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Dr. Diego Jaén-Carrillo
Universidad San Jorge

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Journal article
Published: 10 August 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Background: The lower limb behaves like a spring compressing and decompressing during running, where lower-limb stiffness is one of the most influential factors. This prospective observational study is aimed at examining the relationship between the connective tissue morphology and lower-limb stiffness and investigating whether the barefoot/shod condition influences on such relationship. Methods: 14 male amateur runners (10-km time trial <50′) were included. Data were recorded over one session, where participants ran 2 trials (i.e., barefoot and shod conditions) of 3 minutes at 12 km/h, where running spatiotemporal parameters and vertical (Kvert) and leg stiffness (Kleg) were obtained. Prior to testing trials, thickness and cross-sectional area (CSA) were recorded for Achilles (AT) and patellar tendons (PT) and plantar fascia (PF) with ultrasound. Results: Under barefoot condition, a positive correlation was found between Kleg and AT-thickness and CSA and PF-thickness; and between Kvert and AT-thickness and PF thickness. Under shod condition, a positive correlation was found between Kleg and PT-CSA and PT-thickness, and between Kvert and PT-CSA and PT-thickness. Conclusions: The results reveal a specificity of the relationship between the lower-limb stiffness and the morphology of the connective tissue. Greater tendon shows higher lower-limb stiffness when that tendon is specially demanded by the function.

ACS Style

Alberto Rubio-Peirotén; Felipe García-Pinillos; Diego Jaén-Carrillo; Antonio Cartón-Llorente; Ferrán Abat; Luis Roche-Seruendo. Relationship between Connective Tissue Morphology and Lower-Limb Stiffness in Endurance Runners. A Prospective Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 8453 .

AMA Style

Alberto Rubio-Peirotén, Felipe García-Pinillos, Diego Jaén-Carrillo, Antonio Cartón-Llorente, Ferrán Abat, Luis Roche-Seruendo. Relationship between Connective Tissue Morphology and Lower-Limb Stiffness in Endurance Runners. A Prospective Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (16):8453.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alberto Rubio-Peirotén; Felipe García-Pinillos; Diego Jaén-Carrillo; Antonio Cartón-Llorente; Ferrán Abat; Luis Roche-Seruendo. 2021. "Relationship between Connective Tissue Morphology and Lower-Limb Stiffness in Endurance Runners. A Prospective Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16: 8453.

Journal article
Published: 26 June 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Background: Musculotendinous reactive strength is a key factor for the utilization of elastic energy in sporting activities such as running. AIM: To evaluate the relationship between musculotendinous reactive strength and lower-limb stiffness during running as well as to identify age-related differences in both variables. Methods: Fifty-nine amateur endurance runners performed three 20-cm drop jumps and a constant 3-min easy run on a motorized treadmill. Reactive strength index and dynamic lower-limb stiffness were calculated with a photoelectric cell system by jumping and running, respectively. Additionally, sit to stand difference in plantar arch height was assessed as a static lower-limb stiffness measure. The cluster analysis allows the comparison between younger and older runners. Results: No significant correlations were found between jumping reactive strength and running lower-limb stiffness. The younger group performed better at drop jumps (p = 0.023, ES = 0.82), whereas higher-but-no-significant results were found for reactive strength index and stiffness-related metrics. Conclusions: Musculotendinous vertical reactiveness may not be transferred to combined vertical and horizontal movements such as running.

ACS Style

Diego Jaén-Carrillo; Antonio Cartón-Llorente; Demetrio Lozano-Jarque; Alberto Rubio-Peirotén; Luis Roche-Seruendo; Felipe García-Pinillos. Relationship between Reactive Strength and Leg Stiffness at Submaximal Velocity: Effects of Age on Distance Runners. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 6866 .

AMA Style

Diego Jaén-Carrillo, Antonio Cartón-Llorente, Demetrio Lozano-Jarque, Alberto Rubio-Peirotén, Luis Roche-Seruendo, Felipe García-Pinillos. Relationship between Reactive Strength and Leg Stiffness at Submaximal Velocity: Effects of Age on Distance Runners. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (13):6866.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Diego Jaén-Carrillo; Antonio Cartón-Llorente; Demetrio Lozano-Jarque; Alberto Rubio-Peirotén; Luis Roche-Seruendo; Felipe García-Pinillos. 2021. "Relationship between Reactive Strength and Leg Stiffness at Submaximal Velocity: Effects of Age on Distance Runners." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13: 6866.

Research article
Published: 05 May 2021 in Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology
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Analysis of changes in muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) in sport settings has become common due to its precise, continuous and non-invasive ability to provide measurements of a particular muscle using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Therefore, this study aims to determine level of agreement between two affordable NIRS-based oximeter wearable systems for measuring SmO2 level in the vastus lateralis in endurance runners. Seventeen trained endurance male runners (age: 34.2 ± 8.1 years; body mass: 70.5 ± 6.1 kg; height: 1.75 ± 0.04 m; BMI: 23 ± 1.7) completed a submaximal 60-min run-to-exhaustion treadmill running protocol trying to cover the longest possible distance. The SmO2 rates of the vastus lateralis were co-registered and continually obtained from two separate NIRS-based oximeter wearable systems over the running trial. The between-system means comparison reveals no significant differences in SmO2 at any point of the running protocol ( p > 0.217) with trivial-to-small ES (ES < 0.27). Significant relationships ( p < 0.05) were identified between systems with large and very large Pearson coefficients ( r > 0.624). Additionally, substantial and almost perfect ICCs were obtained (ICC > 0.729). Bland-Altman plots exposed homoscedasticity ( r2 < 0.1) for all the periods analysed during the running protocol, with mean differences lower than 3.2% over the time trial. The results found here show the level of agreement between two economical NIRS-based oximeter wearable systems. Notwithstanding their level of agreement, their interchangeable use is not recommended due to the variation shown for SmO2 levels.

