leitão; Daniel Balsalobre-Lorente; José María Cantos-Cantos. 2021. "The Impact of Renewable Energy and Economic Complexity on Carbon Emissions in BRICS Countries under the EKC Scheme." Energies 14, no. 16: 4908.
Corruption reflects a set of illegal activities that jeopardize the smooth functioning of economies, society, and climate and environmental issues. This article tests the relationships between economic growth, corruption, renewable energies, international trade, and carbon dioxide emissions using panel data for European countries, namely Portugal, Spain, Italy, Ireland, and Greece, from 1995–2015. As an econometric strategy, this research uses the panel fully modified least squares (FMOLS), panel dynamic least squares (DOLS), and panel two-stage least squares estimator (TSLS). Considering the variables utilized in the research and the panel unit root test, we observed that the variables are integrated I (1) in the first difference. The variables of corruption, economic growth, renewable energies, international trade, and carbon dioxide emissions are cointegrated in the long run, using the Pedroni and Kao residual cointegration test arguments. The methodology of Dumitrescu–Hurlin to test the causality between carbon dioxide emissions, corruption, economic growth, and renewable energy shows that there is unidirectional causality between carbon dioxide emissions and corruption and economic growth and corruption. The results suggest that the corruption index and economic growth have a statistically significant positive impact on carbon dioxide emissions. However, renewable energies and international trade reduce climate change and improve the environmental quality.
Nuno Leitão. The Effects of Corruption, Renewable Energy, Trade and CO2 Emissions. Economies 2021, 9, 62 .
AMA StyleNuno Leitão. The Effects of Corruption, Renewable Energy, Trade and CO2 Emissions. Economies. 2021; 9 (2):62.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNuno Leitão. 2021. "The Effects of Corruption, Renewable Energy, Trade and CO2 Emissions." Economies 9, no. 2: 62.
This article considers the relationship between trade intensity, energy consumption, income per capita, and carbon dioxide emissions from 1970–2016 for the Portuguese economy. Considering the arguments of monopolistic competition, the article tests the hypotheses of trade and energy consumption on climate change. We use the autoregressive distributed lag-ARDL model, quantile regression, and cointegration models such as fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS), canonical cointegration regression, and dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) as an econometric strategy. The econometric results have support with the literature review. The variables used in this research are integrated with the first differences, as indicated by the unit root test. The empirical study proves that trade intensity contributes to environmental improvements. However, energy consumption presents a positive impact on CO2 emissions. The econometric results also demonstrated that a sustainable environmental system exists in the long run.
Nuno Leitão. Testing the Role of Trade on Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Portugal. Economies 2021, 9, 22 .
AMA StyleNuno Leitão. Testing the Role of Trade on Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Portugal. Economies. 2021; 9 (1):22.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNuno Leitão. 2021. "Testing the Role of Trade on Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Portugal." Economies 9, no. 1: 22.
The present study is in line with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN-SDGs) that address pertinent global issues. This study focuses on the need for access to clean and affordable energy consumption, responsible energy consumption, sustainable economic growth, and climate change mitigation. To this end, this paper evaluates the relevance of the renewable energy sector on the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) framework in Portugal, Italy, Greece, and Spain for the period 1995–2015. As an econometric strategy, we adopt the use of panel data over the highlighted countries. In the first step, we apply the unit root test recommended by Levin, Lin, and Chu in conjunction with ADF-Fisher, and Phillips-Perron for robustness and consistency. We found that the variables used in this study are integrated I (1) in the first difference. In the second step, we apply the Pedroni cointegration test, and Kao Residual cointegration test, and we observe that the variables are cointegrated in the long run. The generalized least squares (GLS), the panel fully modified least squares (FMOLS), ordinary least squares robust (OLS), and panel quantile regression are considered in this research. The econometric results validate the assumption of the environmental Kuznets curve, i.e., and there is a positive correlation between income per capita and a negative effect of squared income per capita on carbon dioxide emissions. In contrast, we observe that renewable energy reduces CO2 emissions. Finally, we also find a direct connection between the urban population and the environmental degradation in the examined blocs. These results show that in Portugal, Italy, Greece, and Spain, more is required to achieve environmental sustainability in the respective countries growth trajectory. Further policy prescriptions are appended in the concluding section of this study.
