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The multi-modular converter (MMC) technology is becoming the preferred option for the increased deployment of variable renewable energy sources (RES) into electrical power systems. MMC is known for its reliability and modularity. The fast adjustment of the MMC’s active/reactive powers, within a few milliseconds, constitutes a major research challenge. The solution to this challenge will allow accelerated integration of RES, without creating undesirable stability issues in the future power system. This paper presents a variant of model predictive control (MPC) for the grid-connected MMC. MPC is defined using a Laguerre function to reduce the computational burden. This is achieved by reducing the number of parameters of the MMC cost function. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed MPC is verified in the real-time digital simulations. Additionally, in this paper, a comparison between an accurate mathematical and real-time simulation (RSCAD) model of an MMC is given. The comparison is done on the level of small-signal disturbance and a Mean Absolute Error (MAE). In the MMC, active and reactive power controls, AC voltage control, output current control, and circulating current controls are implemented, both using PI and MPC controllers. The MPC’s performance is tested by the small and large disturbance in active and reactive powers, both in an offline and online simulation. In addition, a sensitivity study is performed for different variables of MPC in the offline simulation. Results obtained in the simulations show good correspondence between mathematical and real-time analytical models during the transient and steady-state conditions with low MAE. The results also indicate the superiority of the proposed MPC with the stable and fast active/reactive power support in real-time simulation.
Ajay Shetgaonkar; Aleksandra Lekić; José Rueda Torres; Peter Palensky. Microsecond Enhanced Indirect Model Predictive Control for Dynamic Power Management in MMC Units. Energies 2021, 14, 3318 .
AMA StyleAjay Shetgaonkar, Aleksandra Lekić, José Rueda Torres, Peter Palensky. Microsecond Enhanced Indirect Model Predictive Control for Dynamic Power Management in MMC Units. Energies. 2021; 14 (11):3318.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAjay Shetgaonkar; Aleksandra Lekić; José Rueda Torres; Peter Palensky. 2021. "Microsecond Enhanced Indirect Model Predictive Control for Dynamic Power Management in MMC Units." Energies 14, no. 11: 3318.
This paper proposes a Electro-Magnetic Transient (EMT) model of a 2 GW offshore network with the parallel operation of two Modular Multi-level Converter (MMC)—High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission links connecting four Offshore Wind Farms (OWFs) to two onshore systems, which represent a large scale power system. Additionally, to mitigate the challenges corresponding to voltage and frequency stability issues in large scale offshore networks, a Direct Voltage Control (DVC) strategy is implemented for the Type-4 Wind Generators (WGs), which represent the OWFs in this work. The electrical power system is developed in the power system simulation software RSCADTM, that is suitable for performing EMT based simulations. The EMT model of 2 GW offshore network with DVC in Type-4 WGs is successfully designed and it is well-coordinated between the control structures in MMCs and WGs.
Saran Ganesh; Arcadio Perilla; Jose Rueda Torres; Peter Palensky; Aleksandra Lekić; Mart Van Der Meijden. Generic EMT Model for Real-Time Simulation of Large Disturbances in 2 GW Offshore HVAC-HVDC Renewable Energy Hubs. Energies 2021, 14, 757 .
AMA StyleSaran Ganesh, Arcadio Perilla, Jose Rueda Torres, Peter Palensky, Aleksandra Lekić, Mart Van Der Meijden. Generic EMT Model for Real-Time Simulation of Large Disturbances in 2 GW Offshore HVAC-HVDC Renewable Energy Hubs. Energies. 2021; 14 (3):757.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaran Ganesh; Arcadio Perilla; Jose Rueda Torres; Peter Palensky; Aleksandra Lekić; Mart Van Der Meijden. 2021. "Generic EMT Model for Real-Time Simulation of Large Disturbances in 2 GW Offshore HVAC-HVDC Renewable Energy Hubs." Energies 14, no. 3: 757.
