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Dr. I. M. Rizwanul Fattah
School of Information, Systems and Modelling, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia

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Review
Published: 07 August 2021 in Energies
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The use of cutting fluids has played a vital role in machining operations in lubrication and cooling. Most cutting fluids are mineral oil-based products that are hazardous to the environment and the worker, cause severe diseases and pollute the environment. In addition, petroleum resources are becoming increasingly unsustainable. Due to environmental and health issues, legislations have been established to ensure that the consumption of mineral oil is reduced. Consequently, researchers are making efforts to replace these mineral oil-based products. Vegetable oils are grasping attention due to their better lubricating properties, ease of availability, biodegradability, low prices, and non-toxicity. In this study, a detailed review and critical analysis are conducted of the research works involving vegetable oils as cutting fluids keeping in view the shortcomings and possible solutions to overcome these drawbacks. The purpose of the review is to emphasise the benefits of vegetable oil-based cutting fluids exhibiting comparable performance to that of mineral oil-based products. In addition, an appropriate selection of non-edible vegetable oil-based cutting fluids along with optimum cutting parameters to avoid a scanty supply of edible oils is also discussed. According to this research, vegetable oils are capable of substituting synthetic cutting fluids, and this option might aid in the successful and cost-efficient implementation of green machining.

ACS Style

M. Naveed; A. Arslan; H. Javed; T. Manzoor; M. Quazi; T. Imran; Z. Zulfattah; M. Khurram; I. Fattah. State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives of Environmentally Friendly Machining Using Biodegradable Cutting Fluids. Energies 2021, 14, 4816 .

AMA Style

M. Naveed, A. Arslan, H. Javed, T. Manzoor, M. Quazi, T. Imran, Z. Zulfattah, M. Khurram, I. Fattah. State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives of Environmentally Friendly Machining Using Biodegradable Cutting Fluids. Energies. 2021; 14 (16):4816.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Naveed; A. Arslan; H. Javed; T. Manzoor; M. Quazi; T. Imran; Z. Zulfattah; M. Khurram; I. Fattah. 2021. "State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives of Environmentally Friendly Machining Using Biodegradable Cutting Fluids." Energies 14, no. 16: 4816.

Review
Published: 12 July 2021 in Energies
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Air pollution caused by vehicle emissions has raised serious public health concerns. Vehicle emissions generally depend on many factors, such as the nature of the vehicle, driving style, traffic conditions, emission control technologies, and operational conditions. Concerns about the certification cycles used by various regulatory authorities are growing due to the difference in emission during certification procedure and Real Driving Emissions (RDE). Under laboratory conditions, certification tests are performed in a ‘chassis dynamometer’ for light-duty vehicles (LDVs) and an ‘engine dynamometer’ for heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs). As a result, the test drive cycles used to measure the automotive emissions do not correctly reflect the vehicle’s real-world driving pattern. Consequently, the RDE regulation is being phased in to reduce the disparity between type approval and vehicle’s real-world emissions. According to this review, different variables such as traffic signals, driving dynamics, congestions, altitude, ambient temperature, and so on have a major influence on actual driving pollution. Aside from that, cold-start and hot-start have been shown to have an effect on on-road pollution. Contrary to common opinion, new technology such as start-stop systems boost automotive emissions rather than decreasing them owing to unfavourable conditions from the point of view of exhaust emissions and exhaust after-treatment systems. In addition, the driving dynamics are not represented in the current laboratory-based test procedures. As a result, it is critical to establish an on-road testing protocol to obtain a true representation of vehicular emissions and reduce emissions to a standard level. The incorporation of RDE clauses into certification procedures would have a positive impact on global air quality.

ACS Style

S. Rahman; I. Fattah; Hwai Ong; Fajle Ashik; Mohammad Hassan; Tausif Murshed; Ashraful Imran; Rahman; Rahman; Mohammad Hasan; T. Mahlia. State-of-the-Art of Establishing Test Procedures for Real Driving Gaseous Emissions from Light- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles. Energies 2021, 14, 4195 .

AMA Style

S. Rahman, I. Fattah, Hwai Ong, Fajle Ashik, Mohammad Hassan, Tausif Murshed, Ashraful Imran, Rahman, Rahman, Mohammad Hasan, T. Mahlia. State-of-the-Art of Establishing Test Procedures for Real Driving Gaseous Emissions from Light- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles. Energies. 2021; 14 (14):4195.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. Rahman; I. Fattah; Hwai Ong; Fajle Ashik; Mohammad Hassan; Tausif Murshed; Ashraful Imran; Rahman; Rahman; Mohammad Hasan; T. Mahlia. 2021. "State-of-the-Art of Establishing Test Procedures for Real Driving Gaseous Emissions from Light- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles." Energies 14, no. 14: 4195.

Review
Published: 22 June 2021 in Energies
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Global energy sources are being transformed from hydrocarbon-based energy sources to renewable and carbon-free energy sources such as wind, solar and hydrogen. The biggest challenge with hydrogen as a renewable energy carrier is the storage and delivery system’s complexity. Therefore, other media such as ammonia for indirect storage are now being considered. Research has shown that at reasonable pressures, ammonia is easily contained as a liquid. In this form, energy density is approximately half of that of gasoline and ten times more than batteries. Ammonia can provide effective storage of renewable energy through its existing storage and distribution network. In this article, we aimed to analyse the previous studies and the current research on the preparation of ammonia as a next-generation renewable energy carrier. The study focuses on technical advances emerging in ammonia synthesis technologies, such as photocatalysis, electrocatalysis and plasmacatalysis. Ammonia is now also strongly regarded as fuel in the transport, industrial and power sectors and is relatively more versatile in reducing CO2 emissions. Therefore, the utilisation of ammonia as a renewable energy carrier plays a significant role in reducing GHG emissions. Finally, the simplicity of ammonia processing, transport and use makes it an appealing choice for the link between the development of renewable energy and demand.

