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Sung-Woo Kim
Physical Activity and Performance Institute, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea

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Journal article
Published: 11 July 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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We investigated the effects of acute thermal stress (30 °C and 40 °C) and ordinary temperature (20 °C) on cardiorespiratory function, skeletal muscle oxygenation, and exercise performance in healthy men. Eleven healthy males (21.5 ± 2.3 years) performed a graded exercise test (GXT) using a cycle ergometer in each environmental condition (20 °C, 30 °C, and 40 °C) in a random order with an interval of 1 week between each test. Before the test, they were allowed to rest for 30 min in a given environmental condition. All dependent variables (body temperature, cardiorespiratory function parameters, skeletal muscle oxygenation profiles, and exercise performance) were measured at rest and during GXT. GXT was started at 50 W and increased by 25 W every 2 min until subjects were exhausted. Body temperature increased proportionally at rest and at the end of exercise as thermal stress increased. There were no differences in the rating of perceived exertion, oxygen uptake, respiratory exchange ratio, and carbon dioxide excretion between environmental conditions. Heart rate (HR), minute ventilation (VE), and blood lactate levels were significantly higher at 30 °C and 40 °C than at 20 °C, and oxygen pulse was significantly lower at 40 °C than at 20 °C at various exercise loads. None of the skeletal muscle oxygenation profiles showed significant changes at rest or during exercise. Maximal oxygen uptake, peak power, and exercise time significantly decreased proportionally as thermal stress increased, and this decrease was most pronounced at 40 °C. Acute thermal stress induces a decrease in exercise performance via increased body temperature, HR, VE, and blood lactate levels and decreased oxygen pulse during load-homogenized exercise. This phenomenon was more prominent at 40 °C than at 30 °C and 20 °C.

ACS Style

Won-Sang Jung; Sung-Woo Kim; Hun-Young Park; Jisu Kim; Kiwon Lim. Effects of Acute Exposure to Thermal Stress on Cardiorespiratory Function, Skeletal Muscle Oxygenation, and Exercise Performance in Healthy Males. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 7404 .

AMA Style

Won-Sang Jung, Sung-Woo Kim, Hun-Young Park, Jisu Kim, Kiwon Lim. Effects of Acute Exposure to Thermal Stress on Cardiorespiratory Function, Skeletal Muscle Oxygenation, and Exercise Performance in Healthy Males. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (14):7404.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Won-Sang Jung; Sung-Woo Kim; Hun-Young Park; Jisu Kim; Kiwon Lim. 2021. "Effects of Acute Exposure to Thermal Stress on Cardiorespiratory Function, Skeletal Muscle Oxygenation, and Exercise Performance in Healthy Males." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14: 7404.

Journal article
Published: 23 June 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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This study examined the effects of resistance training on muscle quality, muscle growth factors, and functional fitness in older adult women with sarcopenia. Twenty-two older adult women aged over 65 with sarcopenia were randomly assigned to either resistance training (RT, n = 12) or non-exercise control group (CG, n = 10). The body weight-based and elastic band RT were performed three times a week, 60 min per session, for 16 weeks. Body composition and thigh muscle quality were estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and computed tomography (CT), respectively. The muscle growth factors, including growth differentiation factor-8 (GDF-8), growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), activin A, and follistatin, were analyzed via blood samples. Statistical analyses were performed using repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), analysis of variance (ANOVA), and effect size (i.e., cohen’s d, partial eta square), and the significance level was set at 0.05. The RT group improved their functional fitness, grip strength, gait speed, and isometric muscle strength (p< 0.01, d > 0.99; large), while these variables did not change in the CG. An increase in intramuscular fat was only observed in the CG (p< 0.01, 1.06; large). Muscle growth factors such as follistatin were significantly increased in the RT (p< 0.05, 0.81; large), but other variables did not change following resistance training. Sixteen weeks of resistance training improved functional fitness and prevented age-related increases in intramuscular fat in the thigh area. However, there were only some changes in muscle growth factors, such as follistatin, suggesting that the effectiveness of resistance training on muscle growth factors is limited. Body weight-based and elastic band resistance training is an alternative training method for sarcopenia to minimize the age-related adverse effects on muscle function and quality.

