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Cefquinome and ceftiofur are β-lactam antibiotics used for the treatment of bacterial infections in swine. Although these antimicrobials are administered intramuscularly, the exposure of the gut microbiota to these cephalosporins is not well described. This exposure can contribute to the emergence and spread of antimicrobials in the environment and to the possible spread of antimicrobial resistance genes. To assess the impact of drug administration on the intestinal excretion of these antimicrobials it is essential to measure the amounts of native compound and metabolites in feces. Two (ultra)-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry ((U)HPLC–MS/MS) methods were developed and validated, one for the determination of cefquinome and ceftiofur and the other for the determination of ceftiofur residues, measured as desfuroylceftiofuracetamide, in porcine feces. The matrix-based calibration curve was linear from 5 ng g−1 to 1000 ng g−1 for cefquinome (correlation coefficient (r) = 0.9990 ± 0.0007; goodness of fit (gof) = 3.70 ± 1.43) and ceftiofur (r = 0.9979 ± 0.0009; gof = 5.51 ± 1.14) and quadratic from 30 ng g−1 to 2000 ng g−1 for desfuroylceftiofuracetamide (r = 0.9960 ± 0.0020; gof = 7.31 ± 1.76). The within-day and between-day precision and accuracy fell within the specified ranges. Since β-lactam antibiotics are known to be unstable in feces, additional experiments were conducted to adjust the sampling protocol in order to minimize the impact of the matrix constituents on the stability of the analytes. Immediately after sampling, 500 µL of an 8 µg mL−1 tazobactam solution in water was added to 0.5 g feces, to reduce the degradation in matrix.
Sofie Rutjens; Siska Croubels; Siegrid Baere; Mathias Devreese. Development and Validation of Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Methods for the Quantification of Cefquinome, Ceftiofur, and Desfuroylceftiofuracetamide in Porcine Feces with Emphasis on Analyte Stability. Molecules 2021, 26, 4598 .
AMA StyleSofie Rutjens, Siska Croubels, Siegrid Baere, Mathias Devreese. Development and Validation of Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Methods for the Quantification of Cefquinome, Ceftiofur, and Desfuroylceftiofuracetamide in Porcine Feces with Emphasis on Analyte Stability. Molecules. 2021; 26 (15):4598.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSofie Rutjens; Siska Croubels; Siegrid Baere; Mathias Devreese. 2021. "Development and Validation of Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Methods for the Quantification of Cefquinome, Ceftiofur, and Desfuroylceftiofuracetamide in Porcine Feces with Emphasis on Analyte Stability." Molecules 26, no. 15: 4598.
Mycotoxin intoxication is in general an acknowledged and tackled issue in animals. However, in several parts of the world, mycotoxicoses in humans still remain a relevant issue. The efficacy of two mycotoxin detoxifying animal feed additives, an aflatoxin bentonite clay binder and a fumonisin esterase, was investigated in a human child gut model, i.e. the in vitro Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME®). Additionally, the effect of the detoxifiers on gut microbiota was examined in the SHIME. After an initial two weeks of system stabilisation, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) were added to the SHIME diet during one week. Next, the two detoxifiers and mycotoxins were added to the system for an additional week. The AFB1, FB1, hydrolysed FB1 (HFB1), partially hydrolysed FB1a and FB1b concentrations were determined in SHIME samples using a validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. The short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations were determined by a validated gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method. Colonic bacterial communities were analysed using metabarcoding, targeting the hypervariable V1-V3 regions of the 16S rRNA genes. The AFB1 and FB1 concentrations significantly decreased after the addition of the detoxifiers. Likewise, the concentration of HFB1 significantly increased. Concentrations of SCFAs remained generally stable throughout the experiment. No major changes in bacterial composition occurred during the experiment. The results demonstrate the promising effect of these detoxifiers in reducing AFB1 and FB1 concentrations in the human intestinal environment, without compromising the gastrointestinal microbiota.
Kaat Neckermann; Gregor Claus; Siegrid De Baere; Gunther Antonissen; Sarah Lebrun; Céline Gemmi; Bernard Taminiau; Caroline Douny; Marie-Louise Scippo; Dian Schatzmayr; James Gathumbi; Silvio Uhlig; Siska Croubels; Véronique Delcenserie. The efficacy and effect on gut microbiota of an aflatoxin binder and a fumonisin esterase using an in vitro simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem (SHIME®). Food Research International 2021, 145, 110395 .
AMA StyleKaat Neckermann, Gregor Claus, Siegrid De Baere, Gunther Antonissen, Sarah Lebrun, Céline Gemmi, Bernard Taminiau, Caroline Douny, Marie-Louise Scippo, Dian Schatzmayr, James Gathumbi, Silvio Uhlig, Siska Croubels, Véronique Delcenserie. The efficacy and effect on gut microbiota of an aflatoxin binder and a fumonisin esterase using an in vitro simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem (SHIME®). Food Research International. 2021; 145 ():110395.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaat Neckermann; Gregor Claus; Siegrid De Baere; Gunther Antonissen; Sarah Lebrun; Céline Gemmi; Bernard Taminiau; Caroline Douny; Marie-Louise Scippo; Dian Schatzmayr; James Gathumbi; Silvio Uhlig; Siska Croubels; Véronique Delcenserie. 2021. "The efficacy and effect on gut microbiota of an aflatoxin binder and a fumonisin esterase using an in vitro simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem (SHIME®)." Food Research International 145, no. : 110395.
The goal of this study was to investigate the toxicokinetic characteristics of aflatoxin G1 (AFG1) in broiler chickens and the effect of calcination of a Tunisian montmorillonite clay on the in vivo absorption of AFG1. In this study, broiler chickens were randomly distributed into four groups of 10 animals. Group 1 was administered AFG1 (2 mg/kg body weight (BW)) by single intravenous injection (IV), group 2 received an intra-crop bolus (PO) of AFG1 without any clay, group 3 was dosed AFG1 PO together with an oral bolus of purified clay (CP), and group 4 received AFG1 PO with an oral bolus of calcined clay. A significant difference in the area under the curve (AUC0-t) was observed for group 4 (6.78 ± 4.24 h*ng/mL) in comparison with group 2 (12.83 ± 4.19 h*ng/mL). A significant reduction of the oral bioavailability of AFG1 was observed for group 4 (7.61 ± 4.76%) compared with group 2 (14.40 ± 4.70%), while no significant effect was observed of CP. In this experiment, no phase I nor phase II metabolites of AFG1 were observed. These findings confirm that calcination of the purified montmorillonite clay enhances the adsorption of AFG1 in the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration, thereby reducing its bioavailability, thus reducing its toxic effects.