ACS Style

Diego Jaén-Carrillo; Luis E Roche-Seruendo; Antonio Cartón-Llorente; Felipe García-Pinillos. Agreement between muscle oxygen saturation from two commercially available systems in endurance running: Moxy Monitor versus Humon Hex. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Diego Jaén-Carrillo, Luis E Roche-Seruendo, Antonio Cartón-Llorente, Felipe García-Pinillos. Agreement between muscle oxygen saturation from two commercially available systems in endurance running: Moxy Monitor versus Humon Hex. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Diego Jaén-Carrillo; Luis E Roche-Seruendo; Antonio Cartón-Llorente; Felipe García-Pinillos. 2021. "Agreement between muscle oxygen saturation from two commercially available systems in endurance running: Moxy Monitor versus Humon Hex." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 02 March 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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This study aimed to determine the influence of arch stiffness on running spatiotemporal parameters at a common speed for a wide range of endurance runners (i.e., 12 km·h−1). In total, 97 runners, 52 men and 45 women, completed a treadmill running protocol at 12 km·h−1. Spatiotemporal parameters were measured using the OptoGait system, and foot structure was assessed by determining arch stiffness. Since between-sex differences were found in anthropometric and foot structure variables, data analysis was conducted separately for men and women, and body mass and height were considered as covariates. For both sexes, a k-means cluster analysis grouped participants according to arch stiffness, by obtaining a group of low-arch stiffness (LAS group) and a group of high-arch stiffness (HAS group), with significant differences in arch stiffness (p < 0.001, for both men and women). No significant differences between LAS and HAS groups were found in running spatiotemporal parameters, regardless of sex (p ≥ 0.05). For both sexes, the partial correlation analysis reported no significant correlations (p ≥ 0.05) between foot structure variables and running spatiotemporal parameters. The results obtained show no differences in spatiotemporal gait characteristics during running at submaximal velocity between runners with low-arch stiffness and those with high-arch stiffness, regardless of sex. These findings may have important implications for clinicians and coaches by adding more evidence to the debate about the use of static foot classification measures when characterizing the foot and its biomechanics during running.

ACS Style

Felipe García-Pinillos; Diego Jaén-Carrillo; Pedro Latorre-Román; Carles Escalona-Marfil; Víctor Soto-Hermoso; Carlos Lago-Fuentes; Silvia Pueyo-Villa; Irma Domínguez-Azpíroz; Luis Roche-Seruendo. Does Arch Stiffness Influence Running Spatiotemporal Parameters? An Analysis of the Relationship between Influencing Factors on Running Performance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 2437 .

AMA Style

Felipe García-Pinillos, Diego Jaén-Carrillo, Pedro Latorre-Román, Carles Escalona-Marfil, Víctor Soto-Hermoso, Carlos Lago-Fuentes, Silvia Pueyo-Villa, Irma Domínguez-Azpíroz, Luis Roche-Seruendo. Does Arch Stiffness Influence Running Spatiotemporal Parameters? An Analysis of the Relationship between Influencing Factors on Running Performance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (5):2437.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Felipe García-Pinillos; Diego Jaén-Carrillo; Pedro Latorre-Román; Carles Escalona-Marfil; Víctor Soto-Hermoso; Carlos Lago-Fuentes; Silvia Pueyo-Villa; Irma Domínguez-Azpíroz; Luis Roche-Seruendo. 2021. "Does Arch Stiffness Influence Running Spatiotemporal Parameters? An Analysis of the Relationship between Influencing Factors on Running Performance." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5: 2437.

Journal article
Published: 18 February 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The influence of the morphologic characteristics of connective tissue, which plays an essential role during sports activities, on sporting tasks needs further research given the controversial findings reported in the literature. This study aimed at examining the relationship between lower limb connective tissue morphology and drop jump reactivity and determining the influence of sex and athletic performance level. A total of 30 men and 14 women, runners, executed 6 drop jumps (3 × 20 cm and 30 cm height respectively) and their thickness and cross-sectional area were recorded for Achilles and patellar tendons and plantar fascia. No significant results were found in the relationship between the morphology of the connective tissue and reactivity strength index for both sexes. Significant sex differences were found, while women showed greater values (p < 0.005) for Achilles tendon and plantar fascia; men showed greater values for reactivity strength index and drop jump performance (p < 0.001). The present study shows a limited relationship between connective tissue morphology and drop jump reactivity. Additionally, women showed greater normalized values for Achilles tendon and plantar fascia, and men showed greater reactivity strength index and jumping performance values. No relationships between athletic performance level and connective tissue were found.

ACS Style

Alberto Rubio-Peirotén; Felipe García-Pinillos; Diego Jaén-Carrillo; Antonio Cartón-Llorente; Luis Roche-Seruendo. Is There A Relationship between the Morphology of Connective Tissue and Reactivity during A Drop Jump? Influence of Sex and Athletic Performance Level. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 1969 .

