Numerous control strategies are used to optimize the performance of the three-phase rectifier. Sliding Mode Control (SMC) is chosen for its robustness, fast response, high-efficiency control, finite-time convergence, and other features. Several SMC methods utilized with three-phase rectifiers are outlined in this review study. This study is divided into two main parts; the first part discusses the technique used to optimize the performance of the rectifier, while the second part discusses the SMC algorithms used to enhance the performance of the rectifier. In addition to their theoretical components, this review paper investigates the practical implementation challenges of SMCs for three-phase rectifiers. This paper discusses the optimization parameters of SMC and stability and load fluctuation in the rectifier system. It introduces state-of-the-art algorithms that enhance the rectifier’s dynamic performance, including the adaptive and observation algorithms. This paper is vital for engineers, researchers, and experts focusing on the SMC of three-phase rectifiers. To our knowledge, no similar review of three-phase rectifiers is available for SMC. Finally, a research gap is identified – as far as we know, no predefined time (free-will arbitrary time) SMC algorithm is used to control the performance of any power electronic device, such as a three-phase rectifier. This active rectifier is used in our project to optimize the power system for the alternator used in our unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) as an oil palm autonomous grabber.

Stepper Motors (SMs) are precise and exact in generating discrete stationary angular revolutions, and for these reasons it has recently been used in Robotic Devices. This paper introduces a design and implementation of three methods to control a two SMs using Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). These methods are: wave, half, and full Stepping Excitation Method (SEM). The speed, number of rotations, and direction (Bidirectional) of SMs are manipulated in each one of these methods. Experimentally, Siemens LOGO! 230 RC (as a basic PLC unit), with the aide of Digital Module LOGO! DM8 230R (as an expansion module) has been used in our work. LOGO! Soft Comfort Version 8.2 has been used to build our algorithms for the speed, displacement of rotations, and direction control of SMs. Function Block Diagram (FBD) semantic design program is employed to achieve the proposed PLC controller programs for SMs. This paper highlights the simplicity of possibility to control the SMs by using any type of the SEMs based on PLC . Using the PLC will save electronic components used in the drive circuit because it is not required any interface circuit linking the PLC and the SMs, as a result this will minimizing the cost and develop the whole reliability of the controller.

The Applications of a Fuel cell (FC) in the field of the electric vehicle has realized wide popularity since the past few years because of the problem of relative increases in fossil fuel prices in addition to depletion of this fuel. The objective of this study is to design DC drivers based on DC-DC buck converter for separately excited DC motor as a traction motor used for an electric vehicle. This motor is fed by Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) FC as a renewable energy source. Many control strategies are implemented to produce the suitable gating signal for the buck converter and get the best motor operation response which where Proportional Integral (PI) controller, Fuzzy Logic (FL) controller, and FL based self-tuning PI controller. The proposed FC power system is modeled and simulated using Matlab-Simulink and Fuzzy toolbox. The performance and accuracy of the proposed algorithm have been investigated in different situations. The simulation results showed that the speed response of the DC motor controlled by the FL based self-tuning PI controller had improved the performance (overshoot, rising time, settling time and steady-state error) when compared to the typical PI controller, and FL controller.

Optimization and improvement of the electrical system are applied to cope with the increased demand for electrical power in the vehicular system; they must be carried out in many ways to ensure that the vehicles are provided with the necessary electricity for their performance work electrical equipment. This paper reviews the various optimization approaches for the alternator used in automotive applications and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each method. The optimization is achieved to the field excitation current that influences the alternator output voltage, and the other techniques designed a controller to optimize the output power of the alternator using power electronic converters. The most suitable approaches are those approaches that use real-time optimization and self-optimization methods. Combining the above two methods can achieve the best results, higher efficiency, stable performance, and a large amount of power produced by the alternator.

The power generation using solar energy has been used widely many years ago due to fuel shortage and its low cost. In this paper, a design and implement of dual axis solar tracking system has been implemented using programmable logic controller (PLC). This proposed system, keeps the solar panels aligned with the sun during the sunrise hours, in order to maximize solar power extracted from the sun. In this work an open loop control systems been designed and carried out using PLC, and direct current motors for solar cell sun tracking. The tracking has done in two manners, that is, the usual daily sun tracking vertically, and the seasonal sun tracking horizontally. The second tracking technique, computes the difference in the day hours per year in four seasons, with the aid of PLC program, which is the solar time of the day hours or the sunrise hours of the day. After the system has completely installed a suitable measurement has been carried out for the fixed and moving solar panel. As compared with usual fixed panels, the power that has been obtained from the solar system is 38% better than the fixed technique.

This study describes a novel adaptive free-will arbitrary time sliding mode controller (AFWATSMC) designed to improve the performance of a three-phase rectifier in an autonomous oil palm grabber vehicle (Robot Autonomous Mechanical Buffalo Grabber (MBG)). The graber, initially powered by a diesel engine with an uncontrolled rectifier, was upgraded to support intelligent systems that require stable DC voltage management. To address the limitations of conventional rectifiers, the suggested AFWATSMC integrates adaptive factors to improve the performance of the original free-will arbitrary time algorithm. The key innovation of this work lies in combining the adaptive sliding-mode control structure with the free-will arbitrary convergence time algorithm, permitting user-defined system settling time nevertheless of dynamic uncertainties (system parameters and initial conditions), a capability not demonstrated in prior rectifier control strategies to the best of the current knowledge. An optimized control laws using genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) is suggested to tune the parameters using MATLAB Simulink and coding. A smooth waveform with reduced ripple factor was achieved for the DC output of the alternator with a total improvement of 75.47%; the AC output alternator current exhibited an enhanced sinusoidal shape, a reduction of the total harmonic distortion (THD) with a 46.69% improvement, and an achievement of unity power factor of 0.20% improvement was obtained compared to another adaptive SMC.