ACS Style

Myong-Won Seo; Sung-Woo Jung; Sung-Woo Kim; Jung-Min Lee; Hyun Jung; Jong-Kook Song. Effects of 16 Weeks of Resistance Training on Muscle Quality and Muscle Growth Factors in Older Adult Women with Sarcopenia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 6762 .

AMA Style

Myong-Won Seo, Sung-Woo Jung, Sung-Woo Kim, Jung-Min Lee, Hyun Jung, Jong-Kook Song. Effects of 16 Weeks of Resistance Training on Muscle Quality and Muscle Growth Factors in Older Adult Women with Sarcopenia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (13):6762.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Myong-Won Seo; Sung-Woo Jung; Sung-Woo Kim; Jung-Min Lee; Hyun Jung; Jong-Kook Song. 2021. "Effects of 16 Weeks of Resistance Training on Muscle Quality and Muscle Growth Factors in Older Adult Women with Sarcopenia: A Randomized Controlled Trial." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13: 6762.

Journal article
Published: 09 April 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Hypoxic training is often performed by competitive swimmers to enhance their performance in normoxia. However, the beneficial effects of aerobic continuous and interval training under hypoxia on hemodynamic function, autonomic nervous system (ANS) function, and endurance exercise performance remain controversial. Here we investigated whether six weeks of aerobic continuous and interval training under hypoxia can improve hematological parameters, hemodynamic function, ANS function, and endurance exercise performance versus normoxia in amateur male swimmers. Twenty amateur male swimmers were equally assigned to the hypoxic training group or normoxic training group and evaluated before and after six weeks of training. Aerobic continuous and interval training in the hypoxia showed a more significantly improved hemodynamic function (heart rate, −653.4 vs. −353.7 beats/30 min; oxygen uptake, −62.45 vs. −16.22 mL/kg/30 min; stroke volume index, 197.66 vs. 52.32 mL/30 min) during submaximal exercise, ANS function (root mean square of successive differences, 10.15 vs. 3.32 ms; total power, 0.72 vs. 0.20 ms2; low-frequency/high-frequency ratio, −0.173 vs. 0.054), and endurance exercise performance (maximal oxygen uptake, 5.57 vs. 2.26 mL/kg/min; 400-m time trial record, −20.41 vs. −7.91 s) than in the normoxia. These indicate that hypoxic training composed of aerobic continuous and interval exercise improves the endurance exercise performance of amateur male swimmers with better hemodynamic function and ANS function.

ACS Style

Sung-Woo Kim; Won-Sang Jung; Jeong-Weon Kim; Sang-Seok Nam; Hun-Young Park. Aerobic Continuous and Interval Training under Hypoxia Enhances Endurance Exercise Performance with Hemodynamic and Autonomic Nervous System Function in Amateur Male Swimmers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 3944 .

AMA Style

Sung-Woo Kim, Won-Sang Jung, Jeong-Weon Kim, Sang-Seok Nam, Hun-Young Park. Aerobic Continuous and Interval Training under Hypoxia Enhances Endurance Exercise Performance with Hemodynamic and Autonomic Nervous System Function in Amateur Male Swimmers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (8):3944.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sung-Woo Kim; Won-Sang Jung; Jeong-Weon Kim; Sang-Seok Nam; Hun-Young Park. 2021. "Aerobic Continuous and Interval Training under Hypoxia Enhances Endurance Exercise Performance with Hemodynamic and Autonomic Nervous System Function in Amateur Male Swimmers." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8: 3944.