The paper presents an approach for online centralized control in active distribution networks. It combines a proportional integral (PI) control unit with a corrective control unit (CCU), based on the principle of Model Predictive Control (MPC). The proposed controller is designed to accommodate the increasing penetration of distributed generation in active distribution networks. It helps in continuously satisfying the reactive power requirements of the transmission system operators (TSOs), while maintaining an acceptable voltage profile in the active distribution network, and simultaneously minimizing the total active power losses. The controller also ensures compliance to operation requirements of distribution network operators (DNOs). By replacing the full load flow (LF) calculation with sensitivities, derived from a linearized model of the network, the controller can work in real-time applications. Moreover, the computational burden of the proposed controller is reduced since the CCU is activated only when a voltage violation or considerable change of operation condition occurs. The performance of the proposed controller is demonstrated on a 11-kV test network with 75 buses and 22 distributed generators.
Hoa Minh Nguyen; Jose Luis Rueda Torres; Aleksandra Lekic; Hoan Van Pham. MPC Based Centralized Voltage and Reactive Power Control for Active Distribution Networks. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 2021, 36, 1537 -1547.
AMA StyleHoa Minh Nguyen, Jose Luis Rueda Torres, Aleksandra Lekic, Hoan Van Pham. MPC Based Centralized Voltage and Reactive Power Control for Active Distribution Networks. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 2021; 36 (2):1537-1547.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHoa Minh Nguyen; Jose Luis Rueda Torres; Aleksandra Lekic; Hoan Van Pham. 2021. "MPC Based Centralized Voltage and Reactive Power Control for Active Distribution Networks." IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 36, no. 2: 1537-1547.
Decarbonization of power systems has put Renewable Energy Sources (RES) at the forefront when it comes to electric power generation. The increasing shares of converter-connected renewable generation cause a decrease of the rotational inertia of the Electric Power System (EPS), and consequently deteriorate the system capability to withstand large load-generation imbalances. Low-inertia systems are subjected to fast and large frequency changes in case of in-feed loss, where the traditional primary frequency control is not sufficient to preserve the frequency stability and to maintain the frequency above the critical value. One possible solution to this rising problem is seen in Fast Frequency Response (FFR) provided by the High-Voltage Direct-Current (HVDC)-based systems. This paper presents the adaptive FFR control of HVDC-based systems for frequency stability enhancement in the low-inertia system. The EPS is considered as a “black box” and the HVDC response is determined only using the locally measured frequency change. Sliding Mode Control (SMC) of the Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) was developed and demonstrated to provide faster and more appropriate frequency response compared to the PI controller. The described adaptive HVDC control considers the size of disturbance and the inertia of the power system, and it is verified by simulations on the IEEE 39 bus test system implemented in MATLAB/Simulink for different system configurations and different sizes of disturbance.
Jelena Stojković; Aleksandra Lekić; Predrag Stefanov. Adaptive Control of HVDC Links for Frequency Stability Enhancement in Low-Inertia Systems. Energies 2020, 13, 6162 .
AMA StyleJelena Stojković, Aleksandra Lekić, Predrag Stefanov. Adaptive Control of HVDC Links for Frequency Stability Enhancement in Low-Inertia Systems. Energies. 2020; 13 (23):6162.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJelena Stojković; Aleksandra Lekić; Predrag Stefanov. 2020. "Adaptive Control of HVDC Links for Frequency Stability Enhancement in Low-Inertia Systems." Energies 13, no. 23: 6162.
This study presents the initialisation of a hybrid alternating current/direct current (AC/DC) power system to determine the operation point around which the system is linearised as a starting point for an electromagnetic or harmonic stability analysis. To this end, each AC or DC power system component is modelled in the Fourier transform domain and further adjusted to a simplified representation compatible with a power flow formulation. The study also presents how voltage source converter (VSC) high-voltage DC-based systems can be analysed when the different VSC controls are applied. The result of the power flow solution is then used for the power converters’ initialisation.
Aleksandra Lekić; Hakan Ergun; Jef Beerten. Initialisation of a hybrid AC/DC power system for harmonic stability analysis using a power flow formulation. High Voltage 2020, 5, 534 -542.