Roua Rejeb; Siegrid De Baere; Mathias Devreese; Richard Ducatelle; Siska Croubels; Madiha Hadj Ayed; Achraf Ghorbal; Gunther Antonissen. Calcination Improves the In Vivo Efficacy of a Montmorillonite Clay to Bind Aflatoxin G1 in Broiler Chickens: A Toxicokinetic Approach. Toxins 2020, 12, 660 .
AMA StyleRoua Rejeb, Siegrid De Baere, Mathias Devreese, Richard Ducatelle, Siska Croubels, Madiha Hadj Ayed, Achraf Ghorbal, Gunther Antonissen. Calcination Improves the In Vivo Efficacy of a Montmorillonite Clay to Bind Aflatoxin G1 in Broiler Chickens: A Toxicokinetic Approach. Toxins. 2020; 12 (10):660.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoua Rejeb; Siegrid De Baere; Mathias Devreese; Richard Ducatelle; Siska Croubels; Madiha Hadj Ayed; Achraf Ghorbal; Gunther Antonissen. 2020. "Calcination Improves the In Vivo Efficacy of a Montmorillonite Clay to Bind Aflatoxin G1 in Broiler Chickens: A Toxicokinetic Approach." Toxins 12, no. 10: 660.
Chronic β-alanine supplementation leads to increased levels of muscle histidine-containing dipeptides. However, the majority of ingested β-alanine is, most likely, degraded by two transaminases: GABA-T and AGXT2. In contrast to GABA-T, the in vivo role of AGXT2 with respect to β-alanine metabolism is unknown. The purpose of the present work is to investigate if AGXT2 is functionally involved in β-alanine homeostasis. Muscle histidine-containing dipeptides levels were determined in AGXT2 overexpressing or knock-out mice and in human subjects with different rs37369 genotypes which is known to affect AGXT2 activity. Further, plasma β-alanine kinetic was measured and urine was obtained from subjects with different rs37369 genotypes following ingestion of 1400 mg β-alanine. Overexpression of AGXT2 decreased circulating and muscle histidine-containing dipeptides (> 70% decrease; p < 0.05), while AGXT2 KO did not result in altered histidine-containing dipeptides levels. In both models, β-alanine remained unaffected in the circulation and in muscle (p > 0.05). In humans, the results support the evidence that decreased AGXT2 activity is not associated with altered histidine-containing dipeptides levels (p > 0.05). Additionally, following an acute dose of β-alanine, no differences in pharmacokinetic response were measured between subjects with different rs37369 genotypes (p > 0.05). Interestingly, urinary β-alanine excretion was 103% higher in subjects associated with lower AGXT2 activity, compared to subjects associated with normal AGXT2 activity (p < 0.05). The data suggest that in vivo, β-alanine is a substrate of AGXT2; however, its importance in the metabolism of β-alanine and histidine-containing dipeptides seems small.
Jan Stautemas; Natalia Jarzebska; Zhou Xiang Shan; Laura Blancquaert; Inge Everaert; Sarah De Jager; Siegrid De Baere; Arne Hautekiet; Anneke Volkaert; Filip B. D. Lefevere; Jens Martens-Lobenhoffer; Stefanie M. Bode-Böger; Chang Keun Kim; James Leiper; Norbert Weiss; Siska Croubels; Roman N. Rodionov; Wim Derave. The role of alanine glyoxylate transaminase-2 (agxt2) in β-alanine and carnosine metabolism of healthy mice and humans. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2020, 120, 2749 -2759.
AMA StyleJan Stautemas, Natalia Jarzebska, Zhou Xiang Shan, Laura Blancquaert, Inge Everaert, Sarah De Jager, Siegrid De Baere, Arne Hautekiet, Anneke Volkaert, Filip B. D. Lefevere, Jens Martens-Lobenhoffer, Stefanie M. Bode-Böger, Chang Keun Kim, James Leiper, Norbert Weiss, Siska Croubels, Roman N. Rodionov, Wim Derave. The role of alanine glyoxylate transaminase-2 (agxt2) in β-alanine and carnosine metabolism of healthy mice and humans. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. 2020; 120 (12):2749-2759.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJan Stautemas; Natalia Jarzebska; Zhou Xiang Shan; Laura Blancquaert; Inge Everaert; Sarah De Jager; Siegrid De Baere; Arne Hautekiet; Anneke Volkaert; Filip B. D. Lefevere; Jens Martens-Lobenhoffer; Stefanie M. Bode-Böger; Chang Keun Kim; James Leiper; Norbert Weiss; Siska Croubels; Roman N. Rodionov; Wim Derave. 2020. "The role of alanine glyoxylate transaminase-2 (agxt2) in β-alanine and carnosine metabolism of healthy mice and humans." Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 120, no. 12: 2749-2759.
The toxicokinetics (TK) of hydrolyzed fumonisin B1 (HFB1) were evaluated in 16 broiler chickens after being fed either a control or a fumonisins-contaminated diet (10.8 mg fumonisin B1, 3.3 mg B2 and 1.5 mg B3/kg feed) for two weeks, followed by a single oral (PO) or intravenous (IV) dose of 1.25 mg/kg bodyweight (BW) of HFB1. Fumonisin B1 (FB1), its partially hydrolyzed metabolites pHFB1a and pHFB1b, and fully hydrolyzed metabolite HFB1, were determined in chicken plasma using a validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method. None of the broiler chicken showed clinical symptoms of fumonisins (FBs) or HFB1 toxicity during the trial, nor was an aberration in body weight observed between the animals fed the FBs-contaminated diet and those fed the control diet. HFB1 was shown to follow a two-compartmental pharmacokinetic model with first order elimination in broiler chickens after IV administration. Toxicokinetic parameters of HFB1 demonstrated a total body clearance of 16.39 L/kg·h and an intercompartmental flow of 8.34 L/kg·h. Low levels of FB1 and traces of pHFB1b were found in plasma of chickens fed the FBs-contaminated diet. Due to plasma concentrations being under the limit of quantification (LOQ) after oral administration of HFB1, no toxicokinetic modelling could be performed in broiler chickens after oral administration of HFB1. Moreover, no phase II metabolites, nor N-acyl-metabolites of HFB1 could be detected in this study.