ACS Style

Muhammad Hasan; Teuku Mahlia; M. Mofijur; I.M. Rizwanul Fattah; Fitri Handayani; Hwai Ong; A. Silitonga. A Comprehensive Review on the Recent Development of Ammonia as a Renewable Energy Carrier. Energies 2021, 14, 3732 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Hasan, Teuku Mahlia, M. Mofijur, I.M. Rizwanul Fattah, Fitri Handayani, Hwai Ong, A. Silitonga. A Comprehensive Review on the Recent Development of Ammonia as a Renewable Energy Carrier. Energies. 2021; 14 (13):3732.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Hasan; Teuku Mahlia; M. Mofijur; I.M. Rizwanul Fattah; Fitri Handayani; Hwai Ong; A. Silitonga. 2021. "A Comprehensive Review on the Recent Development of Ammonia as a Renewable Energy Carrier." Energies 14, no. 13: 3732.

Original paper
Published: 19 May 2021 in Journal of Polymer Research
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Working with pristine polystyrene is a great challenge due to its poor mechanical properties and is a massive task to utilize for packaging and structural applications. This study includes the analysis and optimization of tensile properties of graphene-polystyrene nanocomposites membrane to determine the reinforcing effect of nanofiller on tensile properties. The two-dimensional (2D) graphene sheets and samples of graphene-polystyrene nanocomposites were fabricated by liquid exfoliation and solution casting technique, respectively. Nanocomposites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to evaluate their morphology, crystallographic phases, topography and thermal stability, respectively. Effect of filler concentration (0.06—0.74 wt. %), sonication time after mixing (3.18 – 36.82 min) and sonication temperature (16.48 – 58.52 ˚C) on ultimate tensile strength (UTS), percentage elongation and elastic modulus (E) were investigated and their responsive behavior was monitored respectively. In our experiment, it is shown that the concentration of graphene is a highly significant parameter. The optimized variables were found to be 0.60 wt. % of Graphene at 10 min of sonication time after mixing and 25 °C of sonication temperature. The obtained results demonstrate that the incorporation of graphene in the polystyrene matrix increases the mechanical properties of polystyrene. When compared with pristine polystyrene, the maximum increase witnessed in UTS, elongation and E was 97.36%, 82.70% and 174.08%, respectively.

ACS Style

Yasir Raza; Hassan Raza; Arslan Ahmad; Moinuddin Mohammed Quazi; Muhammad Abid; Monis Raza Kazmi; S. M. Ashrafur Rahman; Z. M. Zulfattah; I. M. Rizwanul Fattah. Production and investigation of mechanical properties of graphene/polystyrene nano composites. Journal of Polymer Research 2021, 28, 1 -12.

AMA Style

Yasir Raza, Hassan Raza, Arslan Ahmad, Moinuddin Mohammed Quazi, Muhammad Abid, Monis Raza Kazmi, S. M. Ashrafur Rahman, Z. M. Zulfattah, I. M. Rizwanul Fattah. Production and investigation of mechanical properties of graphene/polystyrene nano composites. Journal of Polymer Research. 2021; 28 (6):1-12.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yasir Raza; Hassan Raza; Arslan Ahmad; Moinuddin Mohammed Quazi; Muhammad Abid; Monis Raza Kazmi; S. M. Ashrafur Rahman; Z. M. Zulfattah; I. M. Rizwanul Fattah. 2021. "Production and investigation of mechanical properties of graphene/polystyrene nano composites." Journal of Polymer Research 28, no. 6: 1-12.

Research article
Published: 16 April 2021 in Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering
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In this research, waste stream essential oil such as orange oil is used as a diesel fuel partial replacement to be tested in a diesel engine. Like diesel fuel, orange oil does not contain any oxygen since it is constituted of limonene (a colourless liquid aliphatic hydrocarbon) and has almost similar density. A 6-cylinder diesel engine is operated using various blends of orange and diesel fuel. The engine was operated with three different fuel blends: neat diesel, 74% diesel + 26% orange oil (D74O26) and 59% diesel + 41% orange oil (D59O41). All the orange oil blends produced nearly the same brake power from the engine experiment compared to neat diesel fuel. Furthermore, all orange oil blends emit less particulate matter, and the ‘count mean diameter’ of the emitted particles is also lower than base diesel. Based on the obtained results, these blends can be suggested to be used in a diesel engine.

ACS Style

S M Ashrafur Rahman; I. M. Rizwanul Fattah. Evaluation of a compression ignition engine performance and emission characteristics using diesel-essential oil blends of high orange oil content. Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering 2021, 1 -8.

AMA Style

S M Ashrafur Rahman, I. M. Rizwanul Fattah. Evaluation of a compression ignition engine performance and emission characteristics using diesel-essential oil blends of high orange oil content. Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering. 2021; ():1-8.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S M Ashrafur Rahman; I. M. Rizwanul Fattah. 2021. "Evaluation of a compression ignition engine performance and emission characteristics using diesel-essential oil blends of high orange oil content." Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering , no. : 1-8.

Books book
Published: 29 March 2021 in Petrodiesel Fuels
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The high efficiency of diesel engines, their low operating costs, and their high durability and reliability have provided them with rapidly rising demand in the heavy-duty vehicle market. The growth of the diesel market requires a careful evaluation of the related environmental effects. Diesel exhaust contains components of a complete air and carbon combustion (nitrogen, water vapor, and carbon dioxide), as well as the products of incomplete combustion (i.e. carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and partially oxidized hydrocarbons such as particulates). This chapter begins with the introduction of the diesel combustion process and how those emissions are generated in diesel flames. After that, criteria emissions are discussed in detail. Finally, some of the prominent exhaust emission reduction approaches and their efficiencies are discussed.