Daniel Balsalobre-Lorente; Nuno Carlos Leitão; Festus Victor Bekun. Fresh Validation of the Low Carbon Development Hypothesis under the EKC Scheme in Portugal, Italy, Greece and Spain. Energies 2021, 14, 250 .
AMA StyleDaniel Balsalobre-Lorente, Nuno Carlos Leitão, Festus Victor Bekun. Fresh Validation of the Low Carbon Development Hypothesis under the EKC Scheme in Portugal, Italy, Greece and Spain. Energies. 2021; 14 (1):250.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniel Balsalobre-Lorente; Nuno Carlos Leitão; Festus Victor Bekun. 2021. "Fresh Validation of the Low Carbon Development Hypothesis under the EKC Scheme in Portugal, Italy, Greece and Spain." Energies 14, no. 1: 250.
This study discusses the relationship between tourism demand and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, as well as the correlation between renewable energy and CO2 emissions. To achieve this, a robust panel methodology is employed for EU-28 countries. First, preliminary descriptive summary statistics and correlation analysis. Second, unit root tests in panel data (Levin et al. in J Econom, 108:1–24, 2002; ADF–Fisher Chi-square, and Phillips–Perron) to establish stationarity traits of the outlined variables Subsequently, we use Pedroni (Rev Econom Stat 83(4):727–731, 2001, Econom Theory 20(03):597–625, 2004), a panel data Random Effects (RE), DOLS (Panel Dynamic Least Squares) and panel Granger causality test, as econometric methodologies for long-run equilibrium relationship and detection of causality flow, respectively. The econometric empirical results confirm that there exists an Inverted-U linkage between economic growth and environmental degradation, which validates the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis for EU-28 countries. Furthermore, empirical results show a negative association between tourist arrivals and CO2 emissions, making it possible to infer that the tourism sector accentuates climate change. Regarding renewable energy, the results validate the negative relationship between this variable and carbon dioxide emissions, which is in line with previous studies. This result validates the position of the United Nation Sustainable Development Goals (UN-SDG’s) of access to clean energy (renewable energy) and mitigation of climate change issues. This empirical study also presents conclusions that are useful for policymakers and stakeholders.
Nuno Carlos Leitão; Daniel Balsalobre-Lorente. The Effects of Tourism, Economic Growth and Renewable Energy on Carbon Dioxide Emissions. Strategies in Sustainable Tourism, Economic Growth and Clean Energy 2020, 67 -87.
AMA StyleNuno Carlos Leitão, Daniel Balsalobre-Lorente. The Effects of Tourism, Economic Growth and Renewable Energy on Carbon Dioxide Emissions. Strategies in Sustainable Tourism, Economic Growth and Clean Energy. 2020; ():67-87.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNuno Carlos Leitão; Daniel Balsalobre-Lorente. 2020. "The Effects of Tourism, Economic Growth and Renewable Energy on Carbon Dioxide Emissions." Strategies in Sustainable Tourism, Economic Growth and Clean Energy , no. : 67-87.
This paper evaluates the link between economic growth, renewable energy, tourism arrivals, trade openness, and carbon dioxide emissions in the European Union (EU-28). As an econometric strategy, the research uses panel data. In the first step, we apply the unit root test, and the results demonstrated that the variables used in this study are integrated I (1) in the first difference. In the second step, we apply the Pedroni cointegration test, and Kao Residual cointegration test, and we observe that the variables are cointegrated in the long run. The panel fully modified least squares (FMOLS), panel dynamic least squares (DOLS), and generalized moments system (GMM-System) estimator are considered in this research. The econometric results proved that trade openness and renewable energy decreased climate change and environmental degradation. The empirical study also found a positive effect of economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions. Moreover, tourism arrivals are negatively correlated with carbon dioxide emissions, showing sustainability practices of the tourism sector on the environment. Furthermore, carbon dioxide emissions in the long run present a positive impact, indicating that climate change increases. In this study, we also consider the recent methodology of Dumitrescu–Hurlin to observe the causality and the relationship between renewable energy, trade openness, economic growth, tourism arrivals, and carbon dioxide emissions.
