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A systematic review of the literature is presented related to the usage of blockchain technology (BCT) for cyber-threats in the context of Industry 4.0. BCT plays a crucial role in creating smart factories and it is recognized as a core technology that triggers a disruptive revolution in Industry 4.0. Beyond security, authentication, asset tracking and the exchange of smart contracts, BCTs allow terminals to exchange information according to mutually agreed rules within a secured manner. Consequently, BCT can play a crucial role in industrial sustainability by preserving the assets and the environment and by enhancing the quality of life of citizens. In this work, a classification of the most important cyber-attacks that occurred in the last decade in Industry 4.0 is proposed based on four classes. The latter classes cover scanning, local to remote, power of root and denial of service (DoS). BCT is also defined and various types belong to BCT are introduced and highlighted. Likewise, BCT protocols and implementations are discussed as well. BCT implementation includes linear structure and directed acyclic graph (DAG) technology. Then, a comparative study of the most relevant works based on BCT in Industry 4.0 is conducted in terms of confidentiality, integrity, availability, privacy and multifactor authentication features. Our review shows that the integration of BCT in industry can ensure data confidentiality and integrity and should be enforced to preserve data availability and privacy. Future research directions towards enforcing BCT in the industrial field by considering machine learning, 5G/6G mobile systems and new emergent technologies are presented.
Sidi ElMamy; Hichem Mrabet; Hassen Gharbi; Abderrazak Jemai; Damien Trentesaux. A Survey on the Usage of Blockchain Technology for Cyber-Threats in the Context of Industry 4.0. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9179 .
AMA StyleSidi ElMamy, Hichem Mrabet, Hassen Gharbi, Abderrazak Jemai, Damien Trentesaux. A Survey on the Usage of Blockchain Technology for Cyber-Threats in the Context of Industry 4.0. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (21):9179.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSidi ElMamy; Hichem Mrabet; Hassen Gharbi; Abderrazak Jemai; Damien Trentesaux. 2020. "A Survey on the Usage of Blockchain Technology for Cyber-Threats in the Context of Industry 4.0." Sustainability 12, no. 21: 9179.
The purpose of this article is to propose a new configuration based on OCDMA and Fast-OFDM techniques for access network applications. A hybrid intensity modulation with direct detection, fast orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing–code division multiplexing access (IM/DD Fast-OFDM-CDMA) system is analytically and numerically evaluated for an amplifier-free access network. Therefore, system performance is analytically investigated in terms of bit error rate/Q-factor as a function of simultaneous users, fiber length and launched optical power. Firstly, the proposed analytical model includes the overlapping effect among OFDM subcarriers, the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), and multiple access interference (MAI). Secondly, a simulation setup is performed, allowing four simultaneous users operating at 40 Gb/s in a passive optical network (PON) context. Furthermore, a power budget analysis is made between IM/DD Fast-OFDM-CDMA, all-optical IM/DD OFDM-CDMA (IM/DD AO-OFDM-CDMA) and OCDMA wavelength division multiplexing (OCDMA-WDM) configurations. It is shown that at 40 Gb/s and by using 2D-hybrid coding (2D-HC), the maximum achievable transmission-reach of IM/DD Fast-OFDM-CDMA is 142 km, which is 34 km and 60 km higher than those provided by the IM/DD AO-OFDM-OCDMA and OCDMA-WDM PON configurations, respectively.
Hichem Mrabet. A Performance Analysis of a Hybrid OCDMA-PON Configuration Based on IM/DD Fast-OFDM Technique for Access Network. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 7690 .