ACS Style

I. M. Rizwanul Fattah; Hwai Chyuan Ong; T. M. Indra Mahlia; M. Mofijur. Diesel Emissions and Approaches to their Mitigation. Petrodiesel Fuels 2021, 1079 -1093.

AMA Style

I. M. Rizwanul Fattah, Hwai Chyuan Ong, T. M. Indra Mahlia, M. Mofijur. Diesel Emissions and Approaches to their Mitigation. Petrodiesel Fuels. 2021; ():1079-1093.

Chicago/Turabian Style

I. M. Rizwanul Fattah; Hwai Chyuan Ong; T. M. Indra Mahlia; M. Mofijur. 2021. "Diesel Emissions and Approaches to their Mitigation." Petrodiesel Fuels , no. : 1079-1093.

Review article
Published: 24 March 2021 in Journal of Water Process Engineering
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The emergence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC) in water and wastewater systems has high-risk implications for the environment. This manuscript discusses the treatment strategies for the removal of EDC in water and wastewater systems. The reviewed treatment outlines for EDC removal are classified into physical, biological, and chemical treatments. The application of EDC treatments is discussed based on the removal and degradation process to eliminate the EDC compounds. Interestingly, the physical treatment of membrane filtration processes has been an efficient method for EDC removal without using chemical disinfection in a treatment system. Nevertheless, like other EDC treatment methods, the membrane filtrations are not able to remove emerging contaminants completely. Thus, the overall factor of limitations and challenges in EDC treatment methods such as solubility, hydrophilicity, degradability, and polarity are discussed as to understand the applicability of the treatment techniques from the degradation pathways and the by-products produced. The integration treatment strategies through alternative approaches, such as sequential and hybrid treatments that enhanced the considerable removal of EDC are rely on the sample characteristics. Therefore, this article gathered each treatment approach's effectiveness and limitations, providing a potential outlook of EDC treatment strategies in water and wastewater treatment systems.

ACS Style

Mohd Faiz Muaz Ahmad Zamri; Raihana Bahru; Fatihah Suja'; Abd Halim Shamsuddin; Sagor Kumar Pramanik; Islam Md Rizwanul Fattah. Treatment strategies for enhancing the removal of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in water and wastewater systems. Journal of Water Process Engineering 2021, 41, 102017 .

AMA Style

Mohd Faiz Muaz Ahmad Zamri, Raihana Bahru, Fatihah Suja', Abd Halim Shamsuddin, Sagor Kumar Pramanik, Islam Md Rizwanul Fattah. Treatment strategies for enhancing the removal of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in water and wastewater systems. Journal of Water Process Engineering. 2021; 41 ():102017.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohd Faiz Muaz Ahmad Zamri; Raihana Bahru; Fatihah Suja'; Abd Halim Shamsuddin; Sagor Kumar Pramanik; Islam Md Rizwanul Fattah. 2021. "Treatment strategies for enhancing the removal of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in water and wastewater systems." Journal of Water Process Engineering 41, no. : 102017.

Review
Published: 22 March 2021 in Energies
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Compression ignition engines play a significant role in the development of a country. They are widely used due to their innate properties such as high efficiency, high power output, and durability. However, they are considered one of the key contributors to transport-related emission and have recently been identified as carcinogenic. Thus, it is important to modify the designs and processes before, during, and after combustion to reduce the emissions to meet the strict emission regulations. The paper discusses the pros and cons of different strategies to reduce emissions of a diesel engine. An overview of various techniques to modify the pre-combustion engine design aspects has been discussed first. After that, fuel modifications techniques during combustion to improve the fuel properties to reduce the engine-out emission is discussed. Finally, post-combustion after-treatment devices are briefly discussed, which help improve the air quality of our environment.

ACS Style

S. Rahman; I. Rizwanul Fattah; Hwai Ong; M. Zamri. State-of-the-Art of Strategies to Reduce Exhaust Emissions from Diesel Engine Vehicles. Energies 2021, 14, 1766 .

AMA Style

S. Rahman, I. Rizwanul Fattah, Hwai Ong, M. Zamri. State-of-the-Art of Strategies to Reduce Exhaust Emissions from Diesel Engine Vehicles. Energies. 2021; 14 (6):1766.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. Rahman; I. Rizwanul Fattah; Hwai Ong; M. Zamri. 2021. "State-of-the-Art of Strategies to Reduce Exhaust Emissions from Diesel Engine Vehicles." Energies 14, no. 6: 1766.

Review
Published: 11 March 2021 in Environmental Pollution
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The COVID-19 pandemic has exerted great shocks and challenges to the environment, society and economy. Simultaneously, an intractable issue appeared: a considerable number of hazardous medical wastes have been generated from the hospitals, clinics, and other health care facilities, constituting a serious threat to public health and environmental sustainability without proper management. Traditional disposal methods like incineration, landfill and autoclaving are unable to reduce environmental burden due to the issues such as toxic gas release, large land occupation, and unsustainability. While the application of clean and safe pyrolysis technology on the medical wastes treatment to produce high-grade bioproducts has the potential to alleviate the situation. Besides, medical wastes are excellent and ideal raw materials, which possess high hydrogen, carbon content and heating value. Consequently, pyrolysis of medical wastes can deal with wastes and generate valuable products like bio-oil and biochar. Consequently, this paper presents a critical and comprehensive review of the pyrolysis of medical wastes. It demonstrates the feasibility of pyrolysis, which mainly includes pyrolysis characteristics, product properties, related problems, the prospects and future challenges of pyrolysis of medical wastes.