AMA Style

Alberto Rubio-Peirotén, Felipe García-Pinillos, Diego Jaén-Carrillo, Antonio Cartón-Llorente, Luis Roche-Seruendo. Is There A Relationship between the Morphology of Connective Tissue and Reactivity during A Drop Jump? Influence of Sex and Athletic Performance Level. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (4):1969.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alberto Rubio-Peirotén; Felipe García-Pinillos; Diego Jaén-Carrillo; Antonio Cartón-Llorente; Luis Roche-Seruendo. 2021. "Is There A Relationship between the Morphology of Connective Tissue and Reactivity during A Drop Jump? Influence of Sex and Athletic Performance Level." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4: 1969.

Journal article
Published: 15 January 2021 in Sensors
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Wearable technology has allowed for the real-time assessment of mechanical work employed in several sporting activities. Through novel power metrics, Functional Threshold Power have shown a reliable indicator of training intensities. This study aims to determine the relationship between mean power output (MPO) values obtained during three submaximal running time trials (i.e., 10 min, 20 min, and 30 min) and the functional threshold power (FTP). Twenty-two recreationally trained male endurance runners completed four submaximal running time trials of 10, 20, 30, and 60 min, trying to cover the longest possible distance on a motorized treadmill. Absolute MPO (W), normalized MPO (W/kg) and standard deviation (SD) were calculated for each time trial with a power meter device attached to the shoelaces. All simplified FTP trials analyzed (i.e., FTP10, FTP20, and FTP30) showed a significant association with the calculated FTP (p < 0.001) for both MPO and normalized MPO, whereas stronger correlations were found with longer time trials. Individual correction factors (ICF% = FTP60/FTPn) of ~90% for FTP10, ~94% for FTP20, and ~96% for FTP30 were obtained. The present study procures important practical applications for coaches and athletes as it provides a more accurate estimation of FTP in endurance running through less fatiguing, reproducible tests.

ACS Style

Antonio Cartón-Llorente; Felipe García-Pinillos; Jorge Royo-Borruel; Alberto Rubio-Peirotén; Diego Jaén-Carrillo; Luis Roche-Seruendo. Estimating Functional Threshold Power in Endurance Running from Shorter Time Trials Using a 6-Axis Inertial Measurement Sensor. Sensors 2021, 21, 582 .

AMA Style

Antonio Cartón-Llorente, Felipe García-Pinillos, Jorge Royo-Borruel, Alberto Rubio-Peirotén, Diego Jaén-Carrillo, Luis Roche-Seruendo. Estimating Functional Threshold Power in Endurance Running from Shorter Time Trials Using a 6-Axis Inertial Measurement Sensor. Sensors. 2021; 21 (2):582.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antonio Cartón-Llorente; Felipe García-Pinillos; Jorge Royo-Borruel; Alberto Rubio-Peirotén; Diego Jaén-Carrillo; Luis Roche-Seruendo. 2021. "Estimating Functional Threshold Power in Endurance Running from Shorter Time Trials Using a 6-Axis Inertial Measurement Sensor." Sensors 21, no. 2: 582.

Research article
Published: 04 January 2021 in Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology
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The advent of portable power meters has revolutionized training in cycling, allowing an accurate field-based assessment of athletes. In a similar way, researchers have recently developed low-cost gait analysis equipment to assess running power in a more natural environment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the absolute reliability of two different power meters and the agreement between these two wearable devices (i.e., Stryd™ and RunScribe™) for measuring power during treadmill running. About 49 endurance runners performed a running protocol on a treadmill at self-selected comfortable velocities. Power output (W) was measured using the Stryd™ and RunScribe™ systems, which were attached to the same shoe. The absolute reliability, based on coefficient of variation, was 0.32 ± 0.29% for Stryd™ and 1.68 ± 1.49% for RunScribe™, while the standard error of the mean were 0.3 ± 0.2 W and 2.6 ± 2.5 W for Stryd™ and RunScribe™, respectively. Data from both devices showed significant correlations ( r = 0.783, p < 0.001) and the ICC ( r = 0.855) reported an almost perfect reliability. Bland–Altman plots revealed no heteroscedasticity of error ( r2 = 0.030), although a moderate systematic bias (−12.3 ± 26.6 W), and wide limits of agreement (39.8–64.3 W) were found. Considering the increased popularity of using power meter devices in running, scientists, coaches, athletes, and general users should be aware that data from these devices are reliable, but not interchangeable, due to the variation shown for running power output data.