Gunther Antonissen; Siegrid De Baere; Barbara Novak; Dian Schatzmayr; Danica Den Hollander; Mathias Devreese; Siska Croubels. Toxicokinetics of Hydrolyzed Fumonisin B1 after Single Oral or Intravenous Bolus to Broiler Chickens Fed a Control or a Fumonisins-Contaminated Diet. Toxins 2020, 12, 413 .
AMA StyleGunther Antonissen, Siegrid De Baere, Barbara Novak, Dian Schatzmayr, Danica Den Hollander, Mathias Devreese, Siska Croubels. Toxicokinetics of Hydrolyzed Fumonisin B1 after Single Oral or Intravenous Bolus to Broiler Chickens Fed a Control or a Fumonisins-Contaminated Diet. Toxins. 2020; 12 (6):413.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGunther Antonissen; Siegrid De Baere; Barbara Novak; Dian Schatzmayr; Danica Den Hollander; Mathias Devreese; Siska Croubels. 2020. "Toxicokinetics of Hydrolyzed Fumonisin B1 after Single Oral or Intravenous Bolus to Broiler Chickens Fed a Control or a Fumonisins-Contaminated Diet." Toxins 12, no. 6: 413.
The aim of the current study was to investigate the simultaneous measurement of plasma p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) clearance as a potential marker to assess effective renal plasma flow (eRPF) and tubular secretion (TS), and the plasma clearance of iohexol (IOH) as a marker of the glomerular filtration rate in poultry species. The PAH was administered intravenously (IV) to broiler chickens, layers, turkeys, Muscovy ducks, and pigeons. Each animal received successively a single bolus dose of 10 mg PAH/kg bodyweight (BW) and 100 mg PAH/kg BW to assess the eRPF and TS, respectively. Simultaneously with both PAH administrations, a single IV bolus of 64.7 mg/kg BW of IOH was administered. A high linear correlation (R2 = 0.79) between eRPF, based on the clearance of the low dose of PAH, and BW was observed for the poultry species. The correlation between TS, based on the clearance of the high dose of PAH, and BW was moderate (R2 = 0.50). Finally, a moderate correlation (R2 = 0.68) was demonstrated between GFR and eRPF and between GFR and TS (R2 = 0.56). This presented pharmacokinetic approach of the simultaneous administration of IOH and PAH enabled a simultaneous evaluation of eRPF/TS and GFR, respectively, in different poultry species.
Lenka Stroobant; Siska Croubels; Laura Dhondt; Joske Millecam; Siegrid De Baere; Elke Gasthuys; Joachim Morrens; Gunther Antonissen. Simultaneous Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate, Effective Renal Plasma Flow and Tubular Secretion in Different Poultry Species by Single Intravenous Bolus of Iohexol and Para-Aminohippuric Acid. Animals 2020, 10, 1 .
AMA StyleLenka Stroobant, Siska Croubels, Laura Dhondt, Joske Millecam, Siegrid De Baere, Elke Gasthuys, Joachim Morrens, Gunther Antonissen. Simultaneous Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate, Effective Renal Plasma Flow and Tubular Secretion in Different Poultry Species by Single Intravenous Bolus of Iohexol and Para-Aminohippuric Acid. Animals. 2020; 10 (6):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLenka Stroobant; Siska Croubels; Laura Dhondt; Joske Millecam; Siegrid De Baere; Elke Gasthuys; Joachim Morrens; Gunther Antonissen. 2020. "Simultaneous Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate, Effective Renal Plasma Flow and Tubular Secretion in Different Poultry Species by Single Intravenous Bolus of Iohexol and Para-Aminohippuric Acid." Animals 10, no. 6: 1.
Ruminants are generally considered to be less susceptible to the effects of mycotoxins than monogastric animals as the rumen microbiota are capable of detoxifying some of these toxins. Despite this potential degradation, mycotoxin-associated subclinical health problems are seen in dairy cows. In this research, the disappearance of several mycotoxins was determined in an in vitro rumen model and the effect of realistic concentrations of those mycotoxins on fermentation was assessed by volatile fatty acid production. In addition, two hypotheses were tested: (1) a lower rumen pH leads to a decreased degradation of mycotoxins and (2) rumen fluid of lactating cows degrade mycotoxins better than rumen fluid of non-lactating cows. Maize silage was spiked with a mixture of deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), enniatin B (ENN B), mycophenolic acid (MPA), roquefortine C (ROQ-C) and zearalenone (ZEN). Fresh rumen fluid of two lactating cows (L) and two non-lactating cows (N) was added to a buffer of normal pH (6.8) and low pH (5.8), leading to four combinations (L6.8, L5.8, N6.8, N5.8), which were added to the spiked maize substrate. In this study, mycotoxins had no effect on volatile fatty acid production. However, not all mycotoxins fully disappeared during incubation. ENN B and ROQ-C disappeared only partially, whereas MPA showed almost no disappearance. The disappearance of DON, NIV, and ENN B was hampered when pH was low, especially when the inoculum of non-lactating cows was used. For ZEN, a limited transformation of ZEN to α-ZEL and β-ZEL was observed, but only at pH 6.8. In conclusion, based on the type of mycotoxin and the ruminal conditions, mycotoxins can stay intact in the rumen.
Sandra Debevere; An Cools; Siegrid De Baere; Geert Haesaert; Michael Rychlik; Siska Croubels; Veerle Fievez. In Vitro Rumen Simulations Show a Reduced Disappearance of Deoxynivalenol, Nivalenol and Enniatin B at Conditions of Rumen Acidosis and Lower Microbial Activity. Toxins 2020, 12, 101 .
AMA StyleSandra Debevere, An Cools, Siegrid De Baere, Geert Haesaert, Michael Rychlik, Siska Croubels, Veerle Fievez. In Vitro Rumen Simulations Show a Reduced Disappearance of Deoxynivalenol, Nivalenol and Enniatin B at Conditions of Rumen Acidosis and Lower Microbial Activity. Toxins. 2020; 12 (2):101.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSandra Debevere; An Cools; Siegrid De Baere; Geert Haesaert; Michael Rychlik; Siska Croubels; Veerle Fievez. 2020. "In Vitro Rumen Simulations Show a Reduced Disappearance of Deoxynivalenol, Nivalenol and Enniatin B at Conditions of Rumen Acidosis and Lower Microbial Activity." Toxins 12, no. 2: 101.
