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The research subject is the deposit-refund system of beverage packaging (PET, glass and aluminium) in Hungary, which is under development. For the success of the planned system, it is important to consider the population’s opinion. Therefore, data from a primary questionnaire survey were used for the analyses. This questionnaire was conducted in 2020 and resulted in an evaluable sample of 20,430 people. The study aims to answer the following research questions (Q). Q1. Does the reform of the beverage packaging deposit-refund system in Hungary have a raison d’être? Q2. What are the demographic characteristics (gender, type of residence, qualification) of those who would redeem beverage packaging in their households if the state paid for it? Q3. Do the demographic characteristics and/or the environmental attitudes of individuals significantly influence their perceptions of the planned new system, and how strong is the relationship between them? As for the method for answering the research questions, descriptive statistics and relationship analyses (Cramer’s V and Kendall’s tau) were applied to the closed answers. The results show that the analysis of the primary research provides well-determined directions for legislators and decision makers who develop the detailed operating rules of the new system.
Anita Boros; Róbert Kurdi; Zoltán Lukács; Attila Sarkady; Zsuzsanna Banász. Opinion of the Hungarian Population on the Reform of Beverage Packaging Deposit-Refund System. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6373 .
AMA StyleAnita Boros, Róbert Kurdi, Zoltán Lukács, Attila Sarkady, Zsuzsanna Banász. Opinion of the Hungarian Population on the Reform of Beverage Packaging Deposit-Refund System. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (11):6373.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnita Boros; Róbert Kurdi; Zoltán Lukács; Attila Sarkady; Zsuzsanna Banász. 2021. "Opinion of the Hungarian Population on the Reform of Beverage Packaging Deposit-Refund System." Sustainability 13, no. 11: 6373.
Smart mobility and transportation, in general, are significant elements of smart cities, which account for more than 25% of the total energy consumption related to smart cities. Smart transportation has seven essential sections: leisure, private, public, business, freight, product distribution, and special transport. From the management point of view, transportation can be classified as passive or non-cooperating, semi-active or simple cooperating, active or cooperating, contract-based, and priority transportation. This approach can be applied to public transport and even to passengers of public transport. The transportation system can be widely observed, analyzed, and managed using an extensive distribution network of sensors and actuators integrated into an Internet of Things (IoT) system. The paper briefly discusses the benefits that the IoT can offer for smart city transportation management. It deals with the use of a hierarchical approach to total transportation management, namely, defines the concept, methodology, and required sub-model developments, which describes the total system optimization problems; gives the possible system and methodology of the total transportation management; and demonstrates the required sub-model developments by examples of car-following models, formation motion, obstacle avoidances, and the total management system implementation. It also introduces a preliminary evaluation of the proposed concept relative to the existing systems.
Dinh Dung Nguyen; József Rohács; Dániel Rohács; Anita Boros. Intelligent Total Transportation Management System for Future Smart Cities. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 8933 .
AMA StyleDinh Dung Nguyen, József Rohács, Dániel Rohács, Anita Boros. Intelligent Total Transportation Management System for Future Smart Cities. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (24):8933.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDinh Dung Nguyen; József Rohács; Dániel Rohács; Anita Boros. 2020. "Intelligent Total Transportation Management System for Future Smart Cities." Applied Sciences 10, no. 24: 8933.
Numerous investigations assess the technical, technological, and managerial aspects of disaster response related to large technical systems. This paper deals with the possibility of synthesizing these aspects in a disaster response methodology, thus combining the technical, technological methods, tools, and software with the art of management. Its objective is to develop a preliminary methodology that supports the response management decision making processes related to earthquake-damaged large technical systems. The introduced methodology is demonstrated with the example of railway systems. It utilizes a combination of (i) a probabilistic model of railway system damage caused by earthquakes, (ii) a Markov model related to the damage and recovery phases, (iii) a probabilistic model of aftershocks, (iv) a statistical model of secondary effects, (v) impact models of management support actions, and (vi) response process management supported by a Markov Decision Process. The simulation results validate the concept. Based on these research results, the authors recommend that the described preliminary response management approach be further specified and implemented in disaster management procedures.
Sergey Kinzhikeyev; József Rohács; Dániel Rohács; Anita Boros. Sustainable Disaster Response Management Related to Large Technical Systems. Sustainability 2020, 12, 10290 .
AMA StyleSergey Kinzhikeyev, József Rohács, Dániel Rohács, Anita Boros. Sustainable Disaster Response Management Related to Large Technical Systems. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (24):10290.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSergey Kinzhikeyev; József Rohács; Dániel Rohács; Anita Boros. 2020. "Sustainable Disaster Response Management Related to Large Technical Systems." Sustainability 12, no. 24: 10290.