ACS Style

Guangcan Su; Hwai Chyuan Ong; Shaliza Ibrahim; I. M. Rizwanul Fattah; M. Mofijur; Cheng Tung Chong. Valorisation of medical waste through pyrolysis for a cleaner environment: Progress and challenges. Environmental Pollution 2021, 279, 116934 .

AMA Style

Guangcan Su, Hwai Chyuan Ong, Shaliza Ibrahim, I. M. Rizwanul Fattah, M. Mofijur, Cheng Tung Chong. Valorisation of medical waste through pyrolysis for a cleaner environment: Progress and challenges. Environmental Pollution. 2021; 279 ():116934.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Guangcan Su; Hwai Chyuan Ong; Shaliza Ibrahim; I. M. Rizwanul Fattah; M. Mofijur; Cheng Tung Chong. 2021. "Valorisation of medical waste through pyrolysis for a cleaner environment: Progress and challenges." Environmental Pollution 279, no. : 116934.

Journal article
Published: 09 March 2021 in Energies
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The present study examines the effect of silicon dioxide (SiO2) nano-additives on the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with soybean biodiesel. Soybean biofuel was prepared using the transesterification process. The morphology of nano-additives was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The Ultrasonication process was used for the homogeneous blending of nano-additives with biodiesel, while surfactant was used for the stabilisation of nano-additives. The physicochemical properties of pure and blended fuel samples were measured as per ASTM standards. The performance and emissions characteristics of different fuel samples were measured at different loading conditions. It was found that the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) increased by 3.48–6.39% and 5.81–9.88%, respectively, with the addition of SiO2 nano-additives. The carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC) and smoke emissions for nano-additive added blends were decreased by 1.9–17.5%, 20.56–27.5% and 10.16–23.54% compared to SBME25 fuel blends.

ACS Style

R. Gavhane; A. Kate; Manzoore Soudagar; V. Wakchaure; Sagar Balgude; I. Rizwanul Fattah; Nik-Nazri Nik-Ghazali; H. Fayaz; T. Khan; M. Mujtaba; Ravinder Kumar; M. Shahabuddin. Influence of Silica Nano-Additives on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Soybean Biodiesel Fuelled Diesel Engine. Energies 2021, 14, 1489 .

AMA Style

R. Gavhane, A. Kate, Manzoore Soudagar, V. Wakchaure, Sagar Balgude, I. Rizwanul Fattah, Nik-Nazri Nik-Ghazali, H. Fayaz, T. Khan, M. Mujtaba, Ravinder Kumar, M. Shahabuddin. Influence of Silica Nano-Additives on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Soybean Biodiesel Fuelled Diesel Engine. Energies. 2021; 14 (5):1489.

Chicago/Turabian Style

R. Gavhane; A. Kate; Manzoore Soudagar; V. Wakchaure; Sagar Balgude; I. Rizwanul Fattah; Nik-Nazri Nik-Ghazali; H. Fayaz; T. Khan; M. Mujtaba; Ravinder Kumar; M. Shahabuddin. 2021. "Influence of Silica Nano-Additives on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Soybean Biodiesel Fuelled Diesel Engine." Energies 14, no. 5: 1489.

Journal article
Published: 13 January 2021 in Journal of Environmental Management
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This study investigated the engine performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel blends with combined Graphene oxide nanoplatelets (GNPs) and 10% v/v dimethyl carbonate (DMC) as fuel additives as well as analysed the tribological characteristics of those blends. 10% by volume DMC was mixed with 30% palm oil biodiesel blends with diesel. Three different concentrations (40, 80 and 120 ppm) of GNPs were added to these blends via the ultrasonication process to prepare the nanofuels. Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) surfactant was added to improve the stability of these blends. GNPs were characterised using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), while the viscosity of nanofuels was investigated by rheometer. UV-spectrometry was used to determine the stability of these nanoplatelets. A ratio of 1:4 GNP: SDS was found to produce maximum stability in biodiesel. Performance and emissions characteristics of these nanofuels have been investigated in a four-stroke compression ignition engine. The maximum reduction in BSFC of 5.05% and the maximum BTE of 22.80% was for B30GNP40DMC10 compared to all other tested blends. A reduction in HC (25%) and CO (4.41%) were observed for B30DMC10, while a reduction in NOx of 3.65% was observed for B30GNP40DMC10. The diesel-biodiesel fuel blends with the addition of GNP exhibited a promising reduction in the average coefficient of friction 15.05%, 8.68% and 3.61% for 120, 80 and 40 ppm concentrations compared to B30. Thus, combined GNP and DMC showed excellent potential for utilisation in diesel engine operation.

ACS Style

L. Razzaq; M.A. Mujtaba; Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar; Waqar Ahmed; H. Fayaz; Shahid Bashir; I.M. Rizwanul Fattah; Hwai Chyuan Ong; Kiran Shahapurkar; Asif Afzal; S. Wageh; Ahmed Al-Ghamdi; Muhammad Shujaat Ali; Ahmed I. El-Seesy. Engine performance and emission characteristics of palm biodiesel blends with graphene oxide nanoplatelets and dimethyl carbonate additives. Journal of Environmental Management 2021, 282, 111917 .

AMA Style

L. Razzaq, M.A. Mujtaba, Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar, Waqar Ahmed, H. Fayaz, Shahid Bashir, I.M. Rizwanul Fattah, Hwai Chyuan Ong, Kiran Shahapurkar, Asif Afzal, S. Wageh, Ahmed Al-Ghamdi, Muhammad Shujaat Ali, Ahmed I. El-Seesy. Engine performance and emission characteristics of palm biodiesel blends with graphene oxide nanoplatelets and dimethyl carbonate additives. Journal of Environmental Management. 2021; 282 ():111917.