AMA StyleAleksandra Lekić, Hakan Ergun, Jef Beerten. Initialisation of a hybrid AC/DC power system for harmonic stability analysis using a power flow formulation. High Voltage. 2020; 5 (5):534-542.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAleksandra Lekić; Hakan Ergun; Jef Beerten. 2020. "Initialisation of a hybrid AC/DC power system for harmonic stability analysis using a power flow formulation." High Voltage 5, no. 5: 534-542.
This paper introduces a complete modeling framework for harmonic stability assessment starting from ABCD parameters. It does so by presenting the theoretical foundations for modeling power system components in the ABCD domain, developing adequate interconnection methods for the components, as well as determining the ABCD parameters from any port in the system. The paper also illustrates how the resulting ABCD component models can conveniently be used for a stability analysis of an entire system, consisting of both active and passive components.
Aleksandra Lekić; Jef Beerten. Generalized multiport representation of power systems using ABCD parameters for harmonic stability analysis. Electric Power Systems Research 2020, 189, 106658 .
AMA StyleAleksandra Lekić, Jef Beerten. Generalized multiport representation of power systems using ABCD parameters for harmonic stability analysis. Electric Power Systems Research. 2020; 189 ():106658.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAleksandra Lekić; Jef Beerten. 2020. "Generalized multiport representation of power systems using ABCD parameters for harmonic stability analysis." Electric Power Systems Research 189, no. : 106658.
In this paper, a control design for the the Pseudo Boost PFC converter with the application in the charger for electric vehicles, is formulated and verified. The rectifier ends up being energy efficient because due to containing smaller number of switches. The converter is controlled using a method involving the minimum Lyapunov function derivative and a hysteresis. This control provides an averaged value of the converter sine input current, and thus, decreasing the THD value. Theoretical results are complemented with the corresponding simulations and experimental waveforms.
Aleksandra Lekic; Milovan Majstorovic; Leposava Ristic; Dusan Stipanovic. Hysteresis Control of the Pseudo Boost PFC Converter. 2020 IEEE 29th International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE) 2020, 731 -735.
AMA StyleAleksandra Lekic, Milovan Majstorovic, Leposava Ristic, Dusan Stipanovic. Hysteresis Control of the Pseudo Boost PFC Converter. 2020 IEEE 29th International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE). 2020; ():731-735.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAleksandra Lekic; Milovan Majstorovic; Leposava Ristic; Dusan Stipanovic. 2020. "Hysteresis Control of the Pseudo Boost PFC Converter." 2020 IEEE 29th International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE) , no. : 731-735.
In this paper, we present a novel nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) formulation for the transient control of a DC‐DC converter. We demonstrate that a real‐time implementation of the proposed NMPC scheme using the PANOC solver can be efficiently applied to control DC‐DC converters in the microsecond range. Moreover, an embedded, code‐generated version of PANOC can be implemented using microcontrollers or digital signal processors. The algorithm is incorporated in the transient simulator of PWM DC‐DC converters, and the operation of the simulator on the boost converter's example is presented, comparing the performance of our NMPC‐controller with that of a classical PID controller. The operation of the boost converter controlled using the proposed NMPC algorithm is validated experimentally.
Aleksandra Lekić; Ben Hermans; Nenad Jovičić; Panagiotis Patrinos. Microsecond nonlinear model predictive control for DC‐DC converters. International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications 2020, 48, 406 -419.
AMA StyleAleksandra Lekić, Ben Hermans, Nenad Jovičić, Panagiotis Patrinos. Microsecond nonlinear model predictive control for DC‐DC converters. International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications. 2020; 48 (3):406-419.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAleksandra Lekić; Ben Hermans; Nenad Jovičić; Panagiotis Patrinos. 2020. "Microsecond nonlinear model predictive control for DC‐DC converters." International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications 48, no. 3: 406-419.