AMA StyleHichem Mrabet. A Performance Analysis of a Hybrid OCDMA-PON Configuration Based on IM/DD Fast-OFDM Technique for Access Network. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (21):7690.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHichem Mrabet. 2020. "A Performance Analysis of a Hybrid OCDMA-PON Configuration Based on IM/DD Fast-OFDM Technique for Access Network." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21: 7690.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is leading today’s digital transformation. Relying on a combination of technologies, protocols, and devices such as wireless sensors and newly developed wearable and implanted sensors, IoT is changing every aspect of daily life, especially recent applications in digital healthcare. IoT incorporates various kinds of hardware, communication protocols, and services. This IoT diversity can be viewed as a double-edged sword that provides comfort to users but can lead also to a large number of security threats and attacks. In this survey paper, a new compacted and optimized architecture for IoT is proposed based on five layers. Likewise, we propose a new classification of security threats and attacks based on new IoT architecture. The IoT architecture involves a physical perception layer, a network and protocol layer, a transport layer, an application layer, and a data and cloud services layer. First, the physical sensing layer incorporates the basic hardware used by IoT. Second, we highlight the various network and protocol technologies employed by IoT, and review the security threats and solutions. Transport protocols are exhibited and the security threats against them are discussed while providing common solutions. Then, the application layer involves application protocols and lightweight encryption algorithms for IoT. Finally, in the data and cloud services layer, the main important security features of IoT cloud platforms are addressed, involving confidentiality, integrity, authorization, authentication, and encryption protocols. The paper is concluded by presenting the open research issues and future directions towards securing IoT, including the lack of standardized lightweight encryption algorithms, the use of machine-learning algorithms to enhance security and the related challenges, the use of Blockchain to address security challenges in IoT, and the implications of IoT deployment in 5G and beyond.
Hichem Mrabet; Sana Belguith; Adeeb Alhomoud; Abderrazak Jemai. A Survey of IoT Security Based on a Layered Architecture of Sensing and Data Analysis. Sensors 2020, 20, 3625 .
AMA StyleHichem Mrabet, Sana Belguith, Adeeb Alhomoud, Abderrazak Jemai. A Survey of IoT Security Based on a Layered Architecture of Sensing and Data Analysis. Sensors. 2020; 20 (13):3625.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHichem Mrabet; Sana Belguith; Adeeb Alhomoud; Abderrazak Jemai. 2020. "A Survey of IoT Security Based on a Layered Architecture of Sensing and Data Analysis." Sensors 20, no. 13: 3625.
In this paper, a novel Three Dimensional Pascal’s Triangle Zero Cross Correlation (3D-PTZCC) code is proposed for non coherent Spectral Amplitude Coding Optical Code Division Multiple Access systems with a spectral/time/spatial combination and direct detection at the level of the receiver. The proposed code is based on (1D-PTZCC) and (2D-PTZCC) codes using Pascal’s Triangle rule. Its structure can minimise the receiver complexity of 3D-Perfect/Multi Diagonal (3D-PD/MD) and 3D-Perfect Difference (3D-PD) codes. The simulation results prove that systems using the proposed code can support a high data rate, high signal power and large number of simultaneous users with less power consuming. The code can save the received power by around − 5.5 dBm and − 3.7 dBm and the system capacity can be enhanced by 4.7 and 3.85 times compared to the systems using (3D-PD/MD) and (3D-PD) codes.
Abdelhamid Cherifi; Hichem Mrabet; Boubakar Seddik Bouazza; Syed Alwee Aljunid. Performance enhancement of multiple access 3D-OCDMA networks using a pascal triangle codes. Optical and Quantum Electronics 2020, 52, 1 -16.
AMA StyleAbdelhamid Cherifi, Hichem Mrabet, Boubakar Seddik Bouazza, Syed Alwee Aljunid. Performance enhancement of multiple access 3D-OCDMA networks using a pascal triangle codes. Optical and Quantum Electronics. 2020; 52 (2):1-16.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbdelhamid Cherifi; Hichem Mrabet; Boubakar Seddik Bouazza; Syed Alwee Aljunid. 2020. "Performance enhancement of multiple access 3D-OCDMA networks using a pascal triangle codes." Optical and Quantum Electronics 52, no. 2: 1-16.