Chicago/Turabian Style

L. Razzaq; M.A. Mujtaba; Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar; Waqar Ahmed; H. Fayaz; Shahid Bashir; I.M. Rizwanul Fattah; Hwai Chyuan Ong; Kiran Shahapurkar; Asif Afzal; S. Wageh; Ahmed Al-Ghamdi; Muhammad Shujaat Ali; Ahmed I. El-Seesy. 2021. "Engine performance and emission characteristics of palm biodiesel blends with graphene oxide nanoplatelets and dimethyl carbonate additives." Journal of Environmental Management 282, no. : 111917.

Journal article
Published: 11 December 2020 in Energy Conversion and Management
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Diminishing oil reserve, escalating energy dependence, and the environmental impact of fossil fuel utilization has led to research on renewable energy resources with a cleaner carbon footprint. Biofuel, especially biodiesel, has become a feasible substitute for petroleum diesel as it can be directly used in existing transport infrastructure without significant alteration. This paper starts by discussing some critical physicochemical properties and their effect on engine performance and emission. The research then proposes a ranking scheme to select the most suitable biodiesel based on six vital physicochemical properties: density, viscosity, heating value, flash point, cetane number and oxidation stability. The solution developed is independent of supervision, contrary to popular learning algorithms and can operate on the only intelligence whether an attribute is favourable by its higher/lower values. The novelty of the work consists in ensuring that the rarer properties pick up the greater weights and in establishing a simple ranker based on descriptive statistics. This scheme first generates transactions against each biodiesel which helps in association rule mining, which is later used to score/rank the biodiesels. The three phases and their subordinate sub-steps have been carried out using the platforms: Python, R and Tableau, respectively. The study endorses Brassica juncea, Cardoon (Cynara cardunculu), and poppyseed oil as the most desirable biodiesel feedstocks. On the other hand, cedar, castor and hiptage were ranked as least desirable in the list of 71 feedstocks based on the proposed ranking scheme. The proposed ranking scheme will help decision-makers such to analyze and obtain tailored biodiesel feedstock for their purposes.

ACS Style

S.M.A. Rahman; I.M.R. Fattah; S. Maitra; T.M.I. Mahlia. A ranking scheme for biodiesel underpinned by critical physicochemical properties. Energy Conversion and Management 2020, 229, 113742 .

AMA Style

S.M.A. Rahman, I.M.R. Fattah, S. Maitra, T.M.I. Mahlia. A ranking scheme for biodiesel underpinned by critical physicochemical properties. Energy Conversion and Management. 2020; 229 ():113742.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S.M.A. Rahman; I.M.R. Fattah; S. Maitra; T.M.I. Mahlia. 2020. "A ranking scheme for biodiesel underpinned by critical physicochemical properties." Energy Conversion and Management 229, no. : 113742.

Review
Published: 08 December 2020 in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
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This article aims to comprehensively review the anaerobic digestion (AD) process utilising the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) substrate. The AD of OFMSW has received considerable attention due to its significant energy and nutrient recovery as well as its greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation potential. AD is a biological process involving treating and stabilising organic matter in the absence of oxygen accomplished by a consortium of microorganisms and occurs under hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis phases. The hydrolysis phase is recognised as the primary rate-limiting step. Thus, exploring the ways to speed up the hydrolysis process will maximise biogas production. The key factors affecting the digestion efficiency include feedstock quality, pre-treatment process, design and selection of digestion process and process conditions including pH, temperature, carbon to nitrogen (C: N) ratio, organic loading rate and hydraulic retention time. The review reveals that solid-state anaerobic digestion (SSAD) is best suited for OFMSW due to its high solid concentration (>15%) and better process performance. The continuous digestion with thermophilic temperatures was found to be the best condition for high solid AD process. The plug flow and continuous stir tank reactors were the best performing options to control the biological conditions for the digestate post-treatment. Proper selection of the parameters for the whole process is crucial in ensuring process feasibility and economic sustainability of AD of OFMSW. The study revealed that the AD of OFMSW could play a significant role to mitigate waste and waste-related problems.

ACS Style

M.F.M.A. Zamri; Saiful Hasmady; Afifi Akhiar; Fazril Ideris; A.H. Shamsuddin; M. Mofijur; I. M. Rizwanul Fattah; T.M.I. Mahlia. A comprehensive review on anaerobic digestion of organic fraction of municipal solid waste. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2020, 137, 110637 .

AMA Style

M.F.M.A. Zamri, Saiful Hasmady, Afifi Akhiar, Fazril Ideris, A.H. Shamsuddin, M. Mofijur, I. M. Rizwanul Fattah, T.M.I. Mahlia. A comprehensive review on anaerobic digestion of organic fraction of municipal solid waste. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2020; 137 ():110637.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M.F.M.A. Zamri; Saiful Hasmady; Afifi Akhiar; Fazril Ideris; A.H. Shamsuddin; M. Mofijur; I. M. Rizwanul Fattah; T.M.I. Mahlia. 2020. "A comprehensive review on anaerobic digestion of organic fraction of municipal solid waste." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 137, no. : 110637.