In this paper, a polytopic control approach is applied to a PV-fed single-ended primary-inductance (SEPIC) dc-dc converter. In a clear-cut-contrast with conventional control techniques based on averaging procedures, the polytopic control approach is applied to the switched model of the system. In particular, the switching control signal is synthesized using a Lyapunov function which has polytopic level sets. The validity of the approach is illustrated and verified using numerical simulations showing that the controller can achieve good performance in terms of fast recovery due to input voltage variations.
Aleksandra Lekic; Abdelali El Aroudi; Dusan Stipanovic. Polytopic Control of a PV-Fed SEPIC DC-DC Converter. 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS) 2019, 1 -5.
AMA StyleAleksandra Lekic, Abdelali El Aroudi, Dusan Stipanovic. Polytopic Control of a PV-Fed SEPIC DC-DC Converter. 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS). 2019; ():1-5.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAleksandra Lekic; Abdelali El Aroudi; Dusan Stipanovic. 2019. "Polytopic Control of a PV-Fed SEPIC DC-DC Converter." 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS) , no. : 1-5.
In this paper, chaotic behavior of the Colpitts oscillator is studied and analyzed. The analyses consider the locally unstable behavior based on the linearization around the equilibrium and the globally bounded stability, which guarantees that the trajectories converge to an attractive and bounded set. The attractive set for the Colpitts oscillator is determined and characterized using Lyapunov analyses and an appropriate quadratic Lyapunov function. The theoretical results are accompanied by a representative simulation.
Ivana Vasiljevic; Aleksandra Lekic; Dusan Stipanovic. Lyapunov Analysis of the Chaotic Colpitts Oscillator. 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS) 2019, 1 -5.
AMA StyleIvana Vasiljevic, Aleksandra Lekic, Dusan Stipanovic. Lyapunov Analysis of the Chaotic Colpitts Oscillator. 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS). 2019; ():1-5.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIvana Vasiljevic; Aleksandra Lekic; Dusan Stipanovic. 2019. "Lyapunov Analysis of the Chaotic Colpitts Oscillator." 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS) , no. : 1-5.
In this paper, all operating modes of the AC-DC Ćuk converter have been modeled as linear-time invariant systems where some of the modes were not only modeled but also detected for the first time. Another feature provided in this paper is that the converter can be modeled and analyzed as a switching dynamical system controlled by an external constant duty-ratio switching and the internal switchings shown to be related to the minimum among the time-derivatives of a common quadratic Lyapunov function. Some representative simulations are provided to illustrate and validate the technical results of the paper.
Nikola Z. Petrovic; Aleksandra Lekic; Dusan M. Stipanovic. Lyapunov Characterization and Analysis of the Operating Modes of the AC–DC Ćuk Converter. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics 2018, 7, 1318 -1328.
AMA StyleNikola Z. Petrovic, Aleksandra Lekic, Dusan M. Stipanovic. Lyapunov Characterization and Analysis of the Operating Modes of the AC–DC Ćuk Converter. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics. 2018; 7 (2):1318-1328.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNikola Z. Petrovic; Aleksandra Lekic; Dusan M. Stipanovic. 2018. "Lyapunov Characterization and Analysis of the Operating Modes of the AC–DC Ćuk Converter." IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics 7, no. 2: 1318-1328.
In this paper some local stability results for an autonomous Long Short-Term Memory neural network model with respect to the origin are provided. In particular, it is shown through linearization that the local asymptotic stability conditions with respect to the origin only depend on one of the weight matrices. Simulations indicate that these local stability conditions greatly influence the behavior of the autonomous four-dimensional neural network in the region where each variable's values vary between minus one and one. Finally, some sufficient stability conditions for the nonlinear model are formulated as a convex program involving linear matrix inequalities.
Dusan M. Stipanovic; Boris Murmann; Matteo Causo; Aleksandra Lekic; Vicenc Rubies Royo; Claire J. Tomlin; Edith Beigne; Sebastien Thuries; Mykhailo Zarudniev; Suzanne Lesecq. Some Local Stability Properties of an Autonomous Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network Model. 2018 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS) 2018, 1 -5.