Nuno Carlos Leitão; Daniel Balsalobre Lorente. The Linkage between Economic Growth, Renewable Energy, Tourism, CO2 Emissions, and International Trade: The Evidence for the European Union. Energies 2020, 13, 4838 .
AMA StyleNuno Carlos Leitão, Daniel Balsalobre Lorente. The Linkage between Economic Growth, Renewable Energy, Tourism, CO2 Emissions, and International Trade: The Evidence for the European Union. Energies. 2020; 13 (18):4838.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNuno Carlos Leitão; Daniel Balsalobre Lorente. 2020. "The Linkage between Economic Growth, Renewable Energy, Tourism, CO2 Emissions, and International Trade: The Evidence for the European Union." Energies 13, no. 18: 4838.
The article examines the effects of renewable energy, trade, carbon dioxide emissions and international tourism on economic growth in EU-28, considering panel data for the period 1995–2014. The investigation finds the new determinants of economic growth. The empirical results find support from the panel fully modified least squares (FMOLS), panel dynamic least squares (DOLS) and fixed effects (FE) as estimation techniques. The econometric results are consistent with the existing literature. The variables considered in this study are cointegrated in the first difference, as suggested by the panel unit root test. The present study seeks to advance the knowledge of the growth determinants, paying attention to the effect that both the tourism and energy sector exerts on economic growth for EU-28 countries. The empirical results demonstrate that trade openness, tourism arrivals and renewable energy encourage economic growth. Therefore, according to the econometric results, renewable energy allows improving environmental quality. However, CO2 emissions are positively correlated with economic growth, showing that growth is directly correlated by climate change and greenhouse gas. The results also confirm the tourism-led growth hypothesis (TLGH) for the panel. Finally, the empirical results confirm that trade openness, energy use and international tourism contribute to enhance economic growth. Based on these findings, further insights and policy prescription are offered in the concluding section. Graphical abstract
Daniel Balsalobre-Lorente; Nuno Carlos Leitão. The role of tourism, trade, renewable energy use and carbon dioxide emissions on economic growth: evidence of tourism-led growth hypothesis in EU-28. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2020, 27, 45883 -45896.
AMA StyleDaniel Balsalobre-Lorente, Nuno Carlos Leitão. The role of tourism, trade, renewable energy use and carbon dioxide emissions on economic growth: evidence of tourism-led growth hypothesis in EU-28. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2020; 27 (36):45883-45896.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniel Balsalobre-Lorente; Nuno Carlos Leitão. 2020. "The role of tourism, trade, renewable energy use and carbon dioxide emissions on economic growth: evidence of tourism-led growth hypothesis in EU-28." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 36: 45883-45896.
This study evaluates the relationship between electric power consumption and urbanization comparing the econometric results of autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and vector autoregressive (VAR) for the period 1960–2015. Granger causality is also applied to the Portuguese economy. In this study, we use some hypotheses that describe the link between electric power consumption, urban population, carbon dioxide emissions, and economic growth. The motivation of this research focuses on the relationship between electric power consumption (energy consumption) and urban population, supported by the theoretical and empirical contributions of energy and urban economics. The empirical results show that electric power consumption presents a causality with economic growth, urban population, carbon dioxide emissions, and international trade. This research also proves that there is cointegration between all variables in the long run. This paper presents significant contributions to economic policy, showing that there exists an association between energy consumption and economic growth.
Nuno Carlos Leitão; Daniel Balsalobre Lorente. The Causality Between Energy Consumption, Urban Population, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and Economic Growth. Econometrics of Green Energy Handbook 2020, 111 -130.