Journal article
Published: 30 January 2021 in Life
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Hypoxic training is believed to be generally useful for improving exercise performance in various athletes. Nowadays, exercise intervention in hypoxia is recognized as a new therapeutic modality for health promotion and disease prevention or treatment based on the lower mortality and prevalence of people living in high-altitude environments than those living in low-altitude environments. Recently, resistance training in hypoxia (RTH), a new therapeutic modality combining hypoxia and resistance exercise, has been attempted to improve muscle hypertrophy and muscle function. RTH is known to induce greater muscle size, lean mass, increased muscle strength and endurance, bodily function, and angiogenesis of skeletal muscles than traditional resistance exercise. Therefore, we examined previous studies to understand the clinical and physiological aspects of sarcopenia and RTH for muscular function and hypertrophy. However, few investigations have examined the combined effects of hypoxic stress and resistance exercise, and as such, it is difficult to make recommendations for implementing universal RTH programs for sarcopenia based on current understanding. It should also be acknowledged that a number of mechanisms proposed to facilitate the augmented response to RTH remain poorly understood, particularly the role of metabolic, hormonal, and intracellular signaling pathways. Further RTH intervention studies considering various exercise parameters (e.g., load, recovery time between sets, hypoxic dose, and intervention period) are strongly recommended to reinforce knowledge about the adaptational processes and the effects of this type of resistance training for sarcopenia in older people.

ACS Style

Won-Sang Jung; Sung-Woo Kim; Jeong-Weon Kim; Hun-Young Park. Resistance Training in Hypoxia as a New Therapeutic Modality for Sarcopenia—A Narrative Review. Life 2021, 11, 106 .

AMA Style

Won-Sang Jung, Sung-Woo Kim, Jeong-Weon Kim, Hun-Young Park. Resistance Training in Hypoxia as a New Therapeutic Modality for Sarcopenia—A Narrative Review. Life. 2021; 11 (2):106.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Won-Sang Jung; Sung-Woo Kim; Jeong-Weon Kim; Hun-Young Park. 2021. "Resistance Training in Hypoxia as a New Therapeutic Modality for Sarcopenia—A Narrative Review." Life 11, no. 2: 106.

Journal article
Published: 18 January 2021 in Applied Sciences
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This study examined the effects of high-impact weight-bearing exercise on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone metabolic markers in middle-aged premenopausal women. Forty middle-aged premenopausal women were initially enrolled, but thirty-one participants (40.34 ± 3.69 years) completed in the study. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups including the high-impact weight-bearing exercise group (HWE, n = 14) and control group (CON, n = 17). The HWE group participated in the exercise for 50 min a day, three days per week for four months, while the CON group maintained their regular lifestyle. The HWE program included 10 different high-impact weight-bearing exercises such as jumping and running. BMD was measured using DXA (Hologic, QDR 4500W, Marlborough, MA, USA). The bone metabolic markers including serum 25-(OH) D, intact parathyroid hormone (PTH), osteoprotegerin (OPG), osteopontin (OPN), receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL), osteocalcin (OC), C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX), and calcium were analyzed. The results showed that the BMDs of femur, lumbar, and forearm did not significantly change during the intervention period in both the HWE and CON groups. A significant decrease in bone formation markers such as OC (F = 10.514, p = 0.003, ηp2 = 0.266) and an increase in bone resorption marker including CTX (F = 8.768, p = 0.006, ηp2 = 0.232) were found only in the CON group, while these values did not change in the HWE group. There was a significant increase in serum 25-(OH) D (F = 4.451, p = 0.044, ηp2 = 0.133) in the HWE group. Our findings suggest that four months of HWE is not sufficient to improve BMD and bone metabolic markers, but this impact exercise program may prevent the age-associated changes in bone turnover markers in middle-aged premenopausal women.

ACS Style

Sung-Woo Kim; Myong-Won Seo; Hyun-Chul Jung; Jong-Kook Song. Effects of High-Impact Weight-Bearing Exercise on Bone Mineral Density and Bone Metabolism in Middle-Aged Premenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 846 .

AMA Style

Sung-Woo Kim, Myong-Won Seo, Hyun-Chul Jung, Jong-Kook Song. Effects of High-Impact Weight-Bearing Exercise on Bone Mineral Density and Bone Metabolism in Middle-Aged Premenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (2):846.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sung-Woo Kim; Myong-Won Seo; Hyun-Chul Jung; Jong-Kook Song. 2021. "Effects of High-Impact Weight-Bearing Exercise on Bone Mineral Density and Bone Metabolism in Middle-Aged Premenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Applied Sciences 11, no. 2: 846.