In this paper, a performance analysis is reported for optical code division multiplexing (OCDM) system for long-reach passive optical network (LR-PON) systems by taking into account multiple access interference (MAI), single-mode fiber (SMF) channel effects and receiver noise. The mathematical model representing the 2-D optical code parameters for different receiver structures used in optical code division multiplexing access (OCDMA) are developed, optimized and implemented using Matlab simulations, where channel imperfections, such as attenuation losses and chromatic dispersion have been considered. In the proposed system configuration, we have investigated the probability of error for Back-to-Back (B2B) with conventional correlation receiver (CCR), SMF with CCR receiver and SMF channel with successive interference cancelation (SIC) receiver. Additionally, SMF channel with SIC receiver system performance has been addressed by taking into account two key metrics, such as BER and Q-factor as function of simultaneous users, and fiber length, respectively. We have managed to substantially improve simultaneous multiuser data transmission over significant fiber lengths without use of amplification, where Q-factor of 6 at fiber length of 190 and 120 km, while a SIC receiver using 5 stages cancelation is employed for 2D prime hop system (2D-PHS) and for 2D hybrid codes (2D-HC), respectively.
Hichem Mrabet; Iyad Dayoub; Shyqyri Haxha; Rabah Attia. Performance analysis of 2D-OCDMA system in long-reach passive optical network. Optics & Laser Technology 2019, 117, 64 -72.
AMA StyleHichem Mrabet, Iyad Dayoub, Shyqyri Haxha, Rabah Attia. Performance analysis of 2D-OCDMA system in long-reach passive optical network. Optics & Laser Technology. 2019; 117 ():64-72.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHichem Mrabet; Iyad Dayoub; Shyqyri Haxha; Rabah Attia. 2019. "Performance analysis of 2D-OCDMA system in long-reach passive optical network." Optics & Laser Technology 117, no. : 64-72.
All-optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (AO-OFDM) and optical code-division multiple-access system (OCDMA) are combined in the first analytical model, which considers subcarrier hopping by means of advanced two-dimensional (2D) hybrid-coded (2D-HC) signature. The model incorporates probabilistic subcarrier overlapping, multiple-access interferences and is tested, for the first time, over amplifier-free long-reach passive optical networks (LR-PONs) using cost-effective intensity modulations and direct detection. For the upstream direction at 40 Gb/s, AO-OFDM-OCDMA outperforms a ‘classical’ multi-channel OCDMA system for low received powers and any number of simultaneous users. In comparison to conventional 1D Walsh–Hadamard, 1D prime code and 2D prime hop system, coding with 2D-HC can improve the performance of AO-OFDM-CDMA, thus allowing a higher number of simultaneous users in LR-PON without optical amplification. From numerical simulations, the authors show that 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) AO-OFDM-CDMA with 45 users has comparable performance to conventional multi-channel 16-QAM coherent optical OFDM in the downstream direction and up to 58 km with 1:45 split ratio, without employing complex coherent technology. Similarly, based on the feasibility of physical implementation configuration, a budget power calculation is performed showing 108 km as maximum reachability distance for 40 Gb/s QAM signal, 1:64 split ratio when considering standard forward-error-correction.
Hichem Mrabet; Sofien Mhatli; Iyad Dayoub; Elias Giacoumidis. Performance analysis of AO‐OFDM‐CDMA with advanced 2D‐hybrid coding for amplifier‐free LR‐PONs. IET Optoelectronics 2018, 12, 293 -298.
AMA StyleHichem Mrabet, Sofien Mhatli, Iyad Dayoub, Elias Giacoumidis. Performance analysis of AO‐OFDM‐CDMA with advanced 2D‐hybrid coding for amplifier‐free LR‐PONs. IET Optoelectronics. 2018; 12 (6):293-298.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHichem Mrabet; Sofien Mhatli; Iyad Dayoub; Elias Giacoumidis. 2018. "Performance analysis of AO‐OFDM‐CDMA with advanced 2D‐hybrid coding for amplifier‐free LR‐PONs." IET Optoelectronics 12, no. 6: 293-298.