AMA StyleNuno Carlos Leitão, Daniel Balsalobre Lorente. The Causality Between Energy Consumption, Urban Population, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and Economic Growth. Econometrics of Green Energy Handbook. 2020; ():111-130.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNuno Carlos Leitão; Daniel Balsalobre Lorente. 2020. "The Causality Between Energy Consumption, Urban Population, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and Economic Growth." Econometrics of Green Energy Handbook , no. : 111-130.
The reductions of climate change and greenhouse gas emissions are an essential objective of the European Union (EU) to achieving the reduction target by 20% by 2020. Along with energy consumption and agriculture, trade has a diverse impact on climate change. International trade usually negatively affects the environment, while the influence of intra-industry trade is more favourable. The paper investigates the impact of energy use, agriculture, and intra-industry trade on environmental pollution in EU countries using panel data for the period 2000–2014. The research frames the theoretical hypothesis that describing the relationship between agricultural intra-industry trade and climate change. The assumptions are confirmed by panel fixed effects, and Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) estimations, and the panel cointegration test. The empirical results have supported by the literature, and all variables used in this study are stationary applying panel unit root test. Results show that agricultural intra-industry trade, renewable energy is negatively correlated with climate change, confirming the less pollutant hypothesis, while economic growth and agricultural productivity induce environmental problems. This study confirms the theoretical hypotheses explaining the effect of intra-industry trade for agricultural products as well as the impacts of renewable energy use, agricultural land productivity, and economic growth on CO2 emissions.
Nuno Carlos Leitão; Jeremiás Máté Balogh. The impact of intra-industry trade on carbon dioxide emissions: The case of the European Union. Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 2020, 66, 203 -214.
AMA StyleNuno Carlos Leitão, Jeremiás Máté Balogh. The impact of intra-industry trade on carbon dioxide emissions: The case of the European Union. Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika). 2020; 66 (No. 5):203-214.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNuno Carlos Leitão; Jeremiás Máté Balogh. 2020. "The impact of intra-industry trade on carbon dioxide emissions: The case of the European Union." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 66, no. No. 5: 203-214.
The consequences of climate change heavily influence the Mediterranean region. However, the Portuguese CO2 emission shows a decreasing tendency, the…
Nuno Carlos Leitão; Jeremiás Máté Balogh. The Impact of Energy Consumption and Agricultural Production on Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Portugal. Agris on-line Papers in Economics and Informatics 2020, 12, 49 -59.
AMA StyleNuno Carlos Leitão, Jeremiás Máté Balogh. The Impact of Energy Consumption and Agricultural Production on Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Portugal. Agris on-line Papers in Economics and Informatics. 2020; 12 (1):49-59.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNuno Carlos Leitão; Jeremiás Máté Balogh. 2020. "The Impact of Energy Consumption and Agricultural Production on Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Portugal." Agris on-line Papers in Economics and Informatics 12, no. 1: 49-59.
The European Union (EU) is one of the biggest traders of agricultural products. In 2017, extra-EU agricultural trade accounted for 7.4% of the total EU international trade. Furthermore, Europe is the main destination for agricultural goods arriving from African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) trading partners. The paper analyses the effect of geographical proximity, cultural similarity, free trade agreements on bilateral agricultural trade as well as intra-industry trade between EU member states and its trading partners (intra and extra EU trade), employing gravity model for a period of 1996–2017. Regression results suggest that EU countries export more agricultural products to their common markets. In addition, the export costs of agricultural products are lower if the EU and its external trading partners are culturally similar; have the same religion or both have regional trade agreements. We found a moderate intra-industry trade between the EU and ACP countries at 18%. The results indicate rather inter-industry trade between EU and non-EU members, with a lower index level for ACP countries. A higher positive impact is revealed on the agricultural import between ACP-EU countries than export.
Jeremiás Maté Balogh; Nuno Carlos Leitão. A gravity approach of agricultural trade: The nexus of the EU and African, Caribbean and Pacific countries. Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 2019, 65, 509 -519.
