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Syahida Ahmad
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia

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Journal article
Published: 14 December 2020 in Plants
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Polyalthia bullata is an endangered medicinal plant species. Hence, establishment of P. bullata callus culture is hoped to assist in mass production of secondary metabolites. Leaf and midrib were explants for callus induction. Both of them were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Woody Plant Medium (WPM) containing different types and concentrations of auxins (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), picloram, and dicamba). The callus produced was further multiplied on MS and WPM supplemented with different concentrations of 2,4-D, NAA, picloram, dicamba, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) media. The quantification of total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant capacity was further carried out on P. bullata callus, and the results were subjected to correlation analysis. Among the media, the WPM + 16.56 µM picloram (53.33 ± 22.06%) was the best for callus induction while MS + 30 µM dicamba was the best for callus multiplication. The TPC, TFC, and EC50 of DPPH scavenging activity were determined at 0.657 ± 0.07 mg GAE/g FW, 0.491 ± 0.03 mg QE/g, and 85.59 ± 6.09 µg/mL in P. bullata callus, respectively. The positive correlation between DPPH scavenging activity with TPC was determined at r = 0.869, and that of TFC was at r = 0.904. Hence, the P. bullata callus has an ability to accumulate antioxidants. It therefore can be a medium for secondary metabolites production.

ACS Style

Munirah Adibah Kamarul Zaman; Azzreena Mohamad Azzeme; Illy Kamaliah Ramle; Nurfazlinyana Normanshah; Siti Nurhafizah Ramli; Noor Azmi Shaharuddin; Syahida Ahmad; Siti Nor Akmar Abdullah. Induction, Multiplication, and Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Polyalthia bullata Callus, A Woody Medicinal Plant. Plants 2020, 9, 1772 .

AMA Style

Munirah Adibah Kamarul Zaman, Azzreena Mohamad Azzeme, Illy Kamaliah Ramle, Nurfazlinyana Normanshah, Siti Nurhafizah Ramli, Noor Azmi Shaharuddin, Syahida Ahmad, Siti Nor Akmar Abdullah. Induction, Multiplication, and Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Polyalthia bullata Callus, A Woody Medicinal Plant. Plants. 2020; 9 (12):1772.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Munirah Adibah Kamarul Zaman; Azzreena Mohamad Azzeme; Illy Kamaliah Ramle; Nurfazlinyana Normanshah; Siti Nurhafizah Ramli; Noor Azmi Shaharuddin; Syahida Ahmad; Siti Nor Akmar Abdullah. 2020. "Induction, Multiplication, and Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Polyalthia bullata Callus, A Woody Medicinal Plant." Plants 9, no. 12: 1772.

Journal article
Published: 09 December 2020 in Antioxidants
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Microglial cells are the primary immune cell resident in the brain. Growing evidence indicates that microglial cells play a prominent role in alcohol-induced brain pathologies. However, alcohol-induced effects on microglial cells and the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, and evidence exists to support generation of oxidative stress due to NADPH oxidases (NOX_-mediated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we investigated the role of the oxidative stress-sensitive Ca2+-permeable transient receptor potential melastatin-related 2 (TRPM2) channel in ethanol (EtOH)-induced microglial cell death using BV2 microglial cells. Like H2O2, exposure to EtOH induced concentration-dependent cell death, assessed using a propidium iodide assay. H2O2/EtOH-induced cell death was inhibited by treatment with TRPM2 channel inhibitors and also treatment with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, demonstrating the critical role of PARP and the TRPM2 channel in EtOH-induced cell death. Exposure to EtOH, as expected, led to an increase in ROS production, shown using imaging of 2’,7’-dichlorofluorescein fluorescence. Consistently, EtOH-induced microglial cell death was suppressed by inhibition of NADPH oxidase (NOX) as well as inhibition of protein kinase C. Taken together, our results suggest that exposure to high doses of ethanol can induce microglial cell death via the NOX/ROS/PARP/TRPM2 signaling pathway, providing novel and potentially important insights into alcohol-induced brain pathologies.

ACS Style

Muhammad Syahreel Azhad Sha’Fie; Sharani Rathakrishnan; Iffa Nadhira Hazanol; Mohd Haziq Izzazuddin Dali; Mohd Ezuan Khayat; Syahida Ahmad; Yazmin Hussin; Noorjahan Banu Alitheen; Lin-Hua Jiang; Sharifah Alawieyah Syed Mortadza. Ethanol Induces Microglial Cell Death via the NOX/ROS/PARP/TRPM2 Signalling Pathway. Antioxidants 2020, 9, 1253 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Syahreel Azhad Sha’Fie, Sharani Rathakrishnan, Iffa Nadhira Hazanol, Mohd Haziq Izzazuddin Dali, Mohd Ezuan Khayat, Syahida Ahmad, Yazmin Hussin, Noorjahan Banu Alitheen, Lin-Hua Jiang, Sharifah Alawieyah Syed Mortadza. Ethanol Induces Microglial Cell Death via the NOX/ROS/PARP/TRPM2 Signalling Pathway. Antioxidants. 2020; 9 (12):1253.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Syahreel Azhad Sha’Fie; Sharani Rathakrishnan; Iffa Nadhira Hazanol; Mohd Haziq Izzazuddin Dali; Mohd Ezuan Khayat; Syahida Ahmad; Yazmin Hussin; Noorjahan Banu Alitheen; Lin-Hua Jiang; Sharifah Alawieyah Syed Mortadza. 2020. "Ethanol Induces Microglial Cell Death via the NOX/ROS/PARP/TRPM2 Signalling Pathway." Antioxidants 9, no. 12: 1253.

