Organic fouling in the forward osmosis process is complex and influenced by different parameters in the forward osmosis such as type of feed and draw solution, operating conditions, and type of membrane. In this article, we reviewed organic fouling in the forward osmosis by focusing on wastewater treatment applications. Model organic foulants used in the forward osmosis literature were highlighted, which were followed by the characteristics of organic foulants when real wastewater was used as feed solution. The various physical and chemical cleaning protocols for the organic fouled membrane are also discussed. The study also highlighted the effective pre-treatment strategies that are effective in reducing the impact of organic fouling on the forward osmosis (FO) membrane. The efficiency of cleaning methods for the removal of organic fouling in the FO process was investigated, including recommendations on future cleaning technologies such as Ultraviolet and Ultrasound. Generally, a combination of physical and chemical cleaning is the best for restoring the water flux in the FO process.

The objective of this paper was to determine the optimum process parameters of an electric discharge machine while machining a new hybrid aluminum metal matrix composite. In this study, a new hybrid aluminum metal matrix composite was prepared, with silicon carbide and graphite particles used as reinforcements, with the help of the stir casting method. The selected electric discharge machining parameters in this study were peak current (I), voltage (V), pulse-on time (T_on), and tool material, while the response parameters were material removal rate and surface roughness. To machine the fabricated samples, two different types of tool materials (copper and brass) were used as electric discharge machine electrodes, and each had a diameter (Ø) of 12.0 mm. The optimal settings of the electric discharge machining parameters were determined through experiments planned, conducted, and analyzed using the Taguchi (L₁₈) technique. An analysis of variance and confirmatory tests were used to check the contribution of each machining parameter. It was found that the material removal rate increased with the increase in pulse-on time and pulse current, whereas the material removal rate decreased with the increase in voltage. On the other hand, reduced surface roughness could only be achieved when current, voltage, and pulse duration were low. It was also found that the selected electric discharge machining electrodes had a significant effect on both the material removal rate and the surface roughness.

We have successfully synthesized nanostructured cubic NiAl₂O₄ nanoparticles for the selective electrochemical determination of gallic acid (GA) and the prepared nanostructured composite material was characterized by (X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and field-emission scanning electron microscopy analyses. The cubic NiAl₂O₄ nanoparticles had average sizes of ∼ 26–30 nm as calculated from XRD and SEM measurements, respectively. GA-detection performance was also evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and amperometry method. NiAl₂O₄ glassy carbon electrode showed excellent performance in GA detection with a linear range, detection limit (SNR = 3 sb/S), limit of quantitation (LOQ = 10 sd/S) and sensitivity value of 0.03–551.18 μM, 0.018 μM, 0.057 μM and 9.019 μM mA⁻¹ cm⁻², respectively. The GA sensor was also used in real-sample analysis using food samples, and results showed the practicability of the proposed sensor.