ACS Style

Antonio Cartón-Llorente; Luis E Roche-Seruendo; Diego Jaén-Carrillo; Noel Marcen-Cinca; Felipe García-Pinillos. Absolute reliability and agreement between Stryd and RunScribe systems for the assessment of running power. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Antonio Cartón-Llorente, Luis E Roche-Seruendo, Diego Jaén-Carrillo, Noel Marcen-Cinca, Felipe García-Pinillos. Absolute reliability and agreement between Stryd and RunScribe systems for the assessment of running power. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antonio Cartón-Llorente; Luis E Roche-Seruendo; Diego Jaén-Carrillo; Noel Marcen-Cinca; Felipe García-Pinillos. 2021. "Absolute reliability and agreement between Stryd and RunScribe systems for the assessment of running power." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 18 November 2020 in Sensors
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The aim of this study was twofold: (i) to analyze the physical demands in the return to play (RTP) process of high-level soccer players in the role of floater in different soccer sided games (SGs) formats (i.e., 4vs4 + 2 and 8vs8 + 1); and (ii) to analyze the differences in physical demands encountered by regular and floater players among the SGs formats and official matches by means of global positioning system technology (GPS APEX pod, North Ireland) was used. Twenty-six highly trained, male soccer players (U16 years) participated in this investigation. Players were classified into two groups: 23 regular and 3 floater players, a total of eight SGs were analyzed, which involved the recording of 80 observations of regular and floater players. Match-play players showed most likely–probable differences in distance covered at high-intensity per minute (D > 14.4/min), at high-speed running per minute (D > 21/min), and peak velocity (Vpeak) in comparison to floaters in the 8vs8 + 1 LSG (large-side-games), and presented most likely differences in accelerations >2/min in comparison to match-play players. Therefore, the use of floaters during the last phase of the RTP (return to play) seems to be a useful strategy for progressive reintroduction into specific training (1) floater in the 4vs4 + 2 SSG; (2) floater in the 8vs8 + 1 LSG; (3) regular player in the 4vs4 + 2 SSG; and (4) regular player in the 8vs8 + 1 LSG before starting full trainings and returning to competition.

ACS Style

Demetrio Lozano; Miguel Lampre; Adrián Díez; Oliver Gonzalo-Skok; Diego Jaén-Carrillo; Daniel Castillo; José Luis Arjol. Global Positioning System Analysis of Physical Demands in Small and Large-Sided Games with Floaters and Official Matches in the Process of Return to Play in High Level Soccer Players. Sensors 2020, 20, 6605 .

AMA Style

Demetrio Lozano, Miguel Lampre, Adrián Díez, Oliver Gonzalo-Skok, Diego Jaén-Carrillo, Daniel Castillo, José Luis Arjol. Global Positioning System Analysis of Physical Demands in Small and Large-Sided Games with Floaters and Official Matches in the Process of Return to Play in High Level Soccer Players. Sensors. 2020; 20 (22):6605.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Demetrio Lozano; Miguel Lampre; Adrián Díez; Oliver Gonzalo-Skok; Diego Jaén-Carrillo; Daniel Castillo; José Luis Arjol. 2020. "Global Positioning System Analysis of Physical Demands in Small and Large-Sided Games with Floaters and Official Matches in the Process of Return to Play in High Level Soccer Players." Sensors 20, no. 22: 6605.

Review
Published: 13 November 2020 in Sensors
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Mechanical power may act as a key indicator for physiological and mechanical changes during running. In this scoping review, we examine the current evidences about the use of power output (PW) during endurance running and the different commercially available wearable sensors to assess PW. The Boolean phrases endurance OR submaximal NOT sprint AND running OR runner AND power OR power meter, were searched in PubMed, MEDLINE, and SCOPUS. Nineteen studies were finally selected for analysis. The current evidence about critical power and both power-time and power-duration relationships in running allow to provide coaches and practitioners a new promising setting for PW quantification with the use of wearable sensors. Some studies have assessed the validity and reliability of different available wearables for both kinematics parameters and PW when running but running power meters need further research before a definitive conclusion regarding its validity and reliability.

ACS Style

Diego Jaén-Carrillo; Luis Roche-Seruendo; Antonio Cartón-Llorente; Rodrigo Ramírez-Campillo; Felipe García-Pinillos. Mechanical Power in Endurance Running: A Scoping Review on Sensors for Power Output Estimation during Running. Sensors 2020, 20, 6482 .

AMA Style

Diego Jaén-Carrillo, Luis Roche-Seruendo, Antonio Cartón-Llorente, Rodrigo Ramírez-Campillo, Felipe García-Pinillos. Mechanical Power in Endurance Running: A Scoping Review on Sensors for Power Output Estimation during Running. Sensors. 2020; 20 (22):6482.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Diego Jaén-Carrillo; Luis Roche-Seruendo; Antonio Cartón-Llorente; Rodrigo Ramírez-Campillo; Felipe García-Pinillos. 2020. "Mechanical Power in Endurance Running: A Scoping Review on Sensors for Power Output Estimation during Running." Sensors 20, no. 22: 6482.

Journal article
Published: 05 November 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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This study determined the strength training (ST) habits of amateur endurance runners in Spain regarding athletic level. A sixteen-item online questionnaire comprised of (i) demographic information, (ii) performance, and (iii) training contents was completed by 1179 athletes. Five group levels were determined according to the personal best times of the athletes in a 10-km trial (LG1: level group 1, 50–55 min; LG2: level group 2, 45–50 min; LG3: level group 3, 40–45 min; LG4: level group 4, 35–40 min; LG5: level group 5, 30–35 min). Most athletes (n = 735, 62.3%) perceived ST as being a key component in their training program. Resistance training (RT) was reported as a ST type used by 63.4% of the athletes, 66.9% reported using bodyweight exercises, 46.8% reported using plyometric training, 65.6% reported using uphill runs, and 17.8% reported using resisted runs. The prevalence of runners who excluded ST from their training programs decreased as the athletic performance level increased (18.2% in lower-level athletes vs. 3.0% in higher-level), while the inclusion of RT, bodyweight exercises, plyometric training, and uphill and resisted runs was more frequent within higher-level groups. Most athletes included ST using low-to-moderate loads and high a number of repetitions/sets comprised of RT, plyometric training, resisted runs, and core, respiratory, and foot muscles training.