Research article
Published: 29 November 2020 in Biochemistry Research International
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Background. Reactive oxygen species generation in mammalian cells profoundly affects several critical cellular functions, and the lack of efficient cellular detoxification mechanisms which remove these radicals may lead to several human diseases. Several studies show that ROS is incriminated as destructive agents in the context of the nervous system especially with advance in age leading to neurodegeneration. Current treatments of this disease are not effective and result in several side effects. Thus, the search for alternative medicines is in high demand. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the reactive oxygen inhibitory effect of Phaleria macrocarpa 80% (leaf) extract. Methods. The leaf was extracted with 80% methanol. Cytotoxicity studies were carried out using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), and ROS inhibitory activities were evaluated using dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) assay in the SH-SY5Y cells model. Results. The result revealed ROS inhibitory activities of the crude extract with highly significant differences at p < 0.001 between the group that were treated with crude extract only, the group treated with crude extract and exposed to H2O2, and the group exposed to H2O2 only as well as the group that were maintained in complete media. Bioactive compounds show the presence of vitexin and isovitexin following the HPLC method. Conclusion. High antioxidant activities and low toxicity effect of this crude revealed its high benefit to be used as natural medicine/supplements.

ACS Style

Ibrahim Maina Hassan; Wan Norhamidah Wan Ibrahim; Ferdaus Binti Mohamat Yusuf; Siti Aqlima Ahmad; Syahida Ahmad. Biochemical Constituents of Phaleria macrocarpa (Leaf) Methanolic Extract Inhibit ROS Production in SH-SY5Y Cells Model. Biochemistry Research International 2020, 2020, 1 -7.

AMA Style

Ibrahim Maina Hassan, Wan Norhamidah Wan Ibrahim, Ferdaus Binti Mohamat Yusuf, Siti Aqlima Ahmad, Syahida Ahmad. Biochemical Constituents of Phaleria macrocarpa (Leaf) Methanolic Extract Inhibit ROS Production in SH-SY5Y Cells Model. Biochemistry Research International. 2020; 2020 ():1-7.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ibrahim Maina Hassan; Wan Norhamidah Wan Ibrahim; Ferdaus Binti Mohamat Yusuf; Siti Aqlima Ahmad; Syahida Ahmad. 2020. "Biochemical Constituents of Phaleria macrocarpa (Leaf) Methanolic Extract Inhibit ROS Production in SH-SY5Y Cells Model." Biochemistry Research International 2020, no. : 1-7.

Review
Published: 26 October 2020 in Foods
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Honey is characterized as a natural and raw foodstuff that can be consumed not only as a sweetener but also as medicine due to its therapeutic impact on human health. It is prone to adulterants caused by humans that manipulate the quality of honey. Although honey consumption has remarkably increased in the last few years all around the world, the safety of honey is not assessed and monitored regularly. Since the number of consumers of honey adulteration have increased in recent years, their trust and interest in this valuable product has decreased. Honey adulterants are any substances that are added to the pure honey. In this regard, this paper provides a comprehensive and critical review of the different types of adulteration, common sugar adulterants and detection methods, and draws a clear perspective toward the impact of honey adulteration on human health. Adulteration increases the consumer’s blood sugar, which can cause diabetes, abdominal weight gain, and obesity, raise the level of blood lipids and can cause high blood pressure. The most common organ affected by honey adulterants is the liver followed by the kidney, heart, and brain, as shown in several in vivo research designs.

ACS Style

Rafieh Fakhlaei; Jinap Selamat; Alfi Khatib; Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis; Rashidah Sukor; Syahida Ahmad; Arman Amani Babadi. The Toxic Impact of Honey Adulteration: A Review. Foods 2020, 9, 1538 .

AMA Style

Rafieh Fakhlaei, Jinap Selamat, Alfi Khatib, Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis, Rashidah Sukor, Syahida Ahmad, Arman Amani Babadi. The Toxic Impact of Honey Adulteration: A Review. Foods. 2020; 9 (11):1538.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rafieh Fakhlaei; Jinap Selamat; Alfi Khatib; Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis; Rashidah Sukor; Syahida Ahmad; Arman Amani Babadi. 2020. "The Toxic Impact of Honey Adulteration: A Review." Foods 9, no. 11: 1538.

Research article
Published: 23 September 2020 in Journal of Toxicology
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Background. Pathophysiological changes leading to the death of nerve cells present in the brain and spinal cord are referred to as neurodegenerative diseases. Presently, treatment of these diseases is not effective and encounters many challenges due to the cost of drug and side effects. Thus, the search for the alternative agents to replace synthetic drugs is in high demand. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the anticholinesterase properties of Ginkgo biloba seed. Methods. The seed was extracted with 80% methanol. Toxicity studies and evaluation of anticholinesterase activities were carried out in adult Javanese medaka (Oryzias javanicus). Phytochemical study to identify the bioactive lead constituents of the crude extract was also carried out using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results. The result shows activities with high significant differences at P<0.001 between the treated and nontreated groups. A bioactive compound (vitaxin) was identified with the aid of HPLC method. Conclusion. The presence of bioactive compound vitaxin is among the major secondary metabolites that contribute to increasing activities of this plant extract. High anticholinesterase activities and low toxicity effect of this plant show its benefit to be used as natural medicine or supplements.

ACS Style

Ibrahim Hassan; Wan Norhamidah Wan Ibrahim; Ferdaus Mohamat Yusuf; Siti Aqlima Ahmad; Syahida Ahmad. Biochemical Constituent of Ginkgo biloba (Seed) 80% Methanol Extract Inhibits Cholinesterase Enzymes in Javanese Medaka (Oryzias javanicus) Model. Journal of Toxicology 2020, 2020, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Ibrahim Hassan, Wan Norhamidah Wan Ibrahim, Ferdaus Mohamat Yusuf, Siti Aqlima Ahmad, Syahida Ahmad. Biochemical Constituent of Ginkgo biloba (Seed) 80% Methanol Extract Inhibits Cholinesterase Enzymes in Javanese Medaka (Oryzias javanicus) Model. Journal of Toxicology. 2020; 2020 ():1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ibrahim Hassan; Wan Norhamidah Wan Ibrahim; Ferdaus Mohamat Yusuf; Siti Aqlima Ahmad; Syahida Ahmad. 2020. "Biochemical Constituent of Ginkgo biloba (Seed) 80% Methanol Extract Inhibits Cholinesterase Enzymes in Javanese Medaka (Oryzias javanicus) Model." Journal of Toxicology 2020, no. : 1-11.

