Optimization and improvement of the electrical system are applied to cope with the increased demand for electrical power in the vehicular system; they must be carried out in many ways to ensure that the vehicles are provided with the necessary electricity for their performance work electrical equipment. This paper reviews the various optimization approaches for the alternator used in automotive applications and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each method. The optimization is achieved to the field excitation current that influences the alternator output voltage, and the other techniques designed a controller to optimize the output power of the alternator using power electronic converters. The most suitable approaches are those approaches that use real-time optimization and self-optimization methods. Combining the above two methods can achieve the best results, higher efficiency, stable performance, and a large amount of power produced by the alternator.

This paper proposed a speed control technique for Brushless Direct Current Motor (BLDC) using a Programmable Logic Control (PLC) unit. The BLDC has been widely used in many industrial applications because of its excellent structure and high performance because it needs minor maintenance requirements. A PLC is an industrially hardened computer-based unit that performs discrete or continuous control functions in various processing plants and factory environments. A closed-loop control method has been developed to maintain the motor's speed within acceptable limits and equal to the reference speed. The speed signal has been taken from a tachometer that is coupled with the rotor of the motor. The simulation result of the PLC software (logo soft comfort) gives good results for the motor's speed control. The most crucial idea of this project is that the PLC will do almost all the control actions. That is, it will compare the reference with the measured speed, then this error will be fed to the PWM block inside the PLC program, and finally, the controller will generate the required sequence for the gating signal.