Journal article
Published: 03 October 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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We demonstrated the hypothesis that combined exercise improves body composition, cardiometabolic risk factors, blood pressure (BP), arterial stiffness, and physical functions, in obese older men. Older men (n = 20) were randomly assigned to combined exercise training (EXP; n = 10) or control groups (CON; n = 10). The combined exercise was comprised of elastic-band resistance training and walking/running on a treadmill and bicycle at 60–70% of maximal heart rate for 3 days/weeks. EXP showed significant decreases in body weight, body mass index, and %body fat (p < 0.05). The exercise program significantly reduced BP, mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure, and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity. Furthermore, while the plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and epinephrine were significantly reduced in EXP, VO2 peak and grip strength were significantly enhanced (p < 0.05). In conclusion, it is indicated that 12-week regular combined exercise improves body composition, cardiometabolic risk factors, hemodynamics, and physical performance in obese older men.

ACS Style

Wonil Park; Won-Sang Jung; Kwangseok Hong; Yae-Young Kim; Sung-Woo Kim; Hun-Young Park. Effects of Moderate Combined Resistance- and Aerobic-Exercise for 12 Weeks on Body Composition, Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, Blood Pressure, Arterial Stiffness, and Physical Functions, among Obese Older Men: A Pilot Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 7233 .

AMA Style

Wonil Park, Won-Sang Jung, Kwangseok Hong, Yae-Young Kim, Sung-Woo Kim, Hun-Young Park. Effects of Moderate Combined Resistance- and Aerobic-Exercise for 12 Weeks on Body Composition, Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, Blood Pressure, Arterial Stiffness, and Physical Functions, among Obese Older Men: A Pilot Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (19):7233.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wonil Park; Won-Sang Jung; Kwangseok Hong; Yae-Young Kim; Sung-Woo Kim; Hun-Young Park. 2020. "Effects of Moderate Combined Resistance- and Aerobic-Exercise for 12 Weeks on Body Composition, Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, Blood Pressure, Arterial Stiffness, and Physical Functions, among Obese Older Men: A Pilot Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19: 7233.

Journal article
Published: 10 September 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Sarcopenia, an age-related disease, is one of the important health problems in the elderly and the prevalence of sarcopenia is rapidly increased among the Korean population. This study examined the muscle quality and muscle growth factors of elderly women to identify the potential diagnostic tool for sarcopenia. One hundred and thirty-six elderly women, aged over 65 years old, initially enrolled, but only 59 participants who met the criteria (sarcopenic group, n = 27; non-sarcopenic group, n = 32) completed the study. Muscle quality assessment included thigh cross-sectional computed tomography scan and maximal isometric muscle strength. Muscle growth factors such as GDF-15, myostatin, activin A, and follistatin were analyzed, and a battery of Senior Fitness Test was used to examine functional fitness. The statistical significance level was set at 0.05. Elderly women with sarcopenia had a lower thigh muscle volume (−20.1%), and a higher thigh intermuscular adipose tissue (15.8%) than those of the non-sarcopenic group (p < 0.05). However, no significant differences in muscle growth factors were observed between the groups. Muscle quality variables including maximal voluntary isometric contraction (OR: 0.968, p < 0.001), relative maximal voluntary isometric contraction (OR: 0.989, p < 0.05), thigh muscle volume (OR: 0.836, p < 0.001), and thigh intermuscular adipose tissue (OR: 1.138, p < 0.05) were associated with a risk of sarcopenia. Our findings suggest that the sarcopenic group exhibits a poor thigh muscle quality in comparison with the non-sarcopenic group. Muscle quality assessment can be utilized for sarcopenia identification, but our study remains inconclusive for the causality of muscle growth factors in sarcopenia.

ACS Style

Myong-Won Seo; Sung-Woo Jung; Sung-Woo Kim; Hyun Chul Jung; Deog-Yoon Kim; Jong Kook Song. Comparisons of Muscle Quality and Muscle Growth Factor Between Sarcopenic and Non-Sarcopenic Older Women. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 6581 .