Journal article
Published: 28 July 2020 in Molecules
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Excessive production of melanin implicates hyperpigmentation disorders. Flavokawain A (FLA) and flavokawain B (FLB) have been reported with anti-melanogenic activity, but their melanogenic inhibition and toxicity effects on the vertebrate model of zebrafish are still unknown. In the present study, cytotoxic as well as melanogenic effects of FLA and FLB on cellular melanin content and tyrosinase activity were evaluated in α-MSH-induced B16/F10 cells. Master regulator of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (Mitf) and the other downstream melanogenic-related genes were verified via quantitative real time PCR (qPCR). Toxicity assessment and melanogenesis inhibition on zebrafish model was further observed. FLA and FLB significantly reduced the specific cellular melanin content by 4.3-fold and 9.6-fold decrement, respectively in α-MSH-induced B16/F10 cells. Concomitantly, FLA significantly reduced the specific cellular tyrosinase activity by 7-fold whilst FLB by 9-fold. The decrement of melanin production and tyrosinase activity were correlated with the mRNA suppression of Mitf which in turn down-regulate Tyr, Trp-1 and Trp-2. FLA and FLB exhibited non-toxic effects on the zebrafish model at 25 and 6.25 µM, respectively. Further experiments on the zebrafish model demonstrated successful phenotype-based depigmenting activity of FLA and FLB under induced melanogenesis. To sum up, our findings provide an important first key step for both of the chalcone derivatives to be further studied and developed as potent depigmenting agents.

ACS Style

Nurshafika Mohd Sakeh; Nurliyana Najwa Md Razip; Farah Idayu Mohd Ma’In; Mohammad Nazri Abdul Bahari; Naimah Latif; Muhammad Nadeem Akhtar; Zetty Norhana Balia Yusof; Syahida Ahmad. Melanogenic Inhibition and Toxicity Assessment of Flavokawain A and B on B16/F10 Melanoma Cells and Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Molecules 2020, 25, 3403 .

AMA Style

Nurshafika Mohd Sakeh, Nurliyana Najwa Md Razip, Farah Idayu Mohd Ma’In, Mohammad Nazri Abdul Bahari, Naimah Latif, Muhammad Nadeem Akhtar, Zetty Norhana Balia Yusof, Syahida Ahmad. Melanogenic Inhibition and Toxicity Assessment of Flavokawain A and B on B16/F10 Melanoma Cells and Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Molecules. 2020; 25 (15):3403.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nurshafika Mohd Sakeh; Nurliyana Najwa Md Razip; Farah Idayu Mohd Ma’In; Mohammad Nazri Abdul Bahari; Naimah Latif; Muhammad Nadeem Akhtar; Zetty Norhana Balia Yusof; Syahida Ahmad. 2020. "Melanogenic Inhibition and Toxicity Assessment of Flavokawain A and B on B16/F10 Melanoma Cells and Zebrafish (Danio rerio)." Molecules 25, no. 15: 3403.

Journal article
Published: 19 June 2020 in Molecules
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Sabah snake grass or Clinacanthus nutans has drawn public interest having significant economic benefits attributable to the presence of phytochemicals and several interesting bioactive constituents that may differ according to harvesting age and harvesting frequency. The current study was aimed to evaluate the effect of harvesting age and harvesting frequency towards herbal yield, antioxidant activities, phytochemicals synthesis, and bioactive compounds of C. nutans. A factorial randomized completely block design with five replications was used to illustrate the relationship between herbal yield, DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, total phenolic and flavonoid content affected by harvesting age (week 8, 12, and 16 after transplanting), and harvesting frequency (harvest 1, 2, and 3). The bioactive compounds by HPLC were also determined to describe the interaction effect between both harvesting age and harvesting frequency. The yield, antioxidant activities, and phytochemical contents were gradually increased as the plant grew, with the highest recorded during week 16. However, the synthesis and activities of phytochemicals were reduced in subsequent harvests despite the increment of the herbal yield. All bioactive compounds were found to be influenced insignificantly and significantly by harvesting age and harvesting frequency, respectively, specifically to shaftoside, iso-orientin, and orientin. Among all constituents, shaftoside was the main compound at various harvesting ages and harvesting frequencies. These results indicated that harvesting at week 16 with 1st harvest frequency might enhance the yield while sustaining the high synthesis of polyphenols and antioxidant activities of C. nutans.

ACS Style

Nur Mardhiati Afifa Abd Samat; Syahida Ahmad; Yahya Awang; Ros Azrinawati Hana Bakar; Mansor Hakiman. Alterations in Herbage Yield, Antioxidant Activities, Phytochemical Contents, and Bioactive Compounds of Sabah Snake Grass (Clinacanthus Nutans L.) with Regards to Harvesting Age and Harvesting Frequency. Molecules 2020, 25, 2833 .

AMA Style

Nur Mardhiati Afifa Abd Samat, Syahida Ahmad, Yahya Awang, Ros Azrinawati Hana Bakar, Mansor Hakiman. Alterations in Herbage Yield, Antioxidant Activities, Phytochemical Contents, and Bioactive Compounds of Sabah Snake Grass (Clinacanthus Nutans L.) with Regards to Harvesting Age and Harvesting Frequency. Molecules. 2020; 25 (12):2833.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nur Mardhiati Afifa Abd Samat; Syahida Ahmad; Yahya Awang; Ros Azrinawati Hana Bakar; Mansor Hakiman. 2020. "Alterations in Herbage Yield, Antioxidant Activities, Phytochemical Contents, and Bioactive Compounds of Sabah Snake Grass (Clinacanthus Nutans L.) with Regards to Harvesting Age and Harvesting Frequency." Molecules 25, no. 12: 2833.

Journal article
Published: 14 February 2020 in Microorganisms
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Salmonella enterica serovar (ser.) Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) is a foodborne pathogen often associated with contaminated poultry products. This study evaluated the anti-adherence and intracellular clearance capability of oligosaccharides extracted from palm kernel cake (PKC), a by-product of the palm oil industry, and compared its efficacy with commercial prebiotics— fructooligosaccharide (FOS) and mannanoligosaccharide (MOS)—against S. Enteritidis in vitro. Based on the degree of polymerization (DP), PKC oligosaccharides were further divided into ‘Small’ (DP ≤ 6) and ‘Big’ (DP > 6) fractions. Results showed that the Small and Big PKC fractions were able to reduce (p < 0.05) S. Enteritidis adherence to Cancer coli-2 (Caco-2) cells at 0.1 mg/ mL while MOS and FOS showed significant reduction at 1.0 mg/mL and 10.0 mg/mL, respectively. In terms of S. Enteritidis clearance, oligosaccharide-treated macrophages showed better S. Enteritidis clearance over time at 50 µg/mL for Small, Big and MOS, while FOS required a concentration of 500 µg/mL for a similar effect. This data highlights that oligosaccharides from PKC, particularly those of lower DP, were more effective than MOS and FOS at reducing S. Enteritidis adherence and enhancing S. Enteritidis clearance in a cell culture model.