Dried blood spots (DBSs), a micro-sampling technique whereby a drop of blood is collected on filter paper has multiple advantages over conventional blood sampling regarding the sampling itself, as well as transportation and storage. This is the first paper describing the development and validation of a method for the determination of 23 mycotoxins and phase I metabolites in DBSs from pigs and broiler chickens using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The targeted mycotoxins belong to groups for which the occurrence in feed is regulated by the European Union, namely, aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and several Fusarium mycotoxins, and to two groups of unregulated mycotoxins, namely Alternaria mycotoxins and Fusarium mycotoxins (enniatins and beauvericin). The impact of blood haematocrit, DBS sampling volume and size of the analysed DBS disk on the validation results was assessed. No effects of variation in size of the analysed disk, haematocrit and spotted blood volume were observed for most mycotoxins, except for the aflatoxins and β-zearalanol (BZAL) at the lowest haematocrit (26%) level and for the enniatins (ENNs) at the lowest volume (40 µL). The developed method was transferred to an LC-high resolution mass spectrometry instrument to determine phase II metabolites. Then, the DBS technique was applied in a proof-of-concept toxicokinetic study including a comparison with LC-MS/MS data from plasma obtained with conventional venous blood sampling. A strong correlation (r > 0.947) was observed between plasma and DBS concentrations. Finally, DBSs were also applied in a pilot exposure assessment study to test their applicability under field conditions.
Marianne Lauwers; Siska Croubels; Siegrid De Baere; Milena Sevastiyanova; Eva Maria Romera Sierra; Ben Letor; Christos Gougoulias; Mathias Devreese. Assessment of Dried Blood Spots for Multi-Mycotoxin Biomarker Analysis in Pigs and Broiler Chickens. Toxins 2019, 11, 541 .
AMA StyleMarianne Lauwers, Siska Croubels, Siegrid De Baere, Milena Sevastiyanova, Eva Maria Romera Sierra, Ben Letor, Christos Gougoulias, Mathias Devreese. Assessment of Dried Blood Spots for Multi-Mycotoxin Biomarker Analysis in Pigs and Broiler Chickens. Toxins. 2019; 11 (9):541.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarianne Lauwers; Siska Croubels; Siegrid De Baere; Milena Sevastiyanova; Eva Maria Romera Sierra; Ben Letor; Christos Gougoulias; Mathias Devreese. 2019. "Assessment of Dried Blood Spots for Multi-Mycotoxin Biomarker Analysis in Pigs and Broiler Chickens." Toxins 11, no. 9: 541.
Ruminants are less susceptible to the effects of mycotoxins than monogastric animals as their rumen microbiota are claimed to degrade and/or deactivate at least some of these toxic compounds. However, the mycotoxin degradation is not well-known yet. For this, a sensitive, specific, and accurate analytical method is needed to determine mycotoxins in the rumen fluid. This study aims to develop and thoroughly validate an ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantitative determination in the rumen fluid of some of the most relevant mycotoxins found in maize silage in Western Europe: deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), zearalenone (ZEN), mycophenolic acid (MPA), roquefortine C (ROQ-C) and enniatin B (ENN B), as well as their metabolites deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1), α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), β-zearalenol (β-ZEL), zearalanone (ZAN), α-zearalanol (α-ZAL) and β-zearalanol (β-ZAL). As feed is often present in the rumen fluid samples, the potential interaction of feed particles with the mycotoxin extraction and analysis was investigated. Extraction recovery and matrix effects were determined in the rumen fluid with and without maize silage. Differences in those parameters between rumen fluid alone and rumen fluid with maize silage highlight the importance of using matrix-matched calibration curves for the quantification of mycotoxins in rumen fluid samples. A cross-validation of the method with rumen fluid and maize silage demonstrates that this analytical method can be applied in research on rumen fluid samples to investigate the degradation of the reported mycotoxins by rumen microbiota if matrix-matched calibration is performed.
Sandra Debevere; Siegrid De Baere; Geert Haesaert; Michael Rychlik; Veerle Fievez; Siska Croubels. Development of an UPLC-MS/MS Method for the Analysis of Mycotoxins in Rumen Fluid with and without Maize Silage Emphasizes the Importance of Using Matrix-Matched Calibration. Toxins 2019, 11, 519 .
AMA StyleSandra Debevere, Siegrid De Baere, Geert Haesaert, Michael Rychlik, Veerle Fievez, Siska Croubels. Development of an UPLC-MS/MS Method for the Analysis of Mycotoxins in Rumen Fluid with and without Maize Silage Emphasizes the Importance of Using Matrix-Matched Calibration. Toxins. 2019; 11 (9):519.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSandra Debevere; Siegrid De Baere; Geert Haesaert; Michael Rychlik; Veerle Fievez; Siska Croubels. 2019. "Development of an UPLC-MS/MS Method for the Analysis of Mycotoxins in Rumen Fluid with and without Maize Silage Emphasizes the Importance of Using Matrix-Matched Calibration." Toxins 11, no. 9: 519.
A reliable and practical multi-method was developed for the quantification of mycotoxins in plasma, urine, and feces of pigs, and plasma and excreta of broiler chickens using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The targeted mycotoxins belong to the regulated groups, i.e., aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and Fusarium mycotoxins, and to two groups of emerging mycotoxins, i.e., Alternaria mycotoxins and enniatins. In addition, the developed method was transferred to a LC-high resolution mass spectrometry instrument to qualitatively determine phase I and II metabolites, for which analytical standards are not always commercially available. Sample preparation of plasma was simple and generic and was accomplished by precipitation of proteins alone (pig) or in combination with removal of phospholipids (chicken). A more intensive sample clean-up of the other matrices was needed and consisted of a pH-dependent liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) using ethyl acetate (pig urine), methanol/ethyl acetate/formic acid (75/24/1, v/v/v) (pig feces) or acetonitrile (chicken excreta). For the extraction of pig feces, additionally a combination of LLE using acetone and filtration of the supernatant on a HybridSPE-phospholipid cartridge was applied. The LC-MS/MS method was in-house validated according to guidelines defined by the European and international community. Finally, the multi-methods were successfully applied in a specific toxicokinetic study and a screening study to monitor the exposure of individual animals.