ACS Style

Felipe García-Pinillos; Carlos Lago-Fuentes; Diego Jaén-Carrillo; Pascual Bujalance-Moreno; Pedro Ángel Latorre-Román; Luis Enrique Roche-Seruendo; Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo. Strength Training Habits in Amateur Endurance Runners in Spain: Influence of Athletic Level. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 8184 .

AMA Style

Felipe García-Pinillos, Carlos Lago-Fuentes, Diego Jaén-Carrillo, Pascual Bujalance-Moreno, Pedro Ángel Latorre-Román, Luis Enrique Roche-Seruendo, Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo. Strength Training Habits in Amateur Endurance Runners in Spain: Influence of Athletic Level. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (21):8184.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Felipe García-Pinillos; Carlos Lago-Fuentes; Diego Jaén-Carrillo; Pascual Bujalance-Moreno; Pedro Ángel Latorre-Román; Luis Enrique Roche-Seruendo; Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo. 2020. "Strength Training Habits in Amateur Endurance Runners in Spain: Influence of Athletic Level." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21: 8184.

Journal article
Published: 23 October 2020 in JMIR mHealth and uHealth
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Background Markerless systems to capture body motion require no markers to be attached to the body, thereby improving clinical feasibility and testing time. However, the lack of markers might affect the accuracy of measurements. Objective This study aimed to determine the absolute reliability and concurrent validity of the Kinect system with MotionMetrix software for spatiotemporal variables during running at a comfortable velocity, by comparing data between the combination system and two widely used systems—OptoGait and high-speed video analysis at 1000 Hz. Methods In total, 25 runners followed a running protocol on a treadmill at a speed of 12 km/h. The Kinect+MotionMetrix combination measured spatiotemporal parameters during running (ie, contact time, flight time, step frequency, and step length), which were compared to those obtained from two reference systems. Results Regardless of the system, flight time had the highest coefficients of variation (OptoGait: 16.4%; video analysis: 17.3%; Kinect+MotionMetrix: 23.2%). The rest of the coefficients of variation reported were lower than 8.1%. Correlation analysis showed very high correlations (r>0.8; P<.001) and almost perfect associations (intraclass correlation coefficient>0.81) between systems for all the spatiotemporal parameters except contact time, which had lower values. Bland-Altman plots revealed smaller systematic biases and random errors for step frequency and step length and larger systematic biases and random errors for temporal parameters with the Kinect+MotionMetrix system as compared to OptoGait (difference: contact time +3.0%, flight time −7.9%) and high-speed video analysis at 1000 Hz (difference: contact time +4.2%, flight time −11.3%). Accordingly, heteroscedasticity was found between systems for temporal parameters (r2>0.1). Conclusions The results indicate that the Kinect+MotionMetrix combination slightly overestimates contact time and strongly underestimates flight time as compared to the OptoGait system and high-speed video analysis at 1000 Hz. However, it is a valid tool for measuring step frequency and step length when compared to reference systems. Future studies should determine the reliability of this system for determining temporal parameters.

ACS Style

Felipe García-Pinillos; Diego Jaén-Carrillo; Victor Soto Hermoso; Pedro Latorre Román; Pedro Delgado; Cristian Martinez; Antonio Carton; Luis Roche Seruendo. Agreement Between Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters Measured by a Markerless Motion Capture System and Two Reference Systems—a Treadmill-Based Photoelectric Cell and High-Speed Video Analyses: Comparative Study. JMIR mHealth and uHealth 2020, 8, e19498 .

AMA Style

Felipe García-Pinillos, Diego Jaén-Carrillo, Victor Soto Hermoso, Pedro Latorre Román, Pedro Delgado, Cristian Martinez, Antonio Carton, Luis Roche Seruendo. Agreement Between Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters Measured by a Markerless Motion Capture System and Two Reference Systems—a Treadmill-Based Photoelectric Cell and High-Speed Video Analyses: Comparative Study. JMIR mHealth and uHealth. 2020; 8 (10):e19498.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Felipe García-Pinillos; Diego Jaén-Carrillo; Victor Soto Hermoso; Pedro Latorre Román; Pedro Delgado; Cristian Martinez; Antonio Carton; Luis Roche Seruendo. 2020. "Agreement Between Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters Measured by a Markerless Motion Capture System and Two Reference Systems—a Treadmill-Based Photoelectric Cell and High-Speed Video Analyses: Comparative Study." JMIR mHealth and uHealth 8, no. 10: e19498.