AMA StyleJeremiás Maté Balogh, Nuno Carlos Leitão. A gravity approach of agricultural trade: The nexus of the EU and African, Caribbean and Pacific countries. Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika). 2019; 65 (No. 11):509-519.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJeremiás Maté Balogh; Nuno Carlos Leitão. 2019. "A gravity approach of agricultural trade: The nexus of the EU and African, Caribbean and Pacific countries." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 65, no. No. 11: 509-519.
Nuno Carlos Leitão. The relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and Portuguese agricultural productivity. Studies in Agricultural Economics 2018, 120, 143 -149.
AMA StyleNuno Carlos Leitão. The relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and Portuguese agricultural productivity. Studies in Agricultural Economics. 2018; 120 (3):143-149.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNuno Carlos Leitão. 2018. "The relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and Portuguese agricultural productivity." Studies in Agricultural Economics 120, no. 3: 143-149.
The aim of this article is to identify the main determinants of international tourism flows to Brazil during the period 2004–2013, using the gravity model. The study adopted an econometric strategy of panel data (pooled ordinary least squares estimators that were heteroscedasticity corrected—together with the generalized method of moments system estimator). The variables of a common border and geographical distance showed that proximity was essential to explain tourism demand for Brazil. The exchange rate was positively correlated with tourism demand. The results indicate that the “Aquarela Plan 2020,” developed by the Ministry of Tourism for promotion of the country abroad, is consistent with the main determinants of international tourism demands for Brazil.
Jean Max Tavares; Nuno Carlos Leitão. The determinants of international tourism demand for Brazil. Tourism Economics 2016, 23, 834 -845.
AMA StyleJean Max Tavares, Nuno Carlos Leitão. The determinants of international tourism demand for Brazil. Tourism Economics. 2016; 23 (4):834-845.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJean Max Tavares; Nuno Carlos Leitão. 2016. "The determinants of international tourism demand for Brazil." Tourism Economics 23, no. 4: 834-845.
Attila Jambor; Nuno Carlos Leitão. Industry-specific determinants of vertical intra-industry trade: the case of EU new member states’ agri-food sector. Post-Communist Economies 2016, 28, 34 -48.
AMA StyleAttila Jambor, Nuno Carlos Leitão. Industry-specific determinants of vertical intra-industry trade: the case of EU new member states’ agri-food sector. Post-Communist Economies. 2016; 28 (1):34-48.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAttila Jambor; Nuno Carlos Leitão. 2016. "Industry-specific determinants of vertical intra-industry trade: the case of EU new member states’ agri-food sector." Post-Communist Economies 28, no. 1: 34-48.
Economic growth in Australia has outperformed that in most other OECD countries over the past couple of decades. This paper investigates the factors contributing to economic growth in Australia over the period 1986-2007. Particular focus is placed on the impact of external linkages. A major objective is to incorporate explanatory variables based on Dreher (2006) which capture different dimensions of globalisation; an overall index of globalisation is used along with sub-indices reflecting economic, social and political influences. A dynamic panel data approach (GMM-System) is employed.
Michael Thorpe; Nuno Carlos Leitão; N.A. O. Economic growth in Australia: globalisation, trade and foreign direct investment. Global Business and Economics Review 2014, 16, 75 .
AMA StyleMichael Thorpe, Nuno Carlos Leitão, N.A. O. Economic growth in Australia: globalisation, trade and foreign direct investment. Global Business and Economics Review. 2014; 16 (1):75.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichael Thorpe; Nuno Carlos Leitão; N.A. O. 2014. "Economic growth in Australia: globalisation, trade and foreign direct investment." Global Business and Economics Review 16, no. 1: 75.
Muhammad Shahbaz; Nuno Carlos Leitão; Gazi Salah Uddin; Mohamed Arouri; Frédéric Teulon. Should Portuguese economy invest in defense spending? A revisit. Economic Modelling 2013, 35, 805 -815.
AMA StyleMuhammad Shahbaz, Nuno Carlos Leitão, Gazi Salah Uddin, Mohamed Arouri, Frédéric Teulon. Should Portuguese economy invest in defense spending? A revisit. Economic Modelling. 2013; 35 ():805-815.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Shahbaz; Nuno Carlos Leitão; Gazi Salah Uddin; Mohamed Arouri; Frédéric Teulon. 2013. "Should Portuguese economy invest in defense spending? A revisit." Economic Modelling 35, no. : 805-815.