Marianne Lauwers; Siegrid De Baere; Ben Letor; Michael Rychlik; Siska Croubels; Mathias Devreese. Multi LC-MS/MS and LC-HRMS Methods for Determination of 24 Mycotoxins including Major Phase I and II Biomarker Metabolites in Biological Matrices from Pigs and Broiler Chickens. Toxins 2019, 11, 171 .
AMA StyleMarianne Lauwers, Siegrid De Baere, Ben Letor, Michael Rychlik, Siska Croubels, Mathias Devreese. Multi LC-MS/MS and LC-HRMS Methods for Determination of 24 Mycotoxins including Major Phase I and II Biomarker Metabolites in Biological Matrices from Pigs and Broiler Chickens. Toxins. 2019; 11 (3):171.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarianne Lauwers; Siegrid De Baere; Ben Letor; Michael Rychlik; Siska Croubels; Mathias Devreese. 2019. "Multi LC-MS/MS and LC-HRMS Methods for Determination of 24 Mycotoxins including Major Phase I and II Biomarker Metabolites in Biological Matrices from Pigs and Broiler Chickens." Toxins 11, no. 3: 171.
Mycotoxin binders are feed additives which are mixed in the feed to adsorb mycotoxins and thereby reducing their toxic effects on animals. Interactions with orally administered veterinary medicinal products, such as antimicrobials or coccidiostats, have been reported previously. This paper describes an in vitro model to screen the interaction between mycotoxin binders and veterinary drugs with respect to the non-specific binding of drugs. It is designed as a static setup using a single concentration of drug and binder in a feed-containing or a feed-plus-mycotoxin-containing matrix, buffered at different pH values. The model was applied to two frequently used antimicrobials in veterinary medicine, doxycycline (DOX) and tylosin (TYL), one major mycotoxin, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and four mycotoxin binders. Proportions of feed, DOX or TYL, AFB1, and binder are equivalent to the in vivo situation for broiler chickens, while pH and volume of the buffer are representative of the gastrointestinal tract of chickens. A substantial binding of DOX (~ 88%) and TYL (~ 66%) to the feed-matrix was observed. For the mycotoxin binders, similar results were obtained for DOX and TYL; more specifically up to an inclusion rate of 20 g binder/kg feed, no significant binding was demonstrated, determined as the free concentration of DOX and TYL. A single exception was noticed for TYL and one specific bentonite-based mycotoxin binder, for which no significant interaction could be demonstrated up to 10 g binder/kg but there was an effect at 20 g/kg. In all cases, there was no competition between the tested drugs DOX or TYL and the mycotoxin AFB1 for binding to the bentonite-based mycotoxin binder.
Siegrid De Baere; Thomas De Mil; Gunther Antonissen; Mathias Devreese; Siska Croubels. In vitro model to assess the adsorption of oral veterinary drugs to mycotoxin binders in a feed- and aflatoxin B1-containing buffered matrix. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 2018, 35, 1728 -1738.
AMA StyleSiegrid De Baere, Thomas De Mil, Gunther Antonissen, Mathias Devreese, Siska Croubels. In vitro model to assess the adsorption of oral veterinary drugs to mycotoxin binders in a feed- and aflatoxin B1-containing buffered matrix. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A. 2018; 35 (9):1728-1738.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiegrid De Baere; Thomas De Mil; Gunther Antonissen; Mathias Devreese; Siska Croubels. 2018. "In vitro model to assess the adsorption of oral veterinary drugs to mycotoxin binders in a feed- and aflatoxin B1-containing buffered matrix." Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 35, no. 9: 1728-1738.
Friesian horses are known for their high inbreeding rate resulting in several genetic diseases such as hydrocephaly and dwarfism. This last decade, several studies focused on two other presumed hereditary traits in Friesian horses: megaoesophagus and aortic rupture. The pathogenesis of these diseases remains obscure but an important role of collagen has been hypothesized. The purpose of this study was to examine possible breed-related differences in collagen catabolism. Urinary specimens from Friesian (n = 17, median age 10 years old) and Warmblood horses (n = 17, median age 10 years old) were assessed for mature collagen cross-links, i.e. pyridinoline (PYD) (=hydroxylysylpyridinoline/HP) and deoxypyridinoline (DPD) (lysylpyridinoline /LP). Solid-phase extraction was performed, followed by reversed-phase ion-paired liquid chromatography prior to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) detection. Mean urinary concentrations of free PYD, expressed as fPYD/creatinine ratio, were significantly higher in Friesian horses compared to Warmblood horses (28.5 ± 5.2 versus 22.2 ± 9.6 nmol/mmol, p = 0.02) while mean fDPD/creatinine ratios were similar in both horse breeds (3.0 ± 0.7 versus 4.6 ± 3.7 nmol/mmol, p = 0.09). Since DPD is considered a specific bone degradation marker and PYD is more widely distributed in connective tissues, the significant elevation in the mean PYD/DPD ratio in Friesian versus Warmblood horses (9.6 ± 1.6 versus 5.7 ± 1.8, p < 0.0001) suggests a soft tissue origin for the increased fPYD levels. Considering that a previous study found no differences in total collagen content between Friesian and Warmblood horses for tendon and aortic tissue, this indicates a higher rate of collagen degradation. The latter might, at least in part, explain the predisposition of Friesians to connective tissue disorders.
Veronique Saey; Jonathan Tang; Richard Ducatelle; Siska Croubels; Siegrid De Baere; Stijn Schauvliege; Gunther Van Loon; Koen Chiers. Elevated urinary excretion of free pyridinoline in Friesian horses suggests a breed-specific increase in collagen degradation. BMC Veterinary Research 2018, 14, 139 .
AMA StyleVeronique Saey, Jonathan Tang, Richard Ducatelle, Siska Croubels, Siegrid De Baere, Stijn Schauvliege, Gunther Van Loon, Koen Chiers. Elevated urinary excretion of free pyridinoline in Friesian horses suggests a breed-specific increase in collagen degradation. BMC Veterinary Research. 2018; 14 (1):139.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVeronique Saey; Jonathan Tang; Richard Ducatelle; Siska Croubels; Siegrid De Baere; Stijn Schauvliege; Gunther Van Loon; Koen Chiers. 2018. "Elevated urinary excretion of free pyridinoline in Friesian horses suggests a breed-specific increase in collagen degradation." BMC Veterinary Research 14, no. 1: 139.