ACS Style

Rui Qing Foo; Mohammad Faseleh Jahromi; Wei Li Chen; Syahida Ahmad; Kok Song Lai; Zulkifli Idrus; Juan Boo Liang. Oligosaccharides from Palm Kernel Cake Enhances Adherence Inhibition and Intracellular Clearance of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis In Vitro. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 255 .

AMA Style

Rui Qing Foo, Mohammad Faseleh Jahromi, Wei Li Chen, Syahida Ahmad, Kok Song Lai, Zulkifli Idrus, Juan Boo Liang. Oligosaccharides from Palm Kernel Cake Enhances Adherence Inhibition and Intracellular Clearance of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis In Vitro. Microorganisms. 2020; 8 (2):255.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rui Qing Foo; Mohammad Faseleh Jahromi; Wei Li Chen; Syahida Ahmad; Kok Song Lai; Zulkifli Idrus; Juan Boo Liang. 2020. "Oligosaccharides from Palm Kernel Cake Enhances Adherence Inhibition and Intracellular Clearance of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis In Vitro." Microorganisms 8, no. 2: 255.

Preprint content
Published: 17 February 2019
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Curcuma longa L. is a rhizome plant often used as traditional medicinal preparations in Southeast Asia. The dried powder is commonly known as cure-all herbal medicine with a wider spectrum of pharmaceutical activities. In spite of the widely reported therapeutic applications of C. longa, research on its safety and teratogenic effects on zebrafish embryos and larvae is still limited. Hence, this research was aimed to assess the toxicity of C. longa extract on zebrafish. Using a reflux flask, methanol extract of C. longa was extracted and the identification and quantification of total flavonoids were carried out with HPLC. Twelve fertilized embryos were selected to test the embryotoxicity and teratogenicity at different concentration points. The embryos were exposed to the extract in the E3M medium while the control was only exposed to E3M and different developmental endpoints were recorded with the therapeutic index calculated using the ratio of LC50/EC50. C. longa extract was detected to be highly rich in flavonoids with catechin, epicatechin and naringenin as the 3 most abundant with concentrations of 3,531.34, 688.70 and 523.83μg/mL respectively. The toxicity effects were discovered to be dose-dependent at dosage above 62.50μg/mL, while at 125.0μg/mL, mortality of embryos was observed and physical body deformities of larvae was recorded among the hatched embryos at higher concentrations. Teratogenic effect of the extract was severe at higher concentrations producing physical body deformities such as kink tail, bend trunk, enlarged yolk sac edema. Finally, the Therapeutic Index (TI) values calculated were approximately same for different concentration points tested. Overall, the result revealed that plants having therapeutic potential could also pose threats when consumed at higher doses especially on the embryos. Therefore, detailed toxicity analysis should be carried out on medicinal plants to ascertain their safety on the embryos and its development.

ACS Style

Alafiatayo Akinola Adekoya; Kok-Song Lai; Ahmad Syahida; Maziah Mahmood; Noor Azmi Shaharuddin; Akinola Adekoya Alafiatayo; Lai Kok Song; Syahida Ahmad. Phytochemical evaluation, Embryotoxicity and Teratogenic effects of Curcuma longa extract in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). 2019, 551044 .

AMA Style

Alafiatayo Akinola Adekoya, Kok-Song Lai, Ahmad Syahida, Maziah Mahmood, Noor Azmi Shaharuddin, Akinola Adekoya Alafiatayo, Lai Kok Song, Syahida Ahmad. Phytochemical evaluation, Embryotoxicity and Teratogenic effects of Curcuma longa extract in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). . 2019; ():551044.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alafiatayo Akinola Adekoya; Kok-Song Lai; Ahmad Syahida; Maziah Mahmood; Noor Azmi Shaharuddin; Akinola Adekoya Alafiatayo; Lai Kok Song; Syahida Ahmad. 2019. "Phytochemical evaluation, Embryotoxicity and Teratogenic effects of Curcuma longa extract in Zebrafish (Danio rerio)." , no. : 551044.

Journal article
Published: 16 July 2018 in BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine
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Histamine is a well-known mediator involved in skin allergic responses through up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Antihistamines remain the mainstay of allergy treatment, but they were found limited in efficacy and associated with several common side effects. Therefore, alternative therapeutic preferences are derived from natural products in an effort to provide safe yet reliable anti-inflammatory agents. Curcumin and their derivatives are among compounds of interest in natural product research due to numerous pharmacological benefits including anti-inflammatory activities. Here, we investigate the effects of chemically synthesized curcumin derivative, 2,6-bis(2-fluorobenzylidene)cyclohexanone (MS65), in reducing cytokine production in histamine-induced HaCaT cells. Interleukin (IL)-6 cytokine production in histamine-induced HaCaT cells were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and cytotoxicity effects were determined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was carried out to determine the inhibitory effects of MS65 on nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Histamine enhanced IL-6 production in HaCaT cells, with the highest production of IL-6 at 97.41 ± 2.33 pg/mL after 24 h of exposure. MS65 demonstrated a promising anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting IL-6 production with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 4.91 ± 2.50 μM and median lethal concentration (LC50) value of 28.82 ± 7.56 μM. In gene expression level, we found that MS65 inhibits NF-κB and MAPK pathways through suppression of IKK/IκB/NFκB and c-Raf/MEK/ERK inflammatory cascades. Taken together, our results suggest that MS65 could be used as a lead compound on developing new medicinal agent for the treatment of allergic skin diseases.