AMA StyleDusan M. Stipanovic, Boris Murmann, Matteo Causo, Aleksandra Lekic, Vicenc Rubies Royo, Claire J. Tomlin, Edith Beigne, Sebastien Thuries, Mykhailo Zarudniev, Suzanne Lesecq. Some Local Stability Properties of an Autonomous Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network Model. 2018 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS). 2018; ():1-5.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDusan M. Stipanovic; Boris Murmann; Matteo Causo; Aleksandra Lekic; Vicenc Rubies Royo; Claire J. Tomlin; Edith Beigne; Sebastien Thuries; Mykhailo Zarudniev; Suzanne Lesecq. 2018. "Some Local Stability Properties of an Autonomous Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network Model." 2018 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS) , no. : 1-5.
In this paper, the Ćuk DC/DC converter is controlled by a switching sequence based on the values of a polytopic Lyapunov function. In particular, the switching control signal is computed using a Lyapunov function which has polytopic level sets and it is not everywhere differentiable. The problem of not everywhere differentiability is handled using the Filippov’s approach for discontinuous differential equations. The main advantage of the presented control design approach is that it provides exact computation of the state variables’ ripple values which could not be obtained with previously used quadratic Lyapunov functions. The implementation particularities of the approach are illustrated and verified using a number of simulations.
Aleksandra Lekic; Dusan Stipanovic; Nikola Petrovic. Controlling the Ćuk Converter Using Polytopic Lyapunov Functions. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs 2017, 65, 1678 -1682.
AMA StyleAleksandra Lekic, Dusan Stipanovic, Nikola Petrovic. Controlling the Ćuk Converter Using Polytopic Lyapunov Functions. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs. 2017; 65 (11):1678-1682.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAleksandra Lekic; Dusan Stipanovic; Nikola Petrovic. 2017. "Controlling the Ćuk Converter Using Polytopic Lyapunov Functions." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs 65, no. 11: 1678-1682.
This paper presents an approach to construct nonlinear control for switching DC-DC converters. What is presented are commonly used control methods and they are compared with nonlinear methods: sliding-mode control, hysteresis control and control using polytopic Lyapunov functions. In addition, an experimental realization of the sliding-mode controlled Buck converter is described in detail.
Aleksandra Lekic; Dusan Stipanović. Stable switching control of DC-DC converters. 2017 25th Telecommunication Forum (TELFOR) 2017, 1 -7.
AMA StyleAleksandra Lekic, Dusan Stipanović. Stable switching control of DC-DC converters. 2017 25th Telecommunication Forum (TELFOR). 2017; ():1-7.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAleksandra Lekic; Dusan Stipanović. 2017. "Stable switching control of DC-DC converters." 2017 25th Telecommunication Forum (TELFOR) , no. : 1-7.
In this paper, a time-domain simulation of the DC-DC converters’ dynamic behavior is described. Corresponding to the state-space model for each possible operation mode of the circuit, an analytic solution is provided. Converter’s regulator is discretized using the pole-zero placement technique based on its Laplace transfer function. An algorithm results in a very accurate simulation due to the exact solution of the circuit’s equations.
Aleksandra Lekić. Simulation of PWM DC-DC converters using eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Journal of Electrical Engineering 2017, 68, 13 -22.
AMA StyleAleksandra Lekić. Simulation of PWM DC-DC converters using eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Journal of Electrical Engineering. 2017; 68 (1):13-22.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAleksandra Lekić. 2017. "Simulation of PWM DC-DC converters using eigenvalues and eigenvectors." Journal of Electrical Engineering 68, no. 1: 13-22.
In this brief, the behaviors of the Ćuk converter operating in discontinuous conduction modes (DCMs) under a hysteresis controlled switching are studied. The hysteresis switching is defined in terms of values of a common quadratic Lyapunov function and Lyapunov stability conditions are established for all possible switchings, which represent a DCM of operation. A set of simulation results are provided to illustrate the converter's behaviors when the hysteresis switching control results in discontinuous modes of operation.