Florfenicol (FF) is registered for treatment of bovine and swine respiratory diseases. Although, turkeys often suffer from bacterial respiratory tract infections, there is no registered formulation based on FF for poultry available in Europe. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic behavior of FF in turkeys in plasma, lung tissue, and pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF). The concentration and pharmacokinetic characteristics of FF in plasma, lung tissue, and PELF in turkeys were determined, either after a single oral bolus (30 mg/kg body weight, BW) or during and after continuous drinking water medication (30 mg/kg BW/d for 5 d). Plasma, lung tissue, and PELF samples were collected at different intervals after administration, and FF was quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. After single bolus administration, FF was rapidly absorbed in plasma (the time to maximum concentration, tmax, was 1.02 h) and distributed to the respiratory tract (mean tmax = 1.00 h). The mean t1/2el in plasma and lung tissue was similar, around 6 h, whereas it was slightly higher in PELF, namely, 8.7 hours. After oral bolus dosing, the mean maximum concentration in plasma was twice as high as in the lung tissue, 4.26 μg/mL and 2.64 μg/g, respectively, while in PELF it was much lower, 0.39 μg/mL. During continuous drinking water medication, lung FF concentrations were slightly higher than plasma concentrations, with lung/plasma ratios of 2.01 and 1.27 after 24 h and 72 h, respectively. FF was not detected in PELF during continuous drinking water medication.
A. Watteyn; S. Croubels; S. De Baere; P. De Backer; M. Devreese. Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in turkey plasma, lung tissue, and pulmonary epithelial lining fluid after single oral bolus or continuous administration in the drinking water. Poultry Science 2018, 97, 1134 -1140.
AMA StyleA. Watteyn, S. Croubels, S. De Baere, P. De Backer, M. Devreese. Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in turkey plasma, lung tissue, and pulmonary epithelial lining fluid after single oral bolus or continuous administration in the drinking water. Poultry Science. 2018; 97 (4):1134-1140.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Watteyn; S. Croubels; S. De Baere; P. De Backer; M. Devreese. 2018. "Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in turkey plasma, lung tissue, and pulmonary epithelial lining fluid after single oral bolus or continuous administration in the drinking water." Poultry Science 97, no. 4: 1134-1140.
A sensitive and specific method for the quantitative determination of Fumonisin B1 (FB1), its partially hydrolysed metabolites pHFB1a+b and hydrolysed metabolite HFB1, and Fumonisin B2 (FB2) in broiler chicken plasma using ultra-performance liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was developed. The sample preparation was rapid, straightforward and consisted of a deproteinization and phospholipid removal step using an Oasis® OstroTM 96-well plate. Chromatography was performed on an Acquity HSS-T3 column, using 0.3% formic acid and 10 mM ammonium formate in water, and acetonitrile as mobile phases. The MS/MS instrument was operated in the positive electrospray ionization mode and the two multiple reaction monitoring transitions were monitored for each component for quantification and identification, respectively. The method was validated in-house: matrix-matched calibration graphs were prepared and good linearity (r ≥ 0.99) was achieved over the concentration ranges tested (1–500 ng/mL for FB1 and FB2; 0.86–860 ng/mL for pHFB1a; 0.72–1430 ng/mL for pHFB1b and 2.5–2500 ng/mL for HFB1). Limits of quantification (LOQ) and detection (LOD) in plasma ranged between 0.72 to 2.5 ng/mL and 0.03 to 0.17 ng/mL, respectively. The results for the within-day and between-day precision and accuracy fell within the specified ranges. Moreover, the method was transferred to an UPLC high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) instrument in order to determine potential metabolites of HFB1, such as N-acyl-HFB1s and phase II metabolites. The method has been successfully applied to investigate the toxicokinetics and biotransformation of HFB1 in broiler chickens.
Siegrid De Baere; Siska Croubels; Barbara Novak; Gerlinde Bichl; Gunther Antonissen. Development and Validation of a UPLC-MS/MS and UPLC-HR-MS Method for the Determination of Fumonisin B1 and Its Hydrolysed Metabolites and Fumonisin B2 in Broiler Chicken Plasma. Toxins 2018, 10, 62 .
AMA StyleSiegrid De Baere, Siska Croubels, Barbara Novak, Gerlinde Bichl, Gunther Antonissen. Development and Validation of a UPLC-MS/MS and UPLC-HR-MS Method for the Determination of Fumonisin B1 and Its Hydrolysed Metabolites and Fumonisin B2 in Broiler Chicken Plasma. Toxins. 2018; 10 (2):62.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiegrid De Baere; Siska Croubels; Barbara Novak; Gerlinde Bichl; Gunther Antonissen. 2018. "Development and Validation of a UPLC-MS/MS and UPLC-HR-MS Method for the Determination of Fumonisin B1 and Its Hydrolysed Metabolites and Fumonisin B2 in Broiler Chicken Plasma." Toxins 10, no. 2: 62.
Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) drug biotransformation enzymes and multidrug resistance (MDR) proteins may influence drug disposition processes. The first part of the study aimed to evaluate the effect of mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and/or fumonisins (FBs), at contamination levels approaching European Union guidance levels, on intestinal and hepatic CYP450 enzymes and MDR proteins gene expression in broiler chickens. mRNA expression of genes encoding CYP450 enzymes (CYP3A37, CYP1A4 and CYP1A5) and drug transporters (MDR1/ABCB1 and MRP2/ABCC2) was determined using qRT-PCR. A significant up-regulation of CYP1A4 (P = 0.037) and MDR1 (P = 0.036) was observed in the jejunum of chickens fed a diet contaminated with FBs. The second part of this study aimed to investigate the impact of feeding a FBs contaminated diet on the oral absorption of enrofloxacin (10 mg/kg BW), a MDR1 substrate. A significant (P = 0.045), however small, decreased area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC h, mean ± SD) was observed for enrofloxacin in chickens fed the FBs contaminated diet compared to the control group, 16.28 ± 1.82 h μg/mL versus 18.27 ± 1.79 h μg/mL. These findings suggest that concurrent administration of drugs with FBs contaminated feed might alter the pharmacokinetic characteristics of CYP1A4 substrate drugs and MDR1 substrates, such as enrofloxacin.
Gunther Antonissen; Mathias Devreese; Siegrid De Baere; An Martel; Filip Van Immerseel; Siska Croubels. Impact of Fusarium mycotoxins on hepatic and intestinal mRNA expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes and drug transporters, and on the pharmacokinetics of oral enrofloxacin in broiler chickens. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2017, 101, 75 -83.