This study examines the linkages among economic growth, energy consumption, financial development, trade openness and CO2 emissions over the period of 1975Q1-2011Q4 in the case of Indonesia. The stationary analysis is performed by using Zivot-Andrews structural break unit root test and the ARDL bounds testing approach for a long run relationship between the series in the presence of structural breaks. The causal relation between the concerned variable is examined by the VECM Granger causality technique and robustness of causal analysis is tested by innovative accounting approach (IAA). Our results confirm that the variables are cointegrated; it means that the long run relationship exists in the presence of structural break stemming in the series. The empirical findings indicate that economic growth and energy consumption increases CO2 emissions, while financial development and trade openness compact it. The VECM causality analysis has shown the feedback hypothesis between energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Economic growth and CO2 emissions are also interrelated i.e. bidirectional causality. Financial development Granger causes CO2 emissions. The study opens up a new policy insights to control the environment from degradation by using energy efficient technologies. Financial development and trade openness can also play their role in improving the environmental quality.
Muhammad Shahbaz; Qazi Muhammad Adnan Hye; Aviral Tiwari; Nuno Carlos Leitão. Economic growth, energy consumption, financial development, international trade and CO2 emissions in Indonesia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2013, 25, 109 -121.
AMA StyleMuhammad Shahbaz, Qazi Muhammad Adnan Hye, Aviral Tiwari, Nuno Carlos Leitão. Economic growth, energy consumption, financial development, international trade and CO2 emissions in Indonesia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2013; 25 ():109-121.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Shahbaz; Qazi Muhammad Adnan Hye; Aviral Tiwari; Nuno Carlos Leitão. 2013. "Economic growth, energy consumption, financial development, international trade and CO2 emissions in Indonesia." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 25, no. : 109-121.
This paper investigates bilateral intra-industry trade between the United States and its major trading partners over the period 1995–2008. Intra-industry trade (IIT) is decomposed into horizontal (HIIT) and vertical (VIIT) components. HIIT dominates the total two-way trade of the United States and its share relative to VIIT has been rising over time, particularly with neighbouring trade partners and with China. Using pooled panel data, country-level determinants of IIT, HIIT and VIIT are investigated. The results, overall, tend to conform with a priori expectations and provide empirical support for a number of propositions suggested by theory. Findings indicate that the relative similarity of the economies of trading partners, their geographical proximity, FDI and overall market size are important influences on bilateral HIIT flows for the United States. VIIT, on the other hand, is found to be driven in large part by economic differences between partners as well as the market size and closeness of trading partners.
Michael William Thorpe; Nuno Carlos Leitão. Determinants of United States’ Vertical and Horizontal Intra-Industry Trade. Global Economy Journal 2013, 13, 233 -250.
AMA StyleMichael William Thorpe, Nuno Carlos Leitão. Determinants of United States’ Vertical and Horizontal Intra-Industry Trade. Global Economy Journal. 2013; 13 (2):233-250.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichael William Thorpe; Nuno Carlos Leitão. 2013. "Determinants of United States’ Vertical and Horizontal Intra-Industry Trade." Global Economy Journal 13, no. 2: 233-250.
Nuno Carlos Leitão; Horácio Crespo Faustino. Intra-Industry Trade in the Medical and Optical Instruments Industry: A Panel Data Analysis. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja 2013, 26, 129 -140.
AMA StyleNuno Carlos Leitão, Horácio Crespo Faustino. Intra-Industry Trade in the Medical and Optical Instruments Industry: A Panel Data Analysis. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja. 2013; 26 (2):129-140.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNuno Carlos Leitão; Horácio Crespo Faustino. 2013. "Intra-Industry Trade in the Medical and Optical Instruments Industry: A Panel Data Analysis." Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja 26, no. 2: 129-140.