ACS Style

Nurul Atika Razali; Nur Amiza Nazarudin; Kok Song Lai; Faridah Abas; Syahida Ahmad. Curcumin derivative, 2,6-bis(2-fluorobenzylidene)cyclohexanone (MS65) inhibits interleukin-6 production through suppression of NF-κB and MAPK pathways in histamine-induced human keratinocytes cell (HaCaT). BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2018, 18, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Nurul Atika Razali, Nur Amiza Nazarudin, Kok Song Lai, Faridah Abas, Syahida Ahmad. Curcumin derivative, 2,6-bis(2-fluorobenzylidene)cyclohexanone (MS65) inhibits interleukin-6 production through suppression of NF-κB and MAPK pathways in histamine-induced human keratinocytes cell (HaCaT). BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2018; 18 (1):1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nurul Atika Razali; Nur Amiza Nazarudin; Kok Song Lai; Faridah Abas; Syahida Ahmad. 2018. "Curcumin derivative, 2,6-bis(2-fluorobenzylidene)cyclohexanone (MS65) inhibits interleukin-6 production through suppression of NF-κB and MAPK pathways in histamine-induced human keratinocytes cell (HaCaT)." BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 18, no. 1: 1-10.

Research article
Published: 19 April 2018 in Phytotherapy Research
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The antiphoto aging property of Zanthoxylum rhetsa obtained from Pangkor Island, Malaysia, was evaluated. Solvent fractions of different polarity obtained from the methanolic extract of the bark material were initially tested for anticollagenase and antielastase activities. The ethyl acetate fraction showed bioactivity against the protease enzymes. Hence, it was subjected to further purification via column chromatography, to yield a major constituent, hesperidin. Subsequently, the ethyl acetate fraction and hesperidin were tested for their effects against UVB‐induced cytotoxicity and expressions of inflammatory cytokines (IL‐6, IL‐1β, and TNF‐α), NF‐κB, and MMPs (MMP1, 3, and 9) in human dermal fibroblasts (HDF). Both fraction and pure compound prevented UVB‐induced cytotoxicity in HDF cells, in a dose dependent manner. Moreover, the ethyl acetate fraction inhibited the increase of pro‐inflammatory cytokines induced by UVB to a level similar to the control (without UV treatment). Additionally, the fraction significantly inhibited the expressions of NF‐κB, MMP 1, MMP 3, and MMP 9 in HDF cells treated with UVB. Similar effects were observed with hesperidin. The results obtained suggested that the ethyl acetate fraction of Z. rhetsa and its bioactive constituent, hesperidin, have the potential to be used as active ingredients in sunscreen and antiphoto aging formulations.

ACS Style

Ramesh Kumar Santhanam; Sharida Fakurazi; Syahida Ahmad; Faridah Abas; Intan Safinar Ismail; Yaya Rukayadi; Muhammad Tayyab Akhtar; Khozirah Shaari. Inhibition of UVB-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines and MMP expression by Zanthoxylum rhetsa bark extract and its active constituent hesperidin. Phytotherapy Research 2018, 32, 1608 -1616.

AMA Style

Ramesh Kumar Santhanam, Sharida Fakurazi, Syahida Ahmad, Faridah Abas, Intan Safinar Ismail, Yaya Rukayadi, Muhammad Tayyab Akhtar, Khozirah Shaari. Inhibition of UVB-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines and MMP expression by Zanthoxylum rhetsa bark extract and its active constituent hesperidin. Phytotherapy Research. 2018; 32 (8):1608-1616.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ramesh Kumar Santhanam; Sharida Fakurazi; Syahida Ahmad; Faridah Abas; Intan Safinar Ismail; Yaya Rukayadi; Muhammad Tayyab Akhtar; Khozirah Shaari. 2018. "Inhibition of UVB-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines and MMP expression by Zanthoxylum rhetsa bark extract and its active constituent hesperidin." Phytotherapy Research 32, no. 8: 1608-1616.

Journal article
Published: 24 November 2017 in Turkish Journal of Biochemistry
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Background:Study on the synthesis of kojic acid derivatives (KADs) in solvent-free system using scalable reactors and their biological activities is still lacking.Methods:In this study, two types of KADs, were synthesized using saturated-fatty acid [lauric acid (LA)] and unsaturated-fatty acid [oleic acid (OA)] in stirred tank reactor (STR) and fluidized tank reactor (FTR). The yield and biological activities of the synthesized KADs were evaluated and compared.Results:The highest yield of KADs (42.95%) was obtained in the synthesis using OA, with molar ratio of 1:1, enzyme loading of 5% (w/v), temperature of 70°C, using immobilized lipase N435 in STR. However, FTR may provide biocatalyst protection and reusability with reduced loss of KADs yield up to three cycles. In antioxidant assay, the hydroxyl-unsaturated-fatty acid of kojic acid (HUFA-KA) showed better activity as compared to hydroxyl-saturated-fatty acid of kojic acid (HSFA-KA) at concentrations ranging from 125 to 2000 μg/mL. In contrast, HSFA-KA showed better cytotoxicity effect against G361 melanoma cell as compared to HUFA-KA.Conclusion:The yield of KADs obtained in STR was higher than that obtained in FTR. HUFA-KA could be used as potential lipophilic antioxidant while HSFA-KA has the potential to be used to treat melanoma skin disorder.

ACS Style

Ahmad Firdaus B. Lajis; Muhajir Hamid; Syahida Ahmad; Arbakariya B. Ariff. Comparative study of stirred and fluidized tank reactor for hydroxyl-kojic acid derivatives synthesis and their biological activities. Turkish Journal of Biochemistry 2017, 43, 205 -219.

AMA Style

Ahmad Firdaus B. Lajis, Muhajir Hamid, Syahida Ahmad, Arbakariya B. Ariff. Comparative study of stirred and fluidized tank reactor for hydroxyl-kojic acid derivatives synthesis and their biological activities. Turkish Journal of Biochemistry. 2017; 43 (3):205-219.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmad Firdaus B. Lajis; Muhajir Hamid; Syahida Ahmad; Arbakariya B. Ariff. 2017. "Comparative study of stirred and fluidized tank reactor for hydroxyl-kojic acid derivatives synthesis and their biological activities." Turkish Journal of Biochemistry 43, no. 3: 205-219.