Aleksandra Lekic; Dusan M. Stipanoviclekic. Hysteresis Switching Control of the ?uk Converter Operating in Discontinuous Conduction Modes. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs 2016, 64, 1077 -1081.
AMA StyleAleksandra Lekic, Dusan M. Stipanoviclekic. Hysteresis Switching Control of the ?uk Converter Operating in Discontinuous Conduction Modes. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs. 2016; 64 (9):1077-1081.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAleksandra Lekic; Dusan M. Stipanoviclekic. 2016. "Hysteresis Switching Control of the ?uk Converter Operating in Discontinuous Conduction Modes." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs 64, no. 9: 1077-1081.
Design details and analysis of the properties of a hysteresis switching controller for the Ćuk converter are provided in this paper. The design is based on a switching control law which minimizes a common Lyapunov function derivative for the converter's continuous modes of operation. These continuous modes of operation are both marginally stable which causes some particularities in the design procedure. The design also meets the specifications in terms of the converter's duty ratio and the frequency limitations. The proposed hysteresis controller performance is analyzed with respect to the operating modes of the converter and illustrated with a number of representative and relevant simulations.
Aleksandra Lekic; Dusan M. Stipanovic. Hysteresis Switching Control of the ?uk Converter. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers 2016, 63, 2048 -2061.
AMA StyleAleksandra Lekic, Dusan M. Stipanovic. Hysteresis Switching Control of the ?uk Converter. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers. 2016; 63 (11):2048-2061.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAleksandra Lekic; Dusan M. Stipanovic. 2016. "Hysteresis Switching Control of the ?uk Converter." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers 63, no. 11: 2048-2061.
Prekidačko ponašanje kola, specijalno DC-DC konvertora je analizirano u ovom radu korišćenjem ekvivalentne kontrole za modelovanje sliding-mode režima dinamičkih sistema. Kao reprezentativni primer i jedan od najkompleksinijih DC-DC konvertora, izabran je Ćuk konvertor. Pokazuje se da se ponašanje konvertora u ustaljenom stanju može posmatrati i analizirati korišćenjem uslova stabilnosti baziranih na linearnim matričnim nejednačinama sa nelinearnom perturbacijom ograničenom u sektoru. Maksimizacija nelinearnog ograničenja u sektoru daje granicu za primenu linear ripple aproksimacije u analizi rada konvertora. Štaviše, naš pristup je potvrđen simulacijama za dve različite prekidačke površine od interesa. DC/DC konvertor; Ćuk konvertor; sliding-mode; linearne matrične nejednačine
Aleksandra Lekic; Dusan Stipanovic. LMI approach for sliding mode control and analysis of DC-DC converters. Tehnika 2016, 71, 715 -723.
AMA StyleAleksandra Lekic, Dusan Stipanovic. LMI approach for sliding mode control and analysis of DC-DC converters. Tehnika. 2016; 71 (5):715-723.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAleksandra Lekic; Dusan Stipanovic. 2016. "LMI approach for sliding mode control and analysis of DC-DC converters." Tehnika 71, no. 5: 715-723.
An algorithm for state-space model generation using free software is proposed in the paper. The algorithm is based on circuit equations formulation using modified nodal analysis and their solving to provide state-space model. State-space model is generated in a symbolic form for all possible states of DC-DC converter operation. Determination of possible states is obtained by checking existence of discontinuous modes. The resulting state-space equations can be solved using a variety of numerical techniques or commercially available computer simulation programs. The algorithm is realized applying free software exclusively.
A. Lekić. Automated DC-DC converters symbolic state-space model generation by the use of free software. 2014 22nd Telecommunications Forum Telfor (TELFOR) 2014, 995 -998.
AMA StyleA. Lekić. Automated DC-DC converters symbolic state-space model generation by the use of free software. 2014 22nd Telecommunications Forum Telfor (TELFOR). 2014; ():995-998.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Lekić. 2014. "Automated DC-DC converters symbolic state-space model generation by the use of free software." 2014 22nd Telecommunications Forum Telfor (TELFOR) , no. : 995-998.