AMA StyleGunther Antonissen, Mathias Devreese, Siegrid De Baere, An Martel, Filip Van Immerseel, Siska Croubels. Impact of Fusarium mycotoxins on hepatic and intestinal mRNA expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes and drug transporters, and on the pharmacokinetics of oral enrofloxacin in broiler chickens. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2017; 101 ():75-83.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGunther Antonissen; Mathias Devreese; Siegrid De Baere; An Martel; Filip Van Immerseel; Siska Croubels. 2017. "Impact of Fusarium mycotoxins on hepatic and intestinal mRNA expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes and drug transporters, and on the pharmacokinetics of oral enrofloxacin in broiler chickens." Food and Chemical Toxicology 101, no. : 75-83.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisins (FBs) on the stress response in broiler chickens, using corticosterone (CORT) in plasma as a biomarker. Chickens were fed either a control diet, a DON contaminated diet, a FBs contaminated diet, or a DON and FBs contaminated diet for 15 d at concentrations close to the European Union maximum guidance levels for DON and FBs in poultry. Mean plasma CORT levels were significantly higher in broiler chickens fed a DON contaminated and a DON and FBs contaminated diet compared to birds fed a control diet. A similar trend was observed for animals fed a FBs contaminated diet. Consequently, feeding broilers a diet contaminated with DON and/or FBs induced a CORT stress response, which may indicate a negative effect on animal welfare.
G. Antonissen; S. De Baere; M. Devreese; F. Van Immerseel; A. Martel; Siska Croubels. Feed contamination with Fusarium mycotoxins induces a corticosterone stress response in broiler chickens. Poultry Science 2017, 96, 14 -17.
AMA StyleG. Antonissen, S. De Baere, M. Devreese, F. Van Immerseel, A. Martel, Siska Croubels. Feed contamination with Fusarium mycotoxins induces a corticosterone stress response in broiler chickens. Poultry Science. 2017; 96 (1):14-17.
Chicago/Turabian StyleG. Antonissen; S. De Baere; M. Devreese; F. Van Immerseel; A. Martel; Siska Croubels. 2017. "Feed contamination with Fusarium mycotoxins induces a corticosterone stress response in broiler chickens." Poultry Science 96, no. 1: 14-17.
The aim of present study was to reveal the toxicokinetic properties and absolute oral bioavailability of deoxynivalenol (DON) in turkey poults. Six turkey poults were administered this Fusarium mycotoxin per os and intravenously in a two-way cross-over design. Based on non-compartmental analysis, DON was absorbed rapidly (Tmax= 0.57 h) but incomplete, as the oral bioavailability was only 20.9%. DON was rapidly eliminated as well, both after oral (T1/2elimination PO=0.86 h) as well as intravenous (IV) (T1/2elimination IV = 0.62 h) administration. Furthermore, semi-quantitative analysis using high-resolution mass spectrometry revealed that DON-3α-sulphate is the major metabolite of DON in turkeys after IV as well as oral administration, with DON-3α-sulphate/DON ratios between 1.3-12.6 and 32.4-140.8 after IV and oral administration, respectively. Glucuronidation of DON to DON-3α-glucuronide is a minor pathway in turkey poults, with DON-3α-glucuronide/DON ratios between 0.009-0.065 and 0.020-0.481 after IV and oral administration, respectively. Only trace amounts of other metabolites were found including 10-DON-sulphonate, de-epoxydeoxynivalenol and 10-de-epoxydeoxynivalenol-sulphonate. In addition, a similar two-way cross-over study was performed in three broiler chickens, in order to compare the biotransformation of DON in both poultry species. High-resolution mass spectrometry revealed that DON-3α-sulphate was the major metabolite of DON in broiler chickens as well, with DON-3α-sulphate/DON ratios between 243-453 and 1,365-29,624 after IV and oral administration, respectively. These ratios indicate that broiler chickens metabolise DON even more extensively to the sulphate conjugate compared to turkey poults. Only trace amounts of other metabolites were detected in broiler chickens. In conclusion, it can be stated that the toxicokinetic behaviour of DON in broiler chickens and turkey poults is comparable (low absolute oral bioavailability, rapid absorption and elimination, extensive biotransformation to DON-3α-sulphate), however, relative differences in DON-3α-sulphate/DON ratios exist between both species which might explain the hypothesised difference in sensitivity of both poultry species to DON.
Mathias Devreese; G. Antonissen; N. Broekaert; T. De Mil; S. De Baere; Lynn Vanhaecke; P. De Backer; S. Croubels. Toxicokinetic study and oral bioavailability of deoxynivalenol in turkey poults, and comparative biotransformation between broilers and turkeys. World Mycotoxin Journal 2015, 8, 533 -539.
AMA StyleMathias Devreese, G. Antonissen, N. Broekaert, T. De Mil, S. De Baere, Lynn Vanhaecke, P. De Backer, S. Croubels. Toxicokinetic study and oral bioavailability of deoxynivalenol in turkey poults, and comparative biotransformation between broilers and turkeys. World Mycotoxin Journal. 2015; 8 (4):533-539.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMathias Devreese; G. Antonissen; N. Broekaert; T. De Mil; S. De Baere; Lynn Vanhaecke; P. De Backer; S. Croubels. 2015. "Toxicokinetic study and oral bioavailability of deoxynivalenol in turkey poults, and comparative biotransformation between broilers and turkeys." World Mycotoxin Journal 8, no. 4: 533-539.