AMA Style

Myong-Won Seo, Sung-Woo Jung, Sung-Woo Kim, Hyun Chul Jung, Deog-Yoon Kim, Jong Kook Song. Comparisons of Muscle Quality and Muscle Growth Factor Between Sarcopenic and Non-Sarcopenic Older Women. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (18):6581.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Myong-Won Seo; Sung-Woo Jung; Sung-Woo Kim; Hyun Chul Jung; Deog-Yoon Kim; Jong Kook Song. 2020. "Comparisons of Muscle Quality and Muscle Growth Factor Between Sarcopenic and Non-Sarcopenic Older Women." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18: 6581.

Journal article
Published: 28 July 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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This study aimed to analyze the differences in energy intake and physical activity (PA) levels according to sex and the presence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among elderly people in Korea. Data of 3720 elderly people (aged >65 years) were obtained from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016–2018). We analyzed PA levels (occupational and recreational PA) and energy intakes (carbohydrate, protein, and fat). The MetS group showed lower levels of moderate intensity recreational PA and place movement than the non-MetS group (p < 0.05); in the MetS group, PA levels were significantly lower in women than in men (p < 0.05). The intakes of total energy, carbohydrate, fat, and protein were lower in the MetS group than in the non-MetS group (p < 0.001). Both the non-MetS and MetS groups showed lower energy intakes in women than men (p < 0.001). Our study shows that elderly people, especially women, with MetS have significantly lower total PA levels and total energy intakes. We confirmed the importance of increased PA and proper nutritional intake in elderly people. Therefore, it is believed that practical measures such as nutrition education and nutrition guidance and PA education are urgently needed to reduce the incidence of MetS among the elderly.

ACS Style

Won-Sang Jung; Hun-Young Park; Sung-Woo Kim; Kiwon Lim. Sex-Specific Energy Intakes and Physical Activity Levels According to the Presence of Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Elderly People: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2018. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 5416 .

AMA Style

Won-Sang Jung, Hun-Young Park, Sung-Woo Kim, Kiwon Lim. Sex-Specific Energy Intakes and Physical Activity Levels According to the Presence of Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Elderly People: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2018. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (15):5416.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Won-Sang Jung; Hun-Young Park; Sung-Woo Kim; Kiwon Lim. 2020. "Sex-Specific Energy Intakes and Physical Activity Levels According to the Presence of Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Elderly People: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2018." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 15: 5416.

Journal article
Published: 16 March 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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This study evaluated the effects of intermittent interval training in hypoxic conditions for six weeks compared with normoxic conditions, on hemodynamic function, autonomic nervous system (ANS) function, immune function, and athletic performance in middle- and long-distance runners. Twenty athletes were divided into normoxic training (normoxic training group (NTG); n = 10; residing and training at sea level) and hypoxic training (hypoxic training group (HTG); n = 10; residing at sea level but training in 526-mmHg hypobaric hypoxia) groups. All dependent variables were measured before, and after, training. The training frequency was 90 min, 3 d per week for six weeks. Body composition showed no significant difference between the two groups. However, the HTG showed more significantly improved athletic performance (e.g., maximal oxygen uptake). The hemodynamic function (e.g., oxygen uptake, oxygen pulse, and cardiac output) during submaximal exercise and ANS function (e.g., standard deviation and root mean square of successive differences, high frequency, and low/high frequency) improved more in the HTG. Immune function parameters were stable within the normal range before and after training in both groups. Therefore, hypoxic training was more effective in enhancing athletic performance, and improving hemodynamic and ANS function; further, it did not adversely affect immune function in competitive runners.

ACS Style

Won-Sang Jung; Sung-Woo Kim; Hun-Young Park. Interval Hypoxic Training Enhances Athletic Performance and Does Not Adversely Affect Immune Function in Middle- and Long-Distance Runners. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 1934 .

AMA Style

Won-Sang Jung, Sung-Woo Kim, Hun-Young Park. Interval Hypoxic Training Enhances Athletic Performance and Does Not Adversely Affect Immune Function in Middle- and Long-Distance Runners. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (6):1934.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Won-Sang Jung; Sung-Woo Kim; Hun-Young Park. 2020. "Interval Hypoxic Training Enhances Athletic Performance and Does Not Adversely Affect Immune Function in Middle- and Long-Distance Runners." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6: 1934.

