Size and shape data of agricultural crops provide great sources for food processing technologies. The physical attributes of different fruits should be known for the design, developing and innovation of food technologies. In this study, the size and shape distinctions of fifteen national and international walnut cultivars (Midland, Sütyemez-1, Serr, Maraş-18, Maraş-12, Sütyemez-2, Kaman-1, Kaman-5, Pedro, Howard, Chandler, Şebin, Şen-2, Bilecik and KR-1) were determined using elliptic Fourier and multivariate approaches. Firstly, the gravitational features of walnut cultivars were determined, and their dimensional, area and shape attributes were revealed by image processing. Cluster analysis was used to designate the walnut cultivars. Elliptic Fourier descriptors obtained from walnut outlines provided the comparisons among walnut cultivars in shape. The shape index indicated that Serr, Sütyemez-2, Midland and Şen-2 cultivars were oval-shaped, and the others were spherical. The cluster analysis divided the walnut cultivars into four subgroups. Elliptic Fourier descriptors perfectly distinguished the walnut cultivars according to shape.

Morphology is the most visible and distinct character of plant organs and is accepted as one of the most important tools for plant biologists, plant breeders and growers. A number of methods based on plant morphology are applied to discriminate in particular close cultivars. In this study, image processing analysis was used on 20 grape cultivars (“Amasya beyazı“, “Antep karası“, “Bahçeli karası”, “Çavuş“, “Cevşen“, “Crimson“, “Dimrit“, “Erenköy beyazı“, “Hafızali“, “Karaşabi“, “Kırmızı“, “İzabella (Isabella) “, “Morşabi“, “Müşgüle“, “Nuniya“, “Royal“, “Sultani çekirdeksiz (Sultanina)“, “Yalova incisi“, “Yerli beyazv“, “Yuvarlak çekirdeksiz“) to classify them. According to image processing analysis, the longest and the greatest projected area values were observed in “Antep karası“ cultivar. The “Sultani çekirdeksiz“ cultivar had the least geometric mean diameter. The greatest sphericity ratios were observed in “Yerli beyaz“, “Erenköy beyazı“ and “Amasya beyazı“ cultivars. According to principal component analysis, dimensional attributes were identified as the most significant source of variation discriminant grape cultivars from each other. Morphological differences between the cultivars were explained by sphericity and elongation variables. According to elliptic Fourier analysis (EFA) results, grape morphology largely looks like ellipse and sphere. However, there are some cultivars that look similar to a water drop. The cultivars with similar morphology were identified by a pair-wise comparison test conducted with the use of linear discriminant analysis, and they were presented in a scatter plot. According to cluster analysis, present grape cultivars were classified into seven sub-groups, which indicated great diversity.

In this study, berry dimensions and shape traits, which are important for the design of the grape processing system and the classification of 10 different grape varieties grown in same ecological conditions (‘Ata Sarısı’, ‘Barış’, ‘Dımışkı’, ‘Hatun Parmağı’, ‘Helvani’, ‘Horoz Karası’, ‘Hönüsü’, ‘İtalia’, ‘Mevlana Sarısı’, and ‘Red Globe’) were determined; differences between the varieties were identified with the use of discriminant analysis. The largest grape varieties were identified as ‘Ata Sarısı’ and ‘Red Globe’. The ‘Red Globe’ and ‘Helvani’ varieties had geometrically sphere-like shape. The ‘Barış’ variety had the lowest size averages. According to elliptic Fourier analysis, the primary source of shape variation was ellipse and sphere-looking varieties. However, shape variation was seen due to the existence of a small number of drop-like varieties. According to discriminant analysis, shape differences of the varieties were defined by two discriminant functions. Based on these discriminant functions, the greatest classification performance was achieved for ‘Mevlana Sarısı’ and ‘Dımışkı’. In scatter plots, three shape definitions (sphere, ellipse, and drop) were made for grape varieties. Cluster analysis revealed 4 sub-groups. The first sub-group included the ‘Mevlana Sarısı’ variety; the second sub-group included the ‘Hönüsü’, ‘Hatun Parmağı’, ‘Dımışkı’, and ‘Horoz Karası’ varieties; the third sub-group included the ‘Ata Sarısı’ variety; the fourth sub-group included the ‘Barış’, ‘Helvani’, ‘İtalia’, and ‘Red Globe’ varieties. The variety in the first group had a geometrically ellipse-like shape, the largest length, and the smallest width. The size data were the smallest for the second sub-group. The third sub-group, with the ellipse-like shape, had the large size data. The grape varieties the closest to the sphere were classified in the fourth group, and these varieties had the large sizes.

Bu araştırmanın amacı, düşük hacimli pestisit uygulamalarında kullanılan farklı tip pülverizatör memelerinde birim alana ulaşan damla sayısını belirlemek ve pülverizasyon karakteristiklerini tahminlemektir. Denemelerde standart (ST), yüksek etki alanlı (LU), standart dar hüzme açılı (STD), konik hüzmeli (DC), düşük sürüklenme potansiyelli (AD), hava emişli (IDK) ve ikiz akışlı (IDKT) meme tipleri kullanılmıştır. Püskürtme uygulamaları otomatik hız kontrollü doğrusal hareketli bir simülatör kullanılarak 300 kPa sabit işletme basıncı ve 80 l/ha uygulama hacminde yapılmıştır. Damla örneklemesi için suya duyarlı kağıt (WSP, 26×76 mm), kullanılmış ve metal direklerin alt, orta ve üst bölgelerine yerleştirilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre ST, LU, STD, DC ve AD tip memelerle ince ve orta yapılı; IDK tip memeyle orta ve kaba yapılı; IDKT tip memede ise kaba, çok kaba ve aşırı kaba yapılı damlaların üretildiği belirlenmiştir. Damla sıklığı ortalamaları ince ve orta yapılı damlalar üreten memelerde 88-202 adet/cm2 aralığında; orta ve kaba yapılı damlalar üreten memelerde 47-48 adet/cm2; kaba, çok kaba ve aşırı kaba yapılı damlalar üreten memelerde 19-34 adet/cm2 olarak belirlenmiştir. Kaba yapılı damlalar üreten IDKT tip memenin kullanıldığı püskürtme uygulamalarında biyolojik etkinliği arttırmak için damla sıklığının da arttırılması gerekmektedir. Bu nedenle IDKT tip memenin kullanıldığı püskürtme uygulamalarında işletme basıncının önerilen basınç aralığında arttırılarak daha küçük çaplı damlaların üretilmesi gerekmektedir.

Nanotechnology is one of today's most popular research areas. The reason for this is that, thanks to this technology, production can be much better and much smaller. Investments in this technology increase each year and it is predicted that the increase will continue. The fact that more nanomaterials are in our lives has become a necessity for further research into this technology. Many studies have been done on nanomaterials for a long time, but most of them are those that highlight the positive aspects of nanomaterials on humans. Until a few years ago, studies on the negative effects of nanomaterials on living things, especially humans, are insufficient. In recent years, increasing use of nanomaterials necessitated the examination of the effect on human health. As a result of research, some nanomaterials have been determined to have negative effects on human health. These materials are especially risky for workers during production. People and institutions working with nanomaterials need to take some security measures. These measures should be determined according to the properties of nanomaterials. Taking the necessary precautions reduces the possibility of exposure. The negative effects of nanomaterials on human health are still being investigated. However, thanks to its superior features, its popularity is rapidly increasing and it is expected to continue to increase.