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A significant challenge for designing a coordinated and effective protection architecture of a microgrid (MG) is the aim of an efficient, reliable, and fast protection scheme for both the grid-connected and islanded modes of operation. To this end, bidirectional power flow, varying short-circuit power, low voltage ride-through (LVRT) capability, and the plug-and-play characteristics of distributed generation units (DGUs), which are key issues in a MG system must be considered; otherwise, a mal-operation of protection devices (PDs) may occur. In this sense, a conventional protection system with a single threshold/setting may not be able to fully protect an MG system. To tackle this challenge, this work presents a comprehensive coordinated adaptive protection scheme for AC MGs that can tune their protection setting according to the system states and the operation mode, and is able to switch the PDs’ setting. In the first step of the proposed adaptive algorithm, an offline setting will be adopted for selective and sensitive fault detection, isolation, and coordination among proposed protective modules. As any change in the system is detected by the proposed algorithm in the online step, a new set of setting for proposed modules will be performed to adapt the settings accordingly. In this way, a new set of settings are adapted to maintain a fast and reliable operation, which covers selective, sensitive, and adaptive requirements. The pickup current (Ip) and time multiple settings (TMS) of directional over-current relays (DOCR), as well as coordinated time delays for the proposed protection scheme for both of the grid-connected and islanded modes of operation, are calculated offline. Then, an online adaptive protection scheme is proposed to detect different fault types in different locations. The simulation results show that the proposed method provides a coordinated reliable solution, which can detect and isolate fault conditions in a fast, selective and coordinated adaptive pattern.
Noor Hussain; Yousef Khayat; Saeed Golestan; Mashood Nasir; Juan Vasquez; Josep Guerrero; Kimmo Kauhaniemi. AC Microgrids Protection: A Digital Coordinated Adaptive Scheme. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 7066 .
AMA StyleNoor Hussain, Yousef Khayat, Saeed Golestan, Mashood Nasir, Juan Vasquez, Josep Guerrero, Kimmo Kauhaniemi. AC Microgrids Protection: A Digital Coordinated Adaptive Scheme. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (15):7066.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNoor Hussain; Yousef Khayat; Saeed Golestan; Mashood Nasir; Juan Vasquez; Josep Guerrero; Kimmo Kauhaniemi. 2021. "AC Microgrids Protection: A Digital Coordinated Adaptive Scheme." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15: 7066.
The protection of AC microgrids (MGs) is an issue of paramount importance to ensure their reliable and safe operation. Designing reliable protection mechanism, however, is not a trivial task, as many practical issues need to be considered. The operation mode of MGs, which can be grid-connected or islanded, employed control strategy and practical limitations of the power electronic converters that are utilized to interface renewable energy sources and the grid, are some of the practical constraints that make fault detection, classification, and coordination in MGs different from legacy grid protection. This article aims to present the state-of-the-art of the latest research and developments, including the challenges and issues in the field of AC MG protection. A broad overview of the available fault detection, fault classification, and fault location techniques for AC MG protection and coordination are presented. Moreover, the available methods are classified, and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed.
Noor Hussain; Mashood Nasir; Juan Carlos Vasquez; Josep M. Guerrero. Recent Developments and Challenges on AC Microgrids Fault Detection and Protection Systems–A Review. Energies 2020, 13, 2149 .
AMA StyleNoor Hussain, Mashood Nasir, Juan Carlos Vasquez, Josep M. Guerrero. Recent Developments and Challenges on AC Microgrids Fault Detection and Protection Systems–A Review. Energies. 2020; 13 (9):2149.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNoor Hussain; Mashood Nasir; Juan Carlos Vasquez; Josep M. Guerrero. 2020. "Recent Developments and Challenges on AC Microgrids Fault Detection and Protection Systems–A Review." Energies 13, no. 9: 2149.