Review article
Published: 05 December 2020 in Energy Conversion and Management
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Biodiesel is considered as a potential substitute for petroleum-based diesel fuel owing to its comparable properties to diesel. Biodiesel is generally produced from renewable sources such as agricultural products and microalgae in the presence of a suitable catalyst. Recently ionic liquid (IL) catalyzed synthesis of biodiesel has become a promising pathway to an eco-friendly production route for biodiesel. This review focuses on the use of ILs both as solvents as well as catalysts for sustainable biodiesel production from agricultural feedstocks and microalgae with high free fatty acid content. Reactions catalyzed by ILs are known to render high reactivity under the mild condition and high selectivity of ester product with simple separation steps. The article first discusses the state of the art of biodiesel production using ILs along with the physicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel. Then, current IL technologies were elucidated in terms of the categories such as acidic and basic ILs. The use of more advanced ILs such as supported ionic liquids and ionic liquid-enzyme catalysts on different biodiesel feedstocks were also discussed. Furthermore, the role of IL catalyst in intensified biodiesel production methods such as microwave and ultrasound technologies were also discussed. Finally, the prospects and challenges of IL catalyzed biodiesel production are discussed in this article. The review shows that ILs with brønsted acidity or basicity not only pose a low risk to the environment but also result in high biodiesel yields with mild reaction conditions in a short time. Brønsted acidic ILs can convert free fatty acids as well as triglycerides to biodiesel without the need for pretreatment, which facilitates in reducing the production cost of biodiesel. From the review, it can be concluded that ILs present great potential as catalysts for biodiesel production.

ACS Style

Hwai Chyuan Ong; Yong Wei Tiong; Brandon Han Hoe Goh; Yong Yang Gan; M. Mofijur; I.M. Rizwanul Fattah; Cheng Tung Chong; Asraful Alam; Hwei Voon Lee; A.S. Silitonga; T.M.I Mahlia. Recent advances in biodiesel production from agricultural products and microalgae using ionic liquids: Opportunities and challenges. Energy Conversion and Management 2020, 228, 113647 .

AMA Style

Hwai Chyuan Ong, Yong Wei Tiong, Brandon Han Hoe Goh, Yong Yang Gan, M. Mofijur, I.M. Rizwanul Fattah, Cheng Tung Chong, Asraful Alam, Hwei Voon Lee, A.S. Silitonga, T.M.I Mahlia. Recent advances in biodiesel production from agricultural products and microalgae using ionic liquids: Opportunities and challenges. Energy Conversion and Management. 2020; 228 ():113647.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hwai Chyuan Ong; Yong Wei Tiong; Brandon Han Hoe Goh; Yong Yang Gan; M. Mofijur; I.M. Rizwanul Fattah; Cheng Tung Chong; Asraful Alam; Hwei Voon Lee; A.S. Silitonga; T.M.I Mahlia. 2020. "Recent advances in biodiesel production from agricultural products and microalgae using ionic liquids: Opportunities and challenges." Energy Conversion and Management 228, no. : 113647.

Journal article
Published: 13 November 2020 in Energies
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In this study, waste cooking oil (WCO) was used as a feedstock for biodiesel production, where the pretreatment of WCO was performed using mineral acids to reduce the acid value. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to create an interaction for different operating parameters that affect biodiesel yield. The optimised biodiesel yield was 93% at a reaction temperature of 57.50 °C, catalyst concentration 0.25 w/w, methanol to oil ratio 8.50:1, reaction stirring speed 600 rpm, and a reaction time of 3 h. Physicochemical properties, including lower heating value, density, viscosity, cloud point, and flash point of biodiesel blends, were determined using American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. Biodiesel blends B10, B20, B30, B40, and B50 were tested on a compression ignition engine. Engine performance parameters, including brake torque (BT), brake power (BP), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) were determined using biodiesel blends and compared to that of high-speed diesel. The average BT reduction for biodiesel blends compared to HSD at 3000 rpm were found to be 1.45%, 2%, 2.2%, 3.09%, and 3.5% for B10, B20, B30, B40, and B50, respectively. The average increase in BSFC for biodiesel blends compared to HSD at 3500 rpm were found to be 1.61%, 5.73%, 8.8%, 12.76%, and 18% for B10, B20, B30, B40, and B50, respectively.

ACS Style

Luqman Razzaq; Shahid Imran; Zahid Anwar; Muhammad Farooq; Muhammad Mujtaba Abbas; Haris Mehmood Khan; Tahir Asif; Muhammad Amjad; Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar; Nabeel Shaukat; I. M. Rizwanul Fattah; S. M. Ashrafur Rahman. Maximising Yield and Engine Efficiency Using Optimised Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel. Energies 2020, 13, 5941 .

AMA Style

Luqman Razzaq, Shahid Imran, Zahid Anwar, Muhammad Farooq, Muhammad Mujtaba Abbas, Haris Mehmood Khan, Tahir Asif, Muhammad Amjad, Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar, Nabeel Shaukat, I. M. Rizwanul Fattah, S. M. Ashrafur Rahman. Maximising Yield and Engine Efficiency Using Optimised Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel. Energies. 2020; 13 (22):5941.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luqman Razzaq; Shahid Imran; Zahid Anwar; Muhammad Farooq; Muhammad Mujtaba Abbas; Haris Mehmood Khan; Tahir Asif; Muhammad Amjad; Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar; Nabeel Shaukat; I. M. Rizwanul Fattah; S. M. Ashrafur Rahman. 2020. "Maximising Yield and Engine Efficiency Using Optimised Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel." Energies 13, no. 22: 5941.

Journal article
Published: 09 October 2020 in Sustainability
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The present study investigated the relationship between the transmission of COVID-19 infections and climate indicators in Dhaka, Bangladesh, using coronavirus infections data available from the Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Bangladesh. The Spearman rank correlation test was carried out to study the association of seven climate indicators, including humidity, air quality, minimum temperature, precipitation, maximum temperature, mean temperature, and wind speed with the COVID-19 outbreak in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study found that, among the seven indicators, only two indicators (minimum temperature and average temperature) had a significant relationship with new COVID-19 cases. The study also found that air quality index (AQI) had a strong negative correlation with cumulative cases of COVID-19 in Dhaka city. The results of this paper will give health regulators and policymakers valuable information to lessen the COVID-19 spread in Dhaka and other countries around the world.