Journal article
Published: 04 July 2017 in Cosmetics
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In this study, 7-O-kojic acid monopalmitate (7-O-KAP) was synthesized using palmitic acid and kojic acid where the yield and biological activities were analyzed. The highest yield of 7-O-KAP (43%) can be obtained at molar ratio of 1:1, enzyme loading of 5% (w/v), temperature of 70 °C, using immobilized lipase N435 in solvent-free system. Stirred tank reactor (STR) provides better mixing of the substrates and biocatalyst with better yield of 7-O-KAP, compared to fluidized tank reactor (FTR) and packed bed reactor (PBR). The 7-O-KAP exhibited pseudoplastic behavior with flow behavior index (n) being less than 1. The 7-O-KAP showed better depigmenting activity with the reduction of melanin content in Danio rerio embryo to 18.70%, significantly lower than the positive control, kojic acid (60.39%) at highest concentration tested (250 μg/mL). Intracellular tyrosinase in Danio rerio embryo was also reduced when treated with 7-O-KAP (12.53%), compared to kojic acid (37.36%) at concentration of 250 μg/mL. In FRAP assay, 7-O-KAP had antioxidant activity of 8156 AAE/mL, which was higher than kojic acid (6794 AAE/mL) at concentration of 2 mg/mL. The 7-O-KAP also reduced peroxidation activity to 12.21%, which was better compared to kojic acid (31.68%) at 2 mg/mL. Moreover, it was found that lipid peroxidation activity of 7-O-KAP (12.21%) was comparable to BHT (11.56%) at 2 mg/mL. Based on this study, 7-O-KAP could be an alternative compound for whitening agent and antioxidant compared to kojic acid and BHT, respectively.

ACS Style

Ahmad Firdaus B. Lajis; Muhajir Hamid; Syahida Ahmad; Arbakariya B. Ariff. Lipase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Kojic Acid Derivative in Bioreactors and the Analysis of Its Depigmenting and Antioxidant Activities. Cosmetics 2017, 4, 22 .

AMA Style

Ahmad Firdaus B. Lajis, Muhajir Hamid, Syahida Ahmad, Arbakariya B. Ariff. Lipase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Kojic Acid Derivative in Bioreactors and the Analysis of Its Depigmenting and Antioxidant Activities. Cosmetics. 2017; 4 (3):22.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmad Firdaus B. Lajis; Muhajir Hamid; Syahida Ahmad; Arbakariya B. Ariff. 2017. "Lipase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Kojic Acid Derivative in Bioreactors and the Analysis of Its Depigmenting and Antioxidant Activities." Cosmetics 4, no. 3: 22.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2017 in Industrial Crops and Products
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Ramesh Kumar Santhanam; Muhammad Tayyab Akhtar; Syahida Ahmad; Faridah Abas; Intan Safinar Ismail; Yaya Rukayadi; Khozirah Shaari. Utilization of the ethyl acetate fraction of Zanthoxylum rhetsa bark extract as an active ingredient in natural sunscreen formulations. Industrial Crops and Products 2017, 96, 165 -172.

AMA Style

Ramesh Kumar Santhanam, Muhammad Tayyab Akhtar, Syahida Ahmad, Faridah Abas, Intan Safinar Ismail, Yaya Rukayadi, Khozirah Shaari. Utilization of the ethyl acetate fraction of Zanthoxylum rhetsa bark extract as an active ingredient in natural sunscreen formulations. Industrial Crops and Products. 2017; 96 ():165-172.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ramesh Kumar Santhanam; Muhammad Tayyab Akhtar; Syahida Ahmad; Faridah Abas; Intan Safinar Ismail; Yaya Rukayadi; Khozirah Shaari. 2017. "Utilization of the ethyl acetate fraction of Zanthoxylum rhetsa bark extract as an active ingredient in natural sunscreen formulations." Industrial Crops and Products 96, no. : 165-172.

Journal article
Published: 14 September 2016 in Molecules
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Despite progressive research being done on drug therapy to treat breast cancer, the number of patients succumbing to the disease is still a major issue. Combinatorial treatment using different drugs and herbs to treat cancer patients is of major interest in scientists nowadays. Doxorubicin is one of the most used drugs to treat breast cancer patients. The combination of doxorubicin to other drugs such as tamoxifen has been reported. Nevertheless, the combination of doxorubicin with a natural product-derived agent has not been studied yet. Morinda citrifolia has always been sought out for its remarkable remedies. Damnacanthal, an anthraquinone that can be extracted from the roots of Morinda citrifolia is a promising compound that possesses a variety of biological properties. This study aimed to study the therapeutic effects of damnacanthal in combination with doxorubicin in breast cancer cells. Collectively, the combination of both these molecules enhanced the efficacy of induced cell death in MCF-7 as evidenced by the MTT assay, cell cycle, annexin V and expression of apoptosis-related genes and proteins. The effectiveness of doxorubicin as an anti-cancer drug was increased upon addition of damnacanthal. These results could provide a promising approach to treat breast cancer patients.

ACS Style

Muhammad Yusran Abdul Aziz; Nadiah Abu; Swee Keong Yeap; Wan Yong Ho; Abdul Rahman Omar; Nor Hadiani Ismail; Syahida Ahmad; Mehdi R. Pirozyan; Nadeem M. Akhtar; Noorjahan Banu Alitheen. Combinatorial Cytotoxic Effects of Damnacanthal and Doxorubicin against Human Breast Cancer MCF-7 Cells in Vitro. Molecules 2016, 21, 1228 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Yusran Abdul Aziz, Nadiah Abu, Swee Keong Yeap, Wan Yong Ho, Abdul Rahman Omar, Nor Hadiani Ismail, Syahida Ahmad, Mehdi R. Pirozyan, Nadeem M. Akhtar, Noorjahan Banu Alitheen. Combinatorial Cytotoxic Effects of Damnacanthal and Doxorubicin against Human Breast Cancer MCF-7 Cells in Vitro. Molecules. 2016; 21 (9):1228.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Yusran Abdul Aziz; Nadiah Abu; Swee Keong Yeap; Wan Yong Ho; Abdul Rahman Omar; Nor Hadiani Ismail; Syahida Ahmad; Mehdi R. Pirozyan; Nadeem M. Akhtar; Noorjahan Banu Alitheen. 2016. "Combinatorial Cytotoxic Effects of Damnacanthal and Doxorubicin against Human Breast Cancer MCF-7 Cells in Vitro." Molecules 21, no. 9: 1228.