In this study, a performance comparison of fibre non-linearity mitigation is performed in the context of 10 and 20 Gb/s coherent optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing and wavelength division multiplexing (CO-OFDM-WDM). The authors compare two regression methods based on the third-order Volterra series and least mean square algorithm in terms of the bit error rate (BER) for different transmission distances and modulation formats. They also evaluate the BER as a function of the number of OFDM subcarriers for the Volterra-based non-linear equaliser (VNLE). In addition, by increasing the order of the VNLE from third-order to fifth-order series, a significant increase of performance is obtained for 100 Gb/s CO-OFDM-WDM system. Likewise, a comparison study of 16-QAM 40 Gb/s CO-OFDM system is performed as a function of Q-factor for support vector machine, Volterra equaliser and linear equaliser, respectively.
Sofien Mhatli; Hichem Mrabet; Abdelkerim Amari. Extensive simulation of fibre non‐linearity mitigation in a CO‐OFDM‐WDM long‐haul communication system. IET Optoelectronics 2018, 12, 258 -262.
AMA StyleSofien Mhatli, Hichem Mrabet, Abdelkerim Amari. Extensive simulation of fibre non‐linearity mitigation in a CO‐OFDM‐WDM long‐haul communication system. IET Optoelectronics. 2018; 12 (5):258-262.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSofien Mhatli; Hichem Mrabet; Abdelkerim Amari. 2018. "Extensive simulation of fibre non‐linearity mitigation in a CO‐OFDM‐WDM long‐haul communication system." IET Optoelectronics 12, no. 5: 258-262.
In this study, a optical passive networks system-based 2D-optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) is proposed. For the uplink, 2D-prime hop system (PHS) codes and 2D-HC are employed. Nonetheless, a WDM scheme is used for the downlink. The system is firstly analysed and the performances are then provided in terms of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) bit error rate (BER), Q-factor and optical power budget as function of optical received power. The authors show that the proposed system can reach 40 Gb/s with a good BER value <10−10 when a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser and an APD receiver are deployed in the optical network unit and optical line terminal, respectively. Moreover, it is shown that bit rate can be increased up to 150 Gb/s using 2D-HC codes for the uplink. Finally, power budget for 524 network subscribers is achieved showing a long PON distance up to 41 Km with a maximum throughput equal to 285.1 Gb/s/Km using an emitted average power equal to 15 dBm.
Hichem Mrabet; Iyad Dayoub; Rabah Attia. Comparative study of 2D‐OCDMA‐WDM system performance in 40‐Gb/s PON context. IET Optoelectronics 2017, 11, 141 -147.
AMA StyleHichem Mrabet, Iyad Dayoub, Rabah Attia. Comparative study of 2D‐OCDMA‐WDM system performance in 40‐Gb/s PON context. IET Optoelectronics. 2017; 11 (4):141-147.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHichem Mrabet; Iyad Dayoub; Rabah Attia. 2017. "Comparative study of 2D‐OCDMA‐WDM system performance in 40‐Gb/s PON context." IET Optoelectronics 11, no. 4: 141-147.
Classifiers, such as artificial neural networks non-linear equaliser (ANN-NLE), Wiener–Hammerstein non-linear equaliser, Volterra non-linear equaliser (Volterra-NLE) and support vector machine non-linear equaliser (SVM-NLE), can play a significant role in compensating non-linear imperfections in the optical communications context. Using classifiers to mitigate the non-linear effects in coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CO-OFDM) systems is an interesting idea to be investigated. In this study, a novel support vector machine robust version, specifically adapted to a 100 Gb/s CO-OFDM data structure for long haul distance, is proposed. Firstly, the authors demonstrate that SVM-NLE upgrades the system performance by about 10−1 in terms of bit-error rate compared to Volterra-NLE at optical signal-to-noise ratio equal to 14 dB. Then, they show that it can double the transmission distance up to 1600 km over single mode fibre channel. Furthermore, a performance comparison is performed using 16 quadrature amplitude modulation and 40 Gb/s bit rate for SVM-NLE, ANN-NLE and inverse Volterra series transfer function non-linear equaliser, respectively.
Sofien Mhatli; Hichem Mrabet; Iyad Dayoub; Elias Giacoumidis. A novel support vector machine robust model based electrical equaliser for coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems. IET Communications 2017, 11, 1091 -1096.