ACS Style

M. Mofijur; I.M. Rizwanul Fattah; A.B.M. Saiful Islam; M.N. Uddin; S.M. Ashrafur Rahman; M.A. Chowdhury; Asraful Alam; Alhaz Uddin. Relationship between Weather Variables and New Daily COVID-19 Cases in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8319 .

AMA Style

M. Mofijur, I.M. Rizwanul Fattah, A.B.M. Saiful Islam, M.N. Uddin, S.M. Ashrafur Rahman, M.A. Chowdhury, Asraful Alam, Alhaz Uddin. Relationship between Weather Variables and New Daily COVID-19 Cases in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (20):8319.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Mofijur; I.M. Rizwanul Fattah; A.B.M. Saiful Islam; M.N. Uddin; S.M. Ashrafur Rahman; M.A. Chowdhury; Asraful Alam; Alhaz Uddin. 2020. "Relationship between Weather Variables and New Daily COVID-19 Cases in Dhaka, Bangladesh." Sustainability 12, no. 20: 8319.

Journal article
Published: 03 September 2020 in Energies
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This study considered the impacts of diesel–soybean biodiesel blends mixed with 3% cerium coated zinc oxide (Ce-ZnO) nanoparticles on the performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of a single cylinder diesel engine. The fuel blends were prepared using 25% soybean biodiesel in diesel (SBME25). Ce-ZnO nanoparticle additives were blended with SBME25 at 25, 50, and 75 ppm using the ultrasonication process with a surfactant (Span 80) at 2 vol.% to enhance the stability of the blend. A variable compression ratio engine operated at a 19.5:1 compression ratio (CR) using these blends resulted in an improvement in overall engine characteristics. With 50 ppm Ce-ZnO nanoparticle additive in SBME25 (SBME25Ce-ZnO50), the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and heat release rate (HRR) increased by 20.66% and 18.1%, respectively; brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) by 21.81%; and the CO, smoke, and hydrocarbon (HC) decreased by 30%, 18.7%, and 21.5%, respectively, compared to SBME25 fuel operation. However, the oxides of nitrogen slightly rose for all the nanoparticle added blends. As such, 50 ppm of Ce-ZnO nanoparticle in the blend is a potent choice for the enhancement of engine performance, combustion, and emission characteristics.

ACS Style

Fayaz Hussain; Manzoore Soudagar; Asif Afzal; M.A. Mujtaba; I.M. Fattah; Bharat Naik; Mohammed Mulla; Irfan Badruddin; T. Khan; Vallapudi Raju; Rakhamaji Gavhane; S M Ashrafur Rahman. Enhancement in Combustion, Performance, and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Ce-ZnO Nanoparticle Additive Added to Soybean Biodiesel Blends. Energies 2020, 13, 4578 .

AMA Style

Fayaz Hussain, Manzoore Soudagar, Asif Afzal, M.A. Mujtaba, I.M. Fattah, Bharat Naik, Mohammed Mulla, Irfan Badruddin, T. Khan, Vallapudi Raju, Rakhamaji Gavhane, S M Ashrafur Rahman. Enhancement in Combustion, Performance, and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Ce-ZnO Nanoparticle Additive Added to Soybean Biodiesel Blends. Energies. 2020; 13 (17):4578.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fayaz Hussain; Manzoore Soudagar; Asif Afzal; M.A. Mujtaba; I.M. Fattah; Bharat Naik; Mohammed Mulla; Irfan Badruddin; T. Khan; Vallapudi Raju; Rakhamaji Gavhane; S M Ashrafur Rahman. 2020. "Enhancement in Combustion, Performance, and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Ce-ZnO Nanoparticle Additive Added to Soybean Biodiesel Blends." Energies 13, no. 17: 4578.

Journal article
Published: 02 September 2020 in Applied Sciences
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Microalgae has received overwhelming attention worldwide as a sustainable source for energy generation. However, the production of biofuel from microalgae biomass consists of several steps, of which lipid extraction is the most important one. Because of the nature of feedstock, extraction needs special attention. Three different methods were studied to extract algal oil from two different algae variant, Chlorella sp. and Spirulina sp. The highest percentage oil yield was obtained by ultrasonication (9.4% for Chlorella sp., 6.6% for Spirulina sp.) followed by the Soxhlet and solvent extraction processes. Ultrasonication and Soxhlet extraction processes were further optimized to maximize oil extraction as solvent extraction was not effective in extracting lipid. For ultrasonication, an amplitude of 90% recorded the highest percentage yield of oil for Spirulina sp. and a 70% amplitude recorded the highest percentage yield of oil for Chlorella sp. On the other hand, for Soxhlet extraction, a combination of chloroform, hexane, and methanol at a 1:1:1 ratio resulted in the highest yield of algal oil. Afterward, the crude algae oil from the ultrasonication process was transesterified for 5 h using an immobilized lipase (Novozyme 435) at 40 °C to convert triglycerides into fatty acid methyl ester and glycerol. Thus, ultrasonic-assisted lipid extraction was successful in producing biodiesel from both the species.

ACS Style

I.M. Rizwanul Fattah; M.Y. Noraini; M. Mofijur; A. S. Silitonga; Irfan Anjum Badruddin; T.M. Yunus Khan; Hwai Chyuan Ong; T.M.I. Mahlia. Lipid Extraction Maximization and Enzymatic Synthesis of Biodiesel from Microalgae. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 6103 .