Journal article
Published: 24 May 2016 in Molecules
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Zanthoxylum rhetsa is an aromatic tree, known vernacularly as “Indian Prickly Ash”. It has been predominantly used by Indian tribes for the treatment of many infirmities like diabetes, inflammation, rheumatism, toothache and diarrhea. In this study, we identified major volatile constituents present in different solvent fractions of Z. rhetsa bark using GC-MS analysis and isolated two tetrahydrofuran lignans (yangambin and kobusin), a berberine alkaloid (columbamine) and a triterpenoid (lupeol) from the bioactive chloroform fraction. The solvent fractions and purified compounds were tested for their cytotoxic potential against human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) and mouse melanoma (B16-F10) cells, using the MTT assay. All the solvent fractions and purified compounds were found to be non-cytotoxic to HDF cells. However, the chloroform fraction and kobusin exhibited cytotoxic effect against B16-F10 melanoma cells. The presence of bioactive lignans and alkaloids were suggested to be responsible for the cytotoxic property of Z. rhetsa bark against B16-F10 cells.

ACS Style

Ramesh Kumar Santhanam; Syahida Ahmad; Faridah Abas; Intan Safinar Ismail; Yaya Rukayadi; Muhammad Tayyab Akhtar; Khozirah Shaari. Bioactive Constituents of Zanthoxylum rhetsa Bark and Its Cytotoxic Potential against B16-F10 Melanoma Cancer and Normal Human Dermal Fibroblast (HDF) Cell Lines. Molecules 2016, 21, 652 .

AMA Style

Ramesh Kumar Santhanam, Syahida Ahmad, Faridah Abas, Intan Safinar Ismail, Yaya Rukayadi, Muhammad Tayyab Akhtar, Khozirah Shaari. Bioactive Constituents of Zanthoxylum rhetsa Bark and Its Cytotoxic Potential against B16-F10 Melanoma Cancer and Normal Human Dermal Fibroblast (HDF) Cell Lines. Molecules. 2016; 21 (6):652.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ramesh Kumar Santhanam; Syahida Ahmad; Faridah Abas; Intan Safinar Ismail; Yaya Rukayadi; Muhammad Tayyab Akhtar; Khozirah Shaari. 2016. "Bioactive Constituents of Zanthoxylum rhetsa Bark and Its Cytotoxic Potential against B16-F10 Melanoma Cancer and Normal Human Dermal Fibroblast (HDF) Cell Lines." Molecules 21, no. 6: 652.

Journal article
Published: 25 January 2016 in International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research
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Poor systemic delivery of curcumin outside the gut due to its rapid metabolism has severely limited its application to many chronic diseases. Previously, our research group synthesized curcumin analogues 2, 6-bis (2, 5-dimethoxybenzylidene) cyclohexanone (BDMC33) that has potent anti-inflammatory activities. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of curcumin analog (BDMC33) on the activities of drug metabolizing enzymes in Caco-2 cells, which was compared with that of curcumin and 3-(2-Fluorobenzylidene)-5-(2-fluorocyclohexylmethylene)-piperidin-4-one (EF-24). BDMC-33 was synthesized through the appropriate reaction of the aromatic aldehyde with cyclohexanone, under base catalyzed aldol condensation, at the ratio of ketone: aldehyde (1:2). Activity of drug metabolizing enzymes such as NADPH-cytochrome p450 reductase (CPR), UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and Sulfotransferase (SULT) in Caco-2 cells were evaluated upon exposure to 50µM of BDMC33, curcumin, and EF-24, separately, for 4 hours. The BDMC33, EF-24, and curcumin treatments did not affect the activities of UGT, GST, SULT, and CPR in respect to their controls (29.45, 27.18, 23.64 and 2.08µmol/mg), respectively, at all periods of incubation. Hence, BDMC33 was able to maintain the activities of both phases I and II drug metabolizing enzymes, and therefore it could be a potential lead, anti-inflammatory agents.

ACS Style

Ndatsu Yakubu; Syahida Ahmad; Faridah Abas; Umaru Mohammed. Effects of Curcumin Analogue, 2, 6-Bis (2, 5-Dimethoxybenzylidene) Cyclohexanone (BDMC33) on the Activities of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes in Cultured Caco-2 Cell Model. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research 2016, 8, 1 .

AMA Style

Ndatsu Yakubu, Syahida Ahmad, Faridah Abas, Umaru Mohammed. Effects of Curcumin Analogue, 2, 6-Bis (2, 5-Dimethoxybenzylidene) Cyclohexanone (BDMC33) on the Activities of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes in Cultured Caco-2 Cell Model. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research. 2016; 8 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ndatsu Yakubu; Syahida Ahmad; Faridah Abas; Umaru Mohammed. 2016. "Effects of Curcumin Analogue, 2, 6-Bis (2, 5-Dimethoxybenzylidene) Cyclohexanone (BDMC33) on the Activities of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes in Cultured Caco-2 Cell Model." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research 8, no. 1: 1.

Conference paper
Published: 01 January 2016 in 5TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP ON BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES (ICOWOBAS 2015)
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Ultra violet (UV) exposure and oxidative stress are casually linked to skin disorders. They can increase melanin synthesis, proliferation of melanocytes, and hyperpigmentation. It is possible that antioxidants or inhibitors may have a beneficial effect on skin health to reduce hyperpigmentation. In the last few years, a huge number of natural herbal extracts have been tested to reduce hyperpigmentation. The objective of this study was to determine and to compare of kojic acid and curcumin properties to viability cell B16-F1. In this study, our data showed that the viability of cell B16-F1 was 63.91% for kojic acid and 64.12% for curcumin at concentration 100 µg/ml. Further investigation assay of antioxidant activities, indicated that IC50 for kojic acid is 63.8 µg/ml and curcumin is 16.05 µg/ml. Based on the data, kojic acid and curcumin have potential antioxidant properties to reduce hyperpigmentation with low toxicity effect in cell B16-F1.

