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Sajad Mohammadi
Department of Electrical Engineering, Bu-Ali Sina University, 65331 Hamedan, Iran

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Review
Published: 31 October 2020 in Sustainability
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The growth of environmental awareness and more robust enforcement of numerous regulations to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have directed efforts towards addressing current environmental challenges. Considering the Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP), one of the effective strategies to control greenhouse gas emissions is to convert the fossil fuel-powered fleet into Environmentally Friendly Vehicles (EFVs). Given the multitude of constraints and assumptions defined for different types of VRPs, as well as assumptions and operational constraints specific to each type of EFV, many variants of environmentally friendly VRPs (EF-VRP) have been introduced. In this paper, studies conducted on the subject of EF-VRP are reviewed, considering all the road transport EFV types and problem variants, and classifying and discussing with a single holistic vision. The aim of this paper is twofold. First, it determines a classification of EF-VRP studies based on different types of EFVs, i.e., Alternative-Fuel Vehicles (AFVs), Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Hybrid Vehicles (HVs). Second, it presents a comprehensive survey by considering each variant of the classification, technical constraints and solution methods arising in the literature. The results of this paper show that studies on EF-VRP are relatively novel and there is still room for large improvements in several areas. So, to determine future insights, for each classification of EF-VRP studies, the paper provides the literature gaps and future research needs.

ACS Style

Erfan Ghorbani; Mahdi Alinaghian; Gevork. Gharehpetian; Sajad Mohammadi; Guido Perboli. A Survey on Environmentally Friendly Vehicle Routing Problem and a Proposal of Its Classification. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9079 .

AMA Style

Erfan Ghorbani, Mahdi Alinaghian, Gevork. Gharehpetian, Sajad Mohammadi, Guido Perboli. A Survey on Environmentally Friendly Vehicle Routing Problem and a Proposal of Its Classification. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (21):9079.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Erfan Ghorbani; Mahdi Alinaghian; Gevork. Gharehpetian; Sajad Mohammadi; Guido Perboli. 2020. "A Survey on Environmentally Friendly Vehicle Routing Problem and a Proposal of Its Classification." Sustainability 12, no. 21: 9079.

Journal article
Published: 30 March 2020 in Applied Sciences
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An open accelerator (OpenACC)-aided graphics processing unit (GPU)-based finite difference time domain (FDTD) method is presented for the first time for the 3D evaluation of lightning radiated electromagnetic fields along a complex terrain with arbitrary topography. The OpenACC directive-based programming model is used to enhance the computational performance, and the results are compared with those obtained by using a CPU-based model. It is shown that OpenACC GPUs can provide very accurate results, and they are more than 20 times faster than CPUs. The presented results support the use of OpenACC not only in relation to lightning electromagnetics problems, but also to large-scale realistic electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) applications in which computation time efficiency is a critical factor.

ACS Style

Sajad Mohammadi; Hamidreza Karami; Mohammad Azadifar; Farhad Rachidi. On the Efficiency of OpenACC-aided GPU-Based FDTD Approach: Application to Lightning Electromagnetic Fields. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 2359 .

AMA Style

Sajad Mohammadi, Hamidreza Karami, Mohammad Azadifar, Farhad Rachidi. On the Efficiency of OpenACC-aided GPU-Based FDTD Approach: Application to Lightning Electromagnetic Fields. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (7):2359.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sajad Mohammadi; Hamidreza Karami; Mohammad Azadifar; Farhad Rachidi. 2020. "On the Efficiency of OpenACC-aided GPU-Based FDTD Approach: Application to Lightning Electromagnetic Fields." Applied Sciences 10, no. 7: 2359.