Journal article
Published: 28 September 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Background: The study of children with unilateral cerebral palsy (UCP) has traditionally focused on motor aspects. The extent to which sensory processing disorders can affect their functional performance and quality of life (QoL) is uncertain. This study aimed to explore the differences in sensory processing between UCP and typical development (TD) children and to analyze the relationship of sensory processing with functional performance and QoL. Methods: Fifty-three children aged from 6 to 15 years (TD = 24; UCP = 26) were recruited. The Child Sensory Profile 2, Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory—Computer Adaptive Test and Kidscreen were used to evaluate sensory processing, functional performance and QoL. Results: UCP children showed sensory processing difficulties (avoidance: p = 0.02; registration: p = 0.00; body position: p = 0.00; oral: p = 0.02; social-emotional: p = 0.01), and scored lower in functional performance (daily activities: p = 0.00; mobility: p = 0.00; social/cognitive: p = 0.04) and in physical well-being (p = 0.00). The highest correlations in UCP group were found between proprioceptive processing and daily activities and mobility (r = −0.39); auditory, visual and tactile information and school environment (r = −0.63; r = −0.51; r = −0.46); behavioral and social-emotional responses and psychological well-being (r = −0.64; r = −0.49). Conclusions: UCP children have greater difficulty in sensory processing than TD children. Difficulties in proprioceptive processing contribute to poorer functional performance. Auditory, visual and tactile processing is associated with participation in the school environment and behavioral and social-emotional responses related to sensory processing are associated with the psychological well-being.

ACS Style

Patricia Jovellar-Isiegas; Inés Resa Collados; Diego Jaén-Carrillo; Luis Enrique Roche-Seruendo; César Cuesta García. Sensory Processing, Functional Performance and Quality of Life in Unilateral Cerebral Palsy Children: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 7116 .

AMA Style

Patricia Jovellar-Isiegas, Inés Resa Collados, Diego Jaén-Carrillo, Luis Enrique Roche-Seruendo, César Cuesta García. Sensory Processing, Functional Performance and Quality of Life in Unilateral Cerebral Palsy Children: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (19):7116.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Patricia Jovellar-Isiegas; Inés Resa Collados; Diego Jaén-Carrillo; Luis Enrique Roche-Seruendo; César Cuesta García. 2020. "Sensory Processing, Functional Performance and Quality of Life in Unilateral Cerebral Palsy Children: A Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19: 7116.

Journal article
Published: 25 September 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The objectives of this study were: (i) to analyse anthropometric parameters and throwing speed from seven meters in amateur male handball players of different ages; (ii) to know the relationship between anthropometric parameters and throwing. One hundred seventy-six male handball players (16.5 ± 5.1 years old) participated in the study, classified according to their age: senior (n = 35), U18 (n = 30), U16 (n = 37), U14 (n = 50) and U12 (n = 24). All participants were evaluated by anthropometric measurements (height, weight, body mass index, arm span, hand width) and throwing speed from 7 m standing. A one-way analysis of variance with a Bonferroni post hoc test was used to establish the differences between teams. Pearson’s simple correlation coefficients were calculated between analyse anthropometric parameters and throwing speed. Multiple linear regression was used to predict the throwing speed. Only BMI was related with throwing speed in all age groups (0.506 > r < 0.813, p < 0.05). Throwing speed was predicted (24–72%) with only one or two variables in each model. The selected variables were: BMI, arm span in U16 model and height U14 model, and the BMI, arm span and height are proved to be good predictors of TS in male handball players.

ACS Style

Jaime Tuquet; Juan Carlos Zapardiel; Jose M. Saavedra; Diego Jaén-Carrillo; Demetrio Lozano. Relationship between Anthropometric Parameters and Throwing Speed in Amateur Male Handball Players at Different Ages. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 7022 .

AMA Style

Jaime Tuquet, Juan Carlos Zapardiel, Jose M. Saavedra, Diego Jaén-Carrillo, Demetrio Lozano. Relationship between Anthropometric Parameters and Throwing Speed in Amateur Male Handball Players at Different Ages. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (19):7022.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jaime Tuquet; Juan Carlos Zapardiel; Jose M. Saavedra; Diego Jaén-Carrillo; Demetrio Lozano. 2020. "Relationship between Anthropometric Parameters and Throwing Speed in Amateur Male Handball Players at Different Ages." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19: 7022.

Journal article
Published: 21 September 2020 in Strength & Conditioning Journal
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Researching running spatiotemporal parameters has deepened knowledge of the spring-mass model and its capacity to estimate and predict kinetic and kinematic variables. However, although the impact of lower-limb stiffness on athletic performance seems considerable, recognition of lower-limb stiffness among coaches and practitioners remains sparse. This review highlights factors influencing lower-limb stiffness during running and their relationship to injury prevention and performance. Current knowledge of lower-body stiffness during running is integrated and new scientific scope offered. Because the different variables are correlational, it is strongly recommended not to measure their effects on lower-limb stiffness individually. The spring-mass model behavior when altering variables such as footwear or foot-strike pattern needs cautious examination. Although both stretch-shortening cycle and lower-limb stiffness are key parameters in elastic strain energy storage and release during sport activities, hormonal fluctuations (particularly associated with the menstrual cycle) should draw special attention because they affect musculotendinous stiffness properties and therefore may influence athletic performance and injury prevalence. Introducing lower-limb strength training would improve the characteristics of stiffness in running, contributing to maximized performance and reduced injury risk.

ACS Style

Diego Jaén-Carrillo; Luis E. Roche-Seruendo; Lauren Felton; Antonio Cartón-Llorente; Felipe García-Pinillos. Stiffness in Running: A Narrative Integrative Review. Strength & Conditioning Journal 2020, 43, 104 -115.

AMA Style

Diego Jaén-Carrillo, Luis E. Roche-Seruendo, Lauren Felton, Antonio Cartón-Llorente, Felipe García-Pinillos. Stiffness in Running: A Narrative Integrative Review. Strength & Conditioning Journal. 2020; 43 (2):104-115.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Diego Jaén-Carrillo; Luis E. Roche-Seruendo; Lauren Felton; Antonio Cartón-Llorente; Felipe García-Pinillos. 2020. "Stiffness in Running: A Narrative Integrative Review." Strength & Conditioning Journal 43, no. 2: 104-115.