ACS Style

Sugiharto; Arbakariya Ariff; Syahida Ahmad; Muhajir Hamid. Properties of kojic acid and curcumin: Assay on cell B16-F1. 5TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP ON BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES (ICOWOBAS 2015) 2016, 1718, 60006 .

AMA Style

Sugiharto, Arbakariya Ariff, Syahida Ahmad, Muhajir Hamid. Properties of kojic acid and curcumin: Assay on cell B16-F1. 5TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP ON BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES (ICOWOBAS 2015). 2016; 1718 ():60006.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sugiharto; Arbakariya Ariff; Syahida Ahmad; Muhajir Hamid. 2016. "Properties of kojic acid and curcumin: Assay on cell B16-F1." 5TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP ON BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES (ICOWOBAS 2015) 1718, no. : 60006.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2015 in Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters
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A series of twenty-four 2-benzoyl-6-benzylidenecyclohexanone analogs were synthesized and evaluated for their nitric oxide inhibition and antioxidant activity. Six compounds (3, 8, 10, 17, 18 and 19) were found to exhibit significant NO inhibitory activity in LPS/IFN-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages, of which compound 10 demonstrated the highest activity with the IC50 value of 4.2 ± 0.2 μM. Furthermore, two compounds (10 and 17) displayed antioxidant activity upon both the DPPH scavenging and FRAP analyses. However, none of the 2-benzoyl-6-benzylidenecyclohexanone analogs significantly scavenged NO radical. Structure-activity comparison suggested that 3,4-dihydroxylphenyl ring is crucial for bioactivities of the 2-benzoyl-6-benzylidenecyclohexanone analogs. The results from this study and the reports from previous studies indicated that compound 10 could be a candidate for further investigation on its potential as a new anti-inflammatory agent.

ACS Style

Sze Wei Leong; Siti Munirah Mohd Faudzi; Faridah Abas; Mohd Fadhlizil Fasihi Mohd Aluwi; Kamal Rullah; Kok Wai Lam; Mohd Nazri Abdul Bahari; Syahida Ahmad; Chau Ling Tham; Khozirah Shaari; Nordin H. Lajis. Nitric oxide inhibitory activity and antioxidant evaluations of 2-benzoyl-6-benzylidenecyclohexanone analogs, a novel series of curcuminoid and diarylpentanoid derivatives. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 2015, 25, 3330 -3337.

AMA Style

Sze Wei Leong, Siti Munirah Mohd Faudzi, Faridah Abas, Mohd Fadhlizil Fasihi Mohd Aluwi, Kamal Rullah, Kok Wai Lam, Mohd Nazri Abdul Bahari, Syahida Ahmad, Chau Ling Tham, Khozirah Shaari, Nordin H. Lajis. Nitric oxide inhibitory activity and antioxidant evaluations of 2-benzoyl-6-benzylidenecyclohexanone analogs, a novel series of curcuminoid and diarylpentanoid derivatives. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2015; 25 (16):3330-3337.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sze Wei Leong; Siti Munirah Mohd Faudzi; Faridah Abas; Mohd Fadhlizil Fasihi Mohd Aluwi; Kamal Rullah; Kok Wai Lam; Mohd Nazri Abdul Bahari; Syahida Ahmad; Chau Ling Tham; Khozirah Shaari; Nordin H. Lajis. 2015. "Nitric oxide inhibitory activity and antioxidant evaluations of 2-benzoyl-6-benzylidenecyclohexanone analogs, a novel series of curcuminoid and diarylpentanoid derivatives." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 25, no. 16: 3330-3337.

Journal article
Published: 05 February 2015 in BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine
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The Jatropha curcas plant or locally known as “Pokok Jarak” has been widely used in traditional medical applications. This plant is used to treat various conditions such as arthritis, gout, jaundice, wound and inflammation. However, the nature of compounds involved has not been well documented. Hence, this study was conducted to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of different parts of J. curcas plant and to identify the active compounds involved. In this study, methanol (80%) extraction of four different parts (leaves, fruits, stem and root) of J. curcas plant was carried out. Phenolic content of each part was determined by using Folin-Ciocalteau reagent. Gallic acid was used as the phenol standard. Each plant part was screened for anti-inflammatory activity using cultured macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. The active plant part was then partitioned with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and water. Each partition was again screened for anti-inflammatory activity. The active partition was then fractionated using an open column chromatography system. Single spots isolated from column chromatography were assayed for anti-inflammatory and cytotoxicity activities. Spots that showed activity were subjected to gas chromatography mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) analysis for identification of active metabolites. The hexane partition from root extract showed the highest anti-inflammatory activity. However, it also showed high cytotoxicity towards RAW 264.7 cells at 1 mg/mL. Fractionation process using column chromatography showed five spots. Two spots labeled as H-4 and H-5 possessed anti-inflammatory activity, without cytotoxicity activity. Analysis of both spots by GC-MS showed the presence of hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, octadecanoic acid methyl ester and octadecanoic acid. This finding suggests that hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, octadecanoic acid methyl ester and octadecanoic acid could be responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity of the J. curcas root extract.

ACS Style

Ahmad Razi Othman; Norhani Abdullah; Syahida Ahmad; Intan Safinar Ismail; Mohamad Pauzi Zakaria. Elucidation of in-vitro anti-inflammatory bioactive compounds isolated from Jatropha curcas L. plant root. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015, 15, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Ahmad Razi Othman, Norhani Abdullah, Syahida Ahmad, Intan Safinar Ismail, Mohamad Pauzi Zakaria. Elucidation of in-vitro anti-inflammatory bioactive compounds isolated from Jatropha curcas L. plant root. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2015; 15 (1):1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmad Razi Othman; Norhani Abdullah; Syahida Ahmad; Intan Safinar Ismail; Mohamad Pauzi Zakaria. 2015. "Elucidation of in-vitro anti-inflammatory bioactive compounds isolated from Jatropha curcas L. plant root." BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 15, no. 1: 1-10.