This article is focused on the calibration of digital multimeters, in which the concept and practical solutions for stations with software for automatic calibration are presented. This paper also presents the general structure of the measuring system, the application scheme, and the technical implementation of measuring stations, together with the software.

The article describes the use of multi-criteria optimization methods during the calibration of digital multimeters. Currently, calibration is based on a single measurement of a specific value. The aim of this research was to confirm the possibility of using a series of measurements in order to reduce the measurement uncertainty without significantly extending the calibration time. The automatic measurement loading laboratory stand used during the conducted experiments was essential to obtain results that allowed confirming the thesis. This article presents the applied optimization methods and the results of the calibration of sample digital multimeters obtained thanks to them. As a result of the research, it was found that the use of a series of measurements increased the accuracy of the calibration, reduced the measurement uncertainty, and shortened the calibration time compared to traditional methods.

Temperature sensor calibration in the majority of measurement laboratories is performed on the ground of measurement procedures. The procedures specify the timespan for the temperature of the tested sensor to stabilize. In practice, the fact of time constant increase above expectations can be observed. This results from the method of operation, time of use, and level of contamination of individual sensors. The paper proposes a method to optimize the calibration process of resistance temperature sensors based on the measurement of the time constant and, on this basis, to determine the sensor stabilization time during calibration.

This study explores the design and performance of an underwater magnetic sensor network (UMSN) tailored for intrusion detection in complex environments such as riverbeds and areas with dense vegetation. The system utilizes wireless sensor network (WSN) principles and integrates AMR-based magnetic sensors (e.g., LSM303AGR) with MEMS-based accelerometers to provide accurate and high-resolution magnetic field measurements. Extensive calibration techniques were employed to correct hard-iron and soft-iron distortions, ensuring reliable performance in fluctuating environmental conditions. Field tests included both controlled setups and real-world scenarios, such as detecting intrusions across river sections, shorelines, and coordinated land-water activities. The results showed detection rates consistently above 90%, with response times averaging 2.5 s and a maximum detection range of 5 m. The system also performed well under adverse weather conditions, including fog and rain, demonstrating its adaptability. The findings underline the potential of UMSN as a scalable and cost-efficient solution for monitoring sensitive areas. By addressing the limitations of traditional surveillance systems, this research offers a practical framework for enhancing security in critical regions, laying the groundwork for future developments in magnetic sensor technology.

The article discussed aim to introduce readers to the problem matter in connection with the changes taking place within the area related to the issue of metrology in the Armed Forces of the Polish Republic. The article depicts the current situation along with the changes, which took place over the recent years, in the structures of Military Metrology, and it presents the major directions of its development, with particular emphasis on the automation of the calibration process.

The majority of studies concerning power system analysis is based on computer software and mathematical modelling. Such possibilities are provided by a wide range of engineering and research software including MATLAB/Simulink. Presented work focuses on Simulink library usage for analysing voltage distribution and power flow along typical radial electrical grid and their validation using hardware power system simulator. During the studies four different models of grid were designed, using four tools provided by Simulink: Simulink time domain simulation, Specialized Power Systems time domain simulation, Simscape Load Flow and Specialized Power Systems Load Flow. Analytical analysis, as a sort of another verification, has also been carried out. The obtained results prove that all models in general properly depict the test grid configured on the hardware simulator. However, some discrepancies in the outcome can be observed indicating, that Simscape Load Flow tools are more reliable regarding to load flow analysis specific. The paper is a sort of report describing identified advantages and disadvantages of tools provided by MATLAB/Simulink and their potential limitations in terms of load flow analysis.