Preprint content
Published: 20 April 2020
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BACKGROUND Markerless systems to capture body motion require no markers to be attached to the body, thereby improving clinical feasibility and testing time. However, the lack of markers might affect the accuracy of measurements. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the absolute reliability and concurrent validity of the Kinect system with MotionMetrix software for spatiotemporal variables during running at a comfortable velocity, by comparing data between the combination system and two widely used systems—OptoGait and high-speed video analysis at 1000 Hz. METHODS In total, 25 runners followed a running protocol on a treadmill at a speed of 12 km/h. The Kinect+MotionMetrix combination measured spatiotemporal parameters during running (ie, contact time, flight time, step frequency, and step length), which were compared to those obtained from two reference systems. RESULTS Regardless of the system, flight time had the highest coefficients of variation (OptoGait: 16.4%; video analysis: 17.3%; Kinect+MotionMetrix: 23.2%). The rest of the coefficients of variation reported were lower than 8.1%. Correlation analysis showed very high correlations (r>0.8; P<.001) and almost perfect associations (intraclass correlation coefficient>0.81) between systems for all the spatiotemporal parameters except contact time, which had lower values. Bland-Altman plots revealed smaller systematic biases and random errors for step frequency and step length and larger systematic biases and random errors for temporal parameters with the Kinect+MotionMetrix system as compared to OptoGait (difference: contact time +3.0%, flight time −7.9%) and high-speed video analysis at 1000 Hz (difference: contact time +4.2%, flight time −11.3%). Accordingly, heteroscedasticity was found between systems for temporal parameters (r2>0.1). CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the Kinect+MotionMetrix combination slightly overestimates contact time and strongly underestimates flight time as compared to the OptoGait system and high-speed video analysis at 1000 Hz. However, it is a valid tool for measuring step frequency and step length when compared to reference systems. Future studies should determine the reliability of this system for determining temporal parameters.

ACS Style

Felipe García-Pinillos; Diego Jaén-Carrillo; Victor Soto Hermoso; Pedro Latorre Román; Pedro Delgado; Cristian Martinez; Antonio Carton; Luis Roche Seruendo. Agreement Between Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters Measured by a Markerless Motion Capture System and Two Reference Systems—a Treadmill-Based Photoelectric Cell and High-Speed Video Analyses: Comparative Study (Preprint). 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Felipe García-Pinillos, Diego Jaén-Carrillo, Victor Soto Hermoso, Pedro Latorre Román, Pedro Delgado, Cristian Martinez, Antonio Carton, Luis Roche Seruendo. Agreement Between Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters Measured by a Markerless Motion Capture System and Two Reference Systems—a Treadmill-Based Photoelectric Cell and High-Speed Video Analyses: Comparative Study (Preprint). . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Felipe García-Pinillos; Diego Jaén-Carrillo; Victor Soto Hermoso; Pedro Latorre Román; Pedro Delgado; Cristian Martinez; Antonio Carton; Luis Roche Seruendo. 2020. "Agreement Between Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters Measured by a Markerless Motion Capture System and Two Reference Systems—a Treadmill-Based Photoelectric Cell and High-Speed Video Analyses: Comparative Study (Preprint)." , no. : 1.

Research article
Published: 03 February 2020 in Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology
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Despite the widespread use of the OptoGait photoelectric cell system for the analysis of running spatiotemporal parameters, its reliability has not been proved. Consequently, this study intends to determine the test–retest reliability of the system when applied to treadmill running spatiotemporal parameters and lower body stiffness at a constant velocity. Amateur endurance runners (n = 31; age: 34.42 ± 9.26 years; height: 171.54 ± 9.15 cm; body mass: 66.63 ± 11.3 kg) voluntarily consented to participate in this study. Data for each participant were recorded twice per session across two testing sessions. The intra-session and inter-session reliabilities of spatiotemporal parameters and lower body stiffness were determined through test–retest analysis. Although mean comparisons revealed significant differences between measurements in spatiotemporal running gait characteristics and lower body stiffness for intra-session (p < 0.05 in all parameters), the effect size was always small ( 0.7). The intraclass correlation coefficients revealed an almost perfect correlation between measurements (intraclass correlation coefficients >0.81), except Kleg with substantial reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.788). The inter-session reliability revealed some significant differences in contact time (p = 0.009) and Kleg (p = 0.013), although Cohen’s d indicated small effect size ( 0.8), and the intraclass correlation coefficients revealed an almost perfect inter-session association (intraclass correlation coefficients >0.881). The results found here show that the OptoGait system can be used confidently for running spatiotemporal parameters analysis and lower body stiffness at a constant velocity for healthy adults.

ACS Style

Diego Jaén-Carrillo; Felipe García-Pinillos; Antonio Cartón-Llorente; Alejandro Jesús Almenar-Arasanz; José Antonio Bustillo-Pelayo; Luis E Roche-Seruendo. Test–retest reliability of the OptoGait system for the analysis of spatiotemporal running gait parameters and lower body stiffness in healthy adults. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology 2020, 234, 154 -161.