AMA Style

I.M. Rizwanul Fattah, M.Y. Noraini, M. Mofijur, A. S. Silitonga, Irfan Anjum Badruddin, T.M. Yunus Khan, Hwai Chyuan Ong, T.M.I. Mahlia. Lipid Extraction Maximization and Enzymatic Synthesis of Biodiesel from Microalgae. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (17):6103.

Chicago/Turabian Style

I.M. Rizwanul Fattah; M.Y. Noraini; M. Mofijur; A. S. Silitonga; Irfan Anjum Badruddin; T.M. Yunus Khan; Hwai Chyuan Ong; T.M.I. Mahlia. 2020. "Lipid Extraction Maximization and Enzymatic Synthesis of Biodiesel from Microalgae." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17: 6103.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2020 in Energies
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This research work focuses on investigating the lubricity and analyzing the engine characteristics of diesel–biodiesel blends with fuel additives (titanium dioxide (TiO2) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC)) and their effect on the tribological properties of a mineral lubricant. A blend of palm–sesame oil was used to produce biodiesel using ultrasound-assisted transesterification. B30 (30% biodiesel + 70% diesel) fuel was selected as the base fuel. The additives used in the current study to prepare ternary fuel blends were TiO2 and DMC. B30 + TiO2 showed a significant reduction of 6.72% in the coefficient of friction (COF) compared to B30. B10 (Malaysian commercial diesel) exhibited very poor lubricity and COF among all tested fuels. Both ternary fuel blends showed a promising reduction in wear rate. All contaminated lubricant samples showed an increment in COF due to the dilution of combustible fuels. Lub + B10 (lubricant + B10) showed the highest increment of 42.29% in COF among all contaminated lubricant samples. B30 + TiO2 showed the maximum reduction (6.76%) in brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC). B30 + DMC showed the maximum increment (8.01%) in brake thermal efficiency (BTE). B30 + DMC exhibited a considerable decline of 32.09% and 25.4% in CO and HC emissions, respectively. The B30 + TiO2 fuel blend showed better lubricity and a significant improvement in engine characteristics.

ACS Style

M.A. Mujtaba; H.H. Masjuki; M.A. Kalam; Fahad Noor; Muhammad Farooq; Hwai Chyuan Ong; M. Gul; Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar; Shahid Bashir; I.M. Rizwanul Fattah; L. Razzaq. Effect of Additivized Biodiesel Blends on Diesel Engine Performance, Emission, Tribological Characteristics, and Lubricant Tribology. Energies 2020, 13, 3375 .

AMA Style

M.A. Mujtaba, H.H. Masjuki, M.A. Kalam, Fahad Noor, Muhammad Farooq, Hwai Chyuan Ong, M. Gul, Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar, Shahid Bashir, I.M. Rizwanul Fattah, L. Razzaq. Effect of Additivized Biodiesel Blends on Diesel Engine Performance, Emission, Tribological Characteristics, and Lubricant Tribology. Energies. 2020; 13 (13):3375.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M.A. Mujtaba; H.H. Masjuki; M.A. Kalam; Fahad Noor; Muhammad Farooq; Hwai Chyuan Ong; M. Gul; Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar; Shahid Bashir; I.M. Rizwanul Fattah; L. Razzaq. 2020. "Effect of Additivized Biodiesel Blends on Diesel Engine Performance, Emission, Tribological Characteristics, and Lubricant Tribology." Energies 13, no. 13: 3375.

Review article
Published: 19 June 2020 in Frontiers in Energy Research
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Biodiesel is one of the potential alternative energy sources that can be derived from renewable and low-grade origin through different processes. One of the processes is alcoholysis or transesterification in the presence of a suitable catalyst. The catalyst can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous. This article reviews various catalysts used for biodiesel production to date, presents the state of the art of types of catalysts, and compares their suitability and associated challenges in the transesterification process. Biodiesel production using homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis has been studied extensively, and novel heterogeneous catalysts are being continuously investigated. Homogeneous catalysts are generally efficient in converting biodiesel with low free fatty acid (FFA) and water containing single-origin feedstock. Heterogeneous catalysts, on the other hand, provide superior activity, range of selectivity, good FFA, and water adaptability. The quantity and strengths of active acid or basic sites control these properties. Some of the heterogeneous catalysts such as zirconia and zeolite-based catalysts can be used as both basic and acidic catalyst by suitable alteration. Heterogeneous catalysts from waste and biocatalysts play an essential role in attaining a sustainable alternative to traditional homogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production. Recently, high catalytic efficiency at mild operating conditions has drawn attention to nanocatalysts. This review evaluates state of the art and perspectives for catalytic biodiesel production and assesses the critical operational variables that influence biodiesel production along with the technological solutions for sustainable implementation of the process.

ACS Style

I. M. Rizwanul Fattah; H. C. Ong; T. M. I. Mahlia; M. Mofijur; A. S. Silitonga; S. M. Ashrafur Rahman; Arslan Ahmad. State of the Art of Catalysts for Biodiesel Production. Frontiers in Energy Research 2020, 8, 1 .

AMA Style

I. M. Rizwanul Fattah, H. C. Ong, T. M. I. Mahlia, M. Mofijur, A. S. Silitonga, S. M. Ashrafur Rahman, Arslan Ahmad. State of the Art of Catalysts for Biodiesel Production. Frontiers in Energy Research. 2020; 8 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

I. M. Rizwanul Fattah; H. C. Ong; T. M. I. Mahlia; M. Mofijur; A. S. Silitonga; S. M. Ashrafur Rahman; Arslan Ahmad. 2020. "State of the Art of Catalysts for Biodiesel Production." Frontiers in Energy Research 8, no. : 1.