Case report
Published: 30 January 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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We aimed to evaluate the effects of a 2-week exercise training program in hypobaric hypoxic conditions on exercise performance and immune function in Korean national cycling athletes with disabilities. Six Korean national cycling athletes with disabilities participated in exercise training consisting of continuous aerobic exercise and anaerobic interval exercise in hypobaric hypoxic conditions. The exercise training frequency was 60 min (5 days per week for 2 weeks). Before and after the exercise training, exercise performance and immune function were measured in all athletes. Regarding the exercise performance parameters, the 3-km time trial significantly decreased and blood lactate levels after the 3-km time trial test significantly increased by exercise training in hypobaric hypoxic conditions. Regarding the oxygen-transporting capacity, significant differences were not observed. Regarding immune function, the number of leukocytes and natural killer cells significantly decreased and that of eosinophils, B cells, and T cells significantly increased. These results indicated that our 2-week hypoxic training showed the potential to improve exercise performance in Korean national disabled athletes. However, the effects of our hypoxic training method on immune function remained unclear.

ACS Style

Hun-Young Park; Won-Sang Jung; Jisu Kim; Hyejung Hwang; Sung-Woo Kim; Younghwan An; Haeman Lee; Seonju Jeon; Kiwon Lim. Effects of 2-Week Exercise Training in Hypobaric Hypoxic Conditions on Exercise Performance and Immune Function in Korean National Cycling Athletes with Disabilities: A Case Report. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 861 .

AMA Style

Hun-Young Park, Won-Sang Jung, Jisu Kim, Hyejung Hwang, Sung-Woo Kim, Younghwan An, Haeman Lee, Seonju Jeon, Kiwon Lim. Effects of 2-Week Exercise Training in Hypobaric Hypoxic Conditions on Exercise Performance and Immune Function in Korean National Cycling Athletes with Disabilities: A Case Report. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (3):861.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hun-Young Park; Won-Sang Jung; Jisu Kim; Hyejung Hwang; Sung-Woo Kim; Younghwan An; Haeman Lee; Seonju Jeon; Kiwon Lim. 2020. "Effects of 2-Week Exercise Training in Hypobaric Hypoxic Conditions on Exercise Performance and Immune Function in Korean National Cycling Athletes with Disabilities: A Case Report." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3: 861.

Randomized controlled trial
Published: 10 December 2019 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The present study examined the effect of a 12-week combined resistance and aerobic exercise training program on cardiometabolic biomarkers and red blood cell (RBC) hemorheological function in 20 obese older men (mean age: 68.8 ± 0.9 years). Subjects were randomly divided into two groups (exercise intervention [EXP; n = 10] and control [CON; n = 10]). The EXP subjects performed resistance and aerobic exercise training program three times per week for 12 weeks, and the CON subjects maintained their regular lifestyle during the intervention period. Body composition was estimated using bioelectrical impedance analysis equipment. Cardiometabolic biomarkers (glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), HOMA β-cell function, and leptin) and RBC hemorheological parameters (RBC deformability and aggregation) were analyzed. Percent body fat decreased significantly in the EXP group during the intervention period but increased significantly in the CON group. Insulin increased significantly in the CON group over the 12-week period and both insulin and HOMA-IR were significantly higher in the CON group than in the EXP group at post-test. RBC deformability (RBC EI_3Pa) and aggregation (RBC AI_3Pa) improved significantly only in the EXP group. The present study suggests that combined exercise training can be useful for improving cardiometabolic biomarkers and RBC hemorheological parameters in obese older men and may help prevent metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases.

ACS Style

Sung-Woo Kim; Won-Sang Jung; Wonil Park; Hun-Young Park. Twelve Weeks of Combined Resistance and Aerobic Exercise Improves Cardiometabolic Biomarkers and Enhances Red Blood Cell Hemorheological Function in Obese Older Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 5020 .

AMA Style

Sung-Woo Kim, Won-Sang Jung, Wonil Park, Hun-Young Park. Twelve Weeks of Combined Resistance and Aerobic Exercise Improves Cardiometabolic Biomarkers and Enhances Red Blood Cell Hemorheological Function in Obese Older Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (24):5020.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sung-Woo Kim; Won-Sang Jung; Wonil Park; Hun-Young Park. 2019. "Twelve Weeks of Combined Resistance and Aerobic Exercise Improves Cardiometabolic Biomarkers and Enhances Red Blood Cell Hemorheological Function in Obese Older Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 24: 5020.