AMA Style

Diego Jaén-Carrillo, Felipe García-Pinillos, Antonio Cartón-Llorente, Alejandro Jesús Almenar-Arasanz, José Antonio Bustillo-Pelayo, Luis E Roche-Seruendo. Test–retest reliability of the OptoGait system for the analysis of spatiotemporal running gait parameters and lower body stiffness in healthy adults. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology. 2020; 234 (2):154-161.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Diego Jaén-Carrillo; Felipe García-Pinillos; Antonio Cartón-Llorente; Alejandro Jesús Almenar-Arasanz; José Antonio Bustillo-Pelayo; Luis E Roche-Seruendo. 2020. "Test–retest reliability of the OptoGait system for the analysis of spatiotemporal running gait parameters and lower body stiffness in healthy adults." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology 234, no. 2: 154-161.

Journal article
Published: 24 December 2019 in Gait & Posture
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Describing the response of spatiotemporal gait characteristics, and related variables such as variability and stiffness, to different stressors is important to better understand spring-mass model. This study aimed to examine the effect of fatigue induced by a running protocol on spatiotemporal gait parameters, step variability and vertical (Kvert) and leg stiffness (Kleg) during running on a treadmill. Twenty-two trained male endurance runners performed a 60-min time trial run. An analysis of spatiotemporal parameters (contact time [CT], flight time [FT], step frequency [SF] and step length [SL]), step variability (in terms of coefficient of variation [CV]) and stiffness was conducted in two different conditions: non-fatigued (before the protocol) and fatigued (after the protocol). The pairwise comparisons (i.e., non-fatigued vs. fatigued condition) indicated that temporal parameters (i.e., CT and FT) experienced significant changes (p = 0.001 and <0.001, respectively). Step variability increased in presence of fatigue, with higher CV in CT (p = 0.039), FT (p = 0.005), SF (p = 0.046) and SL (p = 0.027) after the running protocol. The Kleg experienced a reduction in the fatigued condition (p < 0.001) whereas the Kvert remained unchanged (p = 0.602). The results indicate that fatigue induced by a 60-min time trial run causes some adaptations in spatiotemporal gait characteristics and stiffness in trained endurance runners. Specifically, in the presence of fatigue, the athletes showed greater CT and shorter FT, higher step variability and lower leg stiffness.

ACS Style

Felipe García-Pinillos; Antonio Cartón-Llorente; Diego Jaén-Carrillo; Pedro Delgado-Floody; Vanessa Carrasco-Alarcón; Cristian Martínez; Luis E. Roche-Seruendo. Does fatigue alter step characteristics and stiffness during running? Gait & Posture 2019, 76, 259 -263.

AMA Style

Felipe García-Pinillos, Antonio Cartón-Llorente, Diego Jaén-Carrillo, Pedro Delgado-Floody, Vanessa Carrasco-Alarcón, Cristian Martínez, Luis E. Roche-Seruendo. Does fatigue alter step characteristics and stiffness during running? Gait & Posture. 2019; 76 ():259-263.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Felipe García-Pinillos; Antonio Cartón-Llorente; Diego Jaén-Carrillo; Pedro Delgado-Floody; Vanessa Carrasco-Alarcón; Cristian Martínez; Luis E. Roche-Seruendo. 2019. "Does fatigue alter step characteristics and stiffness during running?" Gait & Posture 76, no. : 259-263.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2017 in Journal of musculoskeletal & neuronal interactions
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In the present study, we analysed the kinetic profile together with the lower limb EMG activation pattern during a countermovement jump and its respective landing phase in males and females. Twenty subjects (10 males and 10 females) took part in the study. One experimental session was conducted in order to record kinetic and electromyographic (EMG) parameters during a countermovement jump (CMJ) and the subsequent landing phase. During the CMJ, males recorded a higher (p<0.001) performance than females in terms of jump height and power production. Stiffness values were lower in males than females due to greater centre of mass displacement during the countermovement (p<0.01). According to the EMG activity, males demonstrated greater (p<0.05) activation during the concentric phase of the jump. However, females revealed a higher co-contraction ratio in the plantar flexors during the push-off phase. During landings males showed higher (p<0.01) peak ground reaction forces (Fpeak), greater (p<0.05) stiffness and a higher maximal displacement of the CoM (p<0.05) than females. EMG analysis revealed greater EMG activity in the tibialis anterior (p<0.05) and rectus femoris (p=0.05) muscles in males. Higher plantar flexor co-activation during landing has also been found in males. Our findings demonstrated different neuromuscular control in males and females during jumping and landing.

ACS Style

G. Márquez; Luis M. Alegre; Diego Jaén-Carrillo; L. Martin-Casado; Xavier Aguado. Sex differences in kinetic and neuromuscular control during jumping and landing. Journal of musculoskeletal & neuronal interactions 2017, 17, 409 -416.

AMA Style

G. Márquez, Luis M. Alegre, Diego Jaén-Carrillo, L. Martin-Casado, Xavier Aguado. Sex differences in kinetic and neuromuscular control during jumping and landing. Journal of musculoskeletal & neuronal interactions. 2017; 17 (1):409-416.

Chicago/Turabian Style

G. Márquez; Luis M. Alegre; Diego Jaén-Carrillo; L. Martin-Casado; Xavier Aguado. 2017. "Sex differences in kinetic and neuromuscular control during jumping and landing." Journal of musculoskeletal & neuronal interactions 17, no. 1: 409-416.