A sensitive and specific method for the quantitative determination of gamithromycin in animal plasma, lung tissue and pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF) using liquid chromatography combined with heated electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed. The sample preparation was rapid, straightforward and consisted of a deproteinization and phospholipid removal step using an Oasis(®) Ostro™ 96-well plate (chicken, turkey and calf plasma) or HybridSPE(®)-Phospholipid SPE cartridges (pig plasma and turkey lung tissue), while a liquid-liquid extraction with diethyl ether in alkaline medium was used for PELF of turkey poults. Chromatography was performed on a C18 Hypersil GOLD column using 0.01M ammonium acetate in water with a pH of 9, and acetonitrile as mobile phases. The MS/MS instrument was operated in the positive electrospray ionization mode and the following selected reaction monitoring transitions were monitored for gamithromycin (protonated molecule>product ion): m/z 777.45>619.35 and m/z 777.45>157.80 for quantification and identification, respectively. The method was validated in-house: matrix-matched calibration graphs were prepared and good linearity (r≥0.99) was achieved over the concentration ranges tested (2.5-10,000ngmL(-1) for chicken, pig and calf plasma; 5.0-2500ngmL(-1) for turkey plasma; 50-10,000ngg(-1) for turkey lung tissue and 20-1000ngmL(-1) for turkey PELF). Limits of quantification (LOQ) were 2.5ngmL(-1) for chicken, pig and calf plasma and 5.0ngmL(-1) for turkey plasma, while the limits of detection (LOD) ranged between 0.007 and 0.07ngmL(-1). For lung tissue and PELF, respective LOQ and LOD values of 50ngg(-1) and 0.76ngg(-1) (lung tissue) and 20ngmL(-1) and 0.1ngmL(-1) (PELF) were obtained. The results for the within-day and between-day precision, expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD), fell within the maximal RSD values. The accuracy fell within -30% to +10% (concentrations 1-10ngmL(-1)) or -20% to +10% (concentrations>10ngmL(-1) or ngg(-1)) of the theoretical concentration. The method was successfully applied for the quantitative determination of gamithromycin in plasma samples of chickens, turkeys, pigs and calves; and in lung tissues and PELF of turkeys, all derived from pharmacokinetic studies in these animal species.
Siegrid De Baere; Mathias Devreese; Anneleen Watteyn; Heidi Wyns; Elke Plessers; Patrick De Backer; Siska Croubels. Development and validation of a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantitative determination of gamithromycin in animal plasma, lung tissue and pulmonary epithelial lining fluid. Journal of Chromatography A 2015, 1398, 73 -82.
AMA StyleSiegrid De Baere, Mathias Devreese, Anneleen Watteyn, Heidi Wyns, Elke Plessers, Patrick De Backer, Siska Croubels. Development and validation of a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantitative determination of gamithromycin in animal plasma, lung tissue and pulmonary epithelial lining fluid. Journal of Chromatography A. 2015; 1398 ():73-82.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiegrid De Baere; Mathias Devreese; Anneleen Watteyn; Heidi Wyns; Elke Plessers; Patrick De Backer; Siska Croubels. 2015. "Development and validation of a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantitative determination of gamithromycin in animal plasma, lung tissue and pulmonary epithelial lining fluid." Journal of Chromatography A 1398, no. : 73-82.
Both deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) are common contaminants of feed. Fumonisins (FBs) in general have a very limited oral bioavailability in healthy animals. Previous studies have demonstrated that chronic exposure to DON impairs the intestinal barrier function and integrity, by affecting the intestinal surface area and function of the tight junctions. This might influence the oral bioavailability of FB1, and possibly lead to altered toxicity of this mycotoxin. A toxicokinetic study was performed with two groups of 6 broiler chickens, which were all administered an oral bolus of 2.5 mg FBs/kg BW after three-week exposure to either uncontaminated feed (group 1) or feed contaminated with 3.12 mg DON/kg feed (group 2). No significant differences in toxicokinetic parameters of FB1 could be demonstrated between the groups. Also, no increased or decreased body exposure to FB1 was observed, since the relative oral bioavailability of FB1 after chronic DON exposure was 92.2%.
Gunther Antonissen; Mathias Devreese; Filip Van Immerseel; Siegrid De Baere; Sabine Hessenberger; An Martel; Siska Croubels. Chronic Exposure to Deoxynivalenol Has No Influence on the Oral Bioavailability of Fumonisin B1 in Broiler Chickens. Toxins 2015, 7, 560 -571.
AMA StyleGunther Antonissen, Mathias Devreese, Filip Van Immerseel, Siegrid De Baere, Sabine Hessenberger, An Martel, Siska Croubels. Chronic Exposure to Deoxynivalenol Has No Influence on the Oral Bioavailability of Fumonisin B1 in Broiler Chickens. Toxins. 2015; 7 (2):560-571.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGunther Antonissen; Mathias Devreese; Filip Van Immerseel; Siegrid De Baere; Sabine Hessenberger; An Martel; Siska Croubels. 2015. "Chronic Exposure to Deoxynivalenol Has No Influence on the Oral Bioavailability of Fumonisin B1 in Broiler Chickens." Toxins 7, no. 2: 560-571.
The aim of this study was to characterize 27 feed additives marketed as mycotoxin binders and to screen them for their in vitro zearalenone (ZEN) adsorption. Firstly, 27 mycotoxin binders, commercially available in Belgium and The Netherlands, were selected and characterized. Characterization was comprised of X-ray diffraction (XRD) profiling of the mineral content and d-spacing, determination of the cation exchange capacity (CEC) and the exchangeable base cations, acidity, mineral fraction, relative humidity (RH) and swelling volume. Secondly, an in vitro screening experiment was performed to evaluate the adsorption of a single concentration of ZEN in a ZEN:binder ratio of 1:20,000. The free concentration of ZEN was measured after 4 h of incubation with each of the 27 mycotoxin binders at a pH of 2.5, 6.5 and 8.0. A significant correlation between the free concentration of ZEN and both the d-spacing and mineral fraction of the mycotoxin binders was seen at the three pH levels. A low free concentration of ZEN was demonstrated using binders containing mixed-layered smectites and binders containing humic acids.
Thomas De Mil; Mathias Devreese; Siegrid De Baere; Eric Van Ranst; Mia Eeckhout; Patrick De Backer; Siska Croubels. Characterization of 27 Mycotoxin Binders and the Relation with in Vitro Zearalenone Adsorption at a Single Concentration. Toxins 2015, 7, 21 -33.
AMA StyleThomas De Mil, Mathias Devreese, Siegrid De Baere, Eric Van Ranst, Mia Eeckhout, Patrick De Backer, Siska Croubels. Characterization of 27 Mycotoxin Binders and the Relation with in Vitro Zearalenone Adsorption at a Single Concentration. Toxins. 2015; 7 (1):21-33.
Chicago/Turabian StyleThomas De Mil; Mathias Devreese; Siegrid De Baere; Eric Van Ranst; Mia Eeckhout; Patrick De Backer; Siska Croubels. 2015. "Characterization of 27 Mycotoxin Binders and the Relation with in Vitro Zearalenone Adsorption at a Single Concentration." Toxins 7, no. 1: 21-33.