Journal article
Published: 14 September 2019 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The purpose of this study was to examine the associations of vitamin D status with athletic performance and blood-borne markers in adolescent athletes. This cross-sectional study included forty-seven Taekwondo athletes, aged 15–18 years old. Athletic performance was assessed using maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), Wingate anaerobic power test, vertical jump, agility T-test, lower limb muscle strength, and fatigue resistance. Blood samples were collected to assess serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], free-testosterone, cortisol, creatine kinase, and urea. One-way ANOVAs were applied using Bonferroni adjusted alpha levels, which was 0.02 (i.e., 0.05/3). Multiple linear regressions analyses as well as Pearson and partial correlation analyses were used to examine the relationship among 25(OH)D concentration, athletic performance, and blood-borne markers. The participants 25(OH)D concentration were ranged from 16 to 73.25 nmol/L, indicating that 74.5% of the adolescent athletes have vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency. The vitamin D status did not show any significant effects on the performance factors or blood-borne markers. Serum 25(OH)D concentration was positively correlated with mean power output (r = 0.359, p < 0.05) and relative mean power output (r = 0.325, p < 0.05) after adjusting for bone age, height, weight, training experience, lean body mass, and fat mass. However, 25(OH)D concentration was not associated with other performance-related factors and blood-borne markers. In addition, multiple linear regressions analyses revealed that serum 25(OH)D concentration were not significant predictors of athletic performance in adolescent athletes. In conclusion, vitamin D status is weakly correlated with anaerobic capacity; moreover, the underlying mechanisms of how vitamin D influence anaerobic performance is unclear in the present study. Nevertheless, the importance of vitamin D on health benefits should not be underestimated, especially during growth periods.

ACS Style

Myong-Won Seo; Jong Kook Song; Hyun Chul Jung; Sung-Woo Kim; Jung-Hyun Kim; Jung-Min Lee. The Associations of Vitamin D Status with Athletic Performance and Blood-borne Markers in Adolescent Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 3422 .

AMA Style

Myong-Won Seo, Jong Kook Song, Hyun Chul Jung, Sung-Woo Kim, Jung-Hyun Kim, Jung-Min Lee. The Associations of Vitamin D Status with Athletic Performance and Blood-borne Markers in Adolescent Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (18):3422.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Myong-Won Seo; Jong Kook Song; Hyun Chul Jung; Sung-Woo Kim; Jung-Hyun Kim; Jung-Min Lee. 2019. "The Associations of Vitamin D Status with Athletic Performance and Blood-borne Markers in Adolescent Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 18: 3422.

Observational study
Published: 03 May 2019 in Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition
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Recently, gut microbiota have been studied extensively for health promotion, disease prevention, disease treatment, and exercise performance. It is recommended that athletes avoid dietary fiber and resistant starch to promote gastric emptying and reduce gastrointestinal distress during exercise, but this diet may reduce microbial diversity and compromise the health of the athlete’s gut microbiota. This study compared fecal microbiota characteristics using high-throughput sequencing among healthy sedentary men (as controls), bodybuilders, and distance runners, as well as the relationships between microbiota characteristics, body composition, and nutritional status. Body composition was measured using DXA, and physical activity level was assessed using IPAQ. Dietary intake was analyzed with the computerized nutritional evaluation program. The DNA of fecal samples was extracted and it was sequenced for the analysis of gut microbial diversity through bioinformatics cloud platform. We showed that exercise type was associated with athlete diet patterns (bodybuilders: high protein, high fat, low carbohydrate, and low dietary fiber diet; distance runners: low carbohydrate and low dietary fiber diet). However, athlete type did not differ in regard to gut microbiota alpha and beta diversity. Athlete type was significantly associated with the relative abundance of gut microbiota at the genus and species level: Faecalibacterium, Sutterella, Clostridium, Haemophilus, and Eisenbergiella were the highest (p < 0.05) in bodybuilders, while Bifidobacterium and Parasutterella were the lowest (p < 0.05). At the species level, intestinal beneficial bacteria widely used as probiotics (Bifidobacterium adolescentis group, Bifidobacterium longum group, Lactobacillus sakei group) and those producing short chain fatty acids (Blautia wexlerae, Eubacterium hallii) were the lowest in bodybuilders and the highest in controls. In addition, aerobic or resistance exercise training with an unbalanced intake of macronutrients and low intake of dietary fiber led to similar diversity of gut microbiota. Specifically, daily protein intake was negatively correlated with operation taxonomic unit (r = − 0.53, p < 0.05), ACE (r = − 0.51, p < 0.05), and Shannon index (r = − 0.64, p < 0.01) in distance runners.. Results suggest that high-protein diets may have a negative impact on gut microbiota diversity for athletes, while athletes in resistance sports that carry out the high protein low carbohydrates diet demonstrate a decrease in short chain fatty acid-producing commensal bacteria.