AMA StyleSofien Mhatli, Hichem Mrabet, Iyad Dayoub, Elias Giacoumidis. A novel support vector machine robust model based electrical equaliser for coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems. IET Communications. 2017; 11 (7):1091-1096.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSofien Mhatli; Hichem Mrabet; Iyad Dayoub; Elias Giacoumidis. 2017. "A novel support vector machine robust model based electrical equaliser for coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems." IET Communications 11, no. 7: 1091-1096.
In this study, the performance of optical code-division-multiple-access (OCDMA) systems using 2D optical codes, taking into account an optical channel in local area network context is investigated. The authors demonstrate that one can enhance the 3-dB multi-mode fibre baseband bandwidth up to 4 GHz by exciting only two mode groups with the optimal axial launching. It has been demonstrated, that the OCDMA system performance can achieve a very low bit-error-rates in the range of −9 dBm. Furthermore, a large number of simultaneous users can be supported. In the authors’ treatment, the effect of both multiple access interference and modal dispersion are considered. Nonetheless, an OCDMA successive interference cancellation receiver is used to foster a better system performance.
Hichem Mrabet; Sofien Mthali. Performance enhancement of OCDMA systems for LAN consideration. IET Optoelectronics 2016, 10, 199 -204.
AMA StyleHichem Mrabet, Sofien Mthali. Performance enhancement of OCDMA systems for LAN consideration. IET Optoelectronics. 2016; 10 (6):199-204.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHichem Mrabet; Sofien Mthali. 2016. "Performance enhancement of OCDMA systems for LAN consideration." IET Optoelectronics 10, no. 6: 199-204.
In this paper, a new generation of Network-on-chip (NoC) system with CDMA code is proposed. A Bipolar CDMA code is used to provide a good system performance and to reduce MAI. Two structures of a detector are employed, which are the PIN and the APD detectors, while putting into consideration thermal noise. On one hand, we are proving, in this work, that system performance can achieve a good BER value in optical context with an acceptable node number. On the other hand, system bandwidth can reach 16 Gbit/s with an acceptable SNR compared to wired architecture.
Hichem Mrabet; Rabah Attia. New Generation of Optical NoC System with Wireless CDMA Architecture. Journal of Optical Communications 2015, 36, 1 .
AMA StyleHichem Mrabet, Rabah Attia. New Generation of Optical NoC System with Wireless CDMA Architecture. Journal of Optical Communications. 2015; 36 (3):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHichem Mrabet; Rabah Attia. 2015. "New Generation of Optical NoC System with Wireless CDMA Architecture." Journal of Optical Communications 36, no. 3: 1.
In this paper, we report the modal dispersion of silica graded-index optical fibers as a function of the input mode parameters and lunching conditions in local area network (LAN) context. In that, we examine the mode-depending parameters, namely, modal delay, modal attenuation and mode-coupling effects as a function of wavelength. We show that the number of excited mode groups depends strongly on the spot beam radius when the fiber is excited with an axial Gaussian beam where we find an optimal axial diameter exciting only two mode groups. We present a comparison of the number of excited mode groups, the optimal spot radius beam, the signal penalty and the 3-dB baseband bandwidth enhancement for the optimal axial launching compared with full mode excitation, offset launching and mode-field matched axial launching.
Hichem Mrabet; Iyad Dayoub; Rabah Attia; Walaa Hamouda. Wavelength and beam launching effects on silica optical fiber in local area networks. Optics Communications 2010, 283, 4234 -4241.
AMA StyleHichem Mrabet, Iyad Dayoub, Rabah Attia, Walaa Hamouda. Wavelength and beam launching effects on silica optical fiber in local area networks. Optics Communications. 2010; 283 (21):4234-4241.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHichem Mrabet; Iyad Dayoub; Rabah Attia; Walaa Hamouda. 2010. "Wavelength and beam launching effects on silica optical fiber in local area networks." Optics Communications 283, no. 21: 4234-4241.