ACS Style

Lae-Guen Jang; Geunhoon Choi; Sung-Woo Kim; Byung-Yong Kim; Sunghee Lee; Hyon Park. The combination of sport and sport-specific diet is associated with characteristics of gut microbiota: an observational study. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 2019, 16, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Lae-Guen Jang, Geunhoon Choi, Sung-Woo Kim, Byung-Yong Kim, Sunghee Lee, Hyon Park. The combination of sport and sport-specific diet is associated with characteristics of gut microbiota: an observational study. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2019; 16 (1):1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lae-Guen Jang; Geunhoon Choi; Sung-Woo Kim; Byung-Yong Kim; Sunghee Lee; Hyon Park. 2019. "The combination of sport and sport-specific diet is associated with characteristics of gut microbiota: an observational study." Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 16, no. 1: 1-10.

Randomized controlled trial
Published: 14 September 2018 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Vitamin D insufficiency may be associated with increased risk of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) in athletes. This study examined the effects of vitamin D3 supplementation on salivary immune functions and symptoms of URTI in vitamin D-insufficient taekwondo athletes. Twenty-five male taekwondo athletes, aged 19–22 years with vitamin D insufficiency [serum 25-hydroxyvitamin-D concentrations (25(OH)D, 31.3 ± 1.39 nmol/L)], participated in this study. They were randomized to receive 5000 IU/day of vitamin D3 (n = 13) or placebo capsule (n = 12) during 4 weeks of winter training. Blood samples were collected two times (pre- and post-tests) for analyzing serum 25(OH)D concentration while salivary samples were obtained three times (pre-, mid-, and post-tests) for secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) and lactoferrin analyses. The symptoms of URTI were reported daily during the intervention. Serum 25(OH)D concentration significantly increased by 255.6% in the vitamin D group, whereas in the placebo group it did not change (p < 0.001). While the significant increase in SIgA was observed in both groups (p < 0.001), elevated salivary lactoferrin level in response to winter training was found only in the placebo group (p = 0.011). The change in serum 25(OH)D concentration was negatively associated with total URTI symptoms (r = −0.435, p = 0.015). Vitamin D3 supplementation may be effective in reducing the symptoms of URTI during winter training in vitamin D-insufficient taekwondo athletes.

ACS Style

Hyun Chul Jung; Myong-Won Seo; Sukho Lee; Sung-Woo Kim; Jong Kook Song. Vitamin D3 Supplementation Reduces the Symptoms of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection during Winter Training in Vitamin D-Insufficient Taekwondo Athletes: A Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2018, 15, 2003 .

AMA Style

Hyun Chul Jung, Myong-Won Seo, Sukho Lee, Sung-Woo Kim, Jong Kook Song. Vitamin D3 Supplementation Reduces the Symptoms of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection during Winter Training in Vitamin D-Insufficient Taekwondo Athletes: A Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15 (9):2003.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hyun Chul Jung; Myong-Won Seo; Sukho Lee; Sung-Woo Kim; Jong Kook Song. 2018. "Vitamin D3 Supplementation Reduces the Symptoms of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection during Winter Training in Vitamin D-Insufficient Taekwondo Athletes: A Randomized Controlled Trial." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 9: 2003.