The criminal legislation regarding zoophilia and the legal status of animals were examined in 15 European countries. With regard to zoophilia, answers to the following questions were sought: are sexual acts performed with animals and the possession and distribution of animal pornography criminally punishable? Several aspects of the legal status of animals were examined including: (1) is the protection of individual animals included in the constitution, (2) do animals have a special status beyond mere objects, (3) can we find specific legislative provisions that explicitly state that animals are not simply things, and (4) does the legal system also take the “dignity” of animals into consideration. The assessment of zoophilia and the legal status of animals resulted in two country rankings, which the authors compared with each other. The correlation was not significant (p = 0.3147). At the same time, countries with differentiated criminal legislation for zoophilia were also 3.62 times more likely to rank higher in terms of the legal status of animals. The Swiss regulations are exceptional in both respects, while at the other end of the list, Italy does not have specific legislative provisions for either aspect.
Szilvia Vetter; Anita Boros; László Ózsvári. Penal Sanctioning of Zoophilia in Light of the Legal Status of Animals—A Comparative Analysis of Fifteen European Countries. Animals 2020, 10, 1024 .
AMA StyleSzilvia Vetter, Anita Boros, László Ózsvári. Penal Sanctioning of Zoophilia in Light of the Legal Status of Animals—A Comparative Analysis of Fifteen European Countries. Animals. 2020; 10 (6):1024.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSzilvia Vetter; Anita Boros; László Ózsvári. 2020. "Penal Sanctioning of Zoophilia in Light of the Legal Status of Animals—A Comparative Analysis of Fifteen European Countries." Animals 10, no. 6: 1024.
Generally, the development process of the railway transport system is determined by the market pull effects initiated by the economy and society and the market push effects induced by technological progress. The policymakers can provide a balance between these two effects; this results in more effective, safer, and greener future railway systems. In developing countries, the railway systems lag compared to the developed economies. Therefore, the supporting management tools and legal supports for policymakers and strategic management play significant roles in the development of future sustainable transport systems. This paper deals with such required tools and the potential legal framework that support the development of sustainable railway systems in developing countries. The major novelty and advantages of the introduced methodology is the harmonised interaction between society, economic demands, technological development, and regulation. The proposed tools are applied to the Kenya rail system development.
Agnes Wanjiku Wangai; Daniel Rohacs; Anita Boros. Supporting the Sustainable Development of Railway Transport in Developing Countries. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3572 .
AMA StyleAgnes Wanjiku Wangai, Daniel Rohacs, Anita Boros. Supporting the Sustainable Development of Railway Transport in Developing Countries. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (9):3572.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAgnes Wanjiku Wangai; Daniel Rohacs; Anita Boros. 2020. "Supporting the Sustainable Development of Railway Transport in Developing Countries." Sustainability 12, no. 9: 3572.
Our study deals with the control of Hungarian state-owned business associations in order to find out whether there is any correlation between corporate sustainability and compliance. According to our hypothesis, the state has a greater responsibility for the sustainable operation of state-owned enterprises—one of the tools of which can be the efficient construction of so-called compliance controls. A state-owned enterprise can be sustained in its operation and function by doing what it has been assigned to it as a task. The sustainable operation can be achieved through the use of circular feedback and continuous control. Corporate sustainability can be influenced by a number of factors that are crucial to the integrity and adequacy of companies. In our study, these are the Initial Hazard Factors (IHFs), Hazardous Increasing Factors (HIFs), and Control Enhancement Factors (CEFs), which were used in indexed form for testing. For the specific analysis, we used the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method to rank and evaluate risk avoidance options. We analyzed the practice of the State Audit Office of Hungary and its results and found that in the case of state-owned enterprises, the current Hungarian legal system does not contain uniform normative regulations that would regulate the control of conformity in a broader sense. As a result, corporate integrity and corporate compliance are also subject to a fragmented set of rules in different jurisdictions. This has a negative impact on the development of the company’s long-term, sustainable operating principles. Based on our research, a number of factors have been identified (including enterprise size and intensive use of EU funding resources) that may result in a loss of corporate sustainability but can be mitigated or even eliminated by creating an effective internal control environment. Based on literature analysis, most of the Hungarian phenomena are typical of the former socialist countries of Central Europe. The interpretation of sustainability—in transition management countries—for first-generation enterprises which were developed in a socialist market economy is quite different from the most developed countries of the European Union. The main reason for this is that generational rules do not yet exist.
Anita Boros; Csaba Fogarassy. Relationship between Corporate Sustainability and Compliance with State-Owned Enterprises in Central-Europe: A Case Study from Hungary. Sustainability 2019, 11, 5653 .
AMA StyleAnita Boros, Csaba Fogarassy. Relationship between Corporate Sustainability and Compliance with State-Owned Enterprises in Central-Europe: A Case Study from Hungary. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (20):5653.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnita Boros; Csaba Fogarassy. 2019. "Relationship between Corporate Sustainability and Compliance with State-Owned Enterprises in Central-Europe: A Case Study from Hungary." Sustainability 11, no. 20: 5653.
Anita Boros. A megfelelőség ellenőrzésének egyes kérdései az állami tulajdonú gazdasági társaságok esetében. Pénzügyi Szemle = Public Finance Quarterly 2019, 64, 570 -584.
AMA StyleAnita Boros. A megfelelőség ellenőrzésének egyes kérdései az állami tulajdonú gazdasági társaságok esetében. Pénzügyi Szemle = Public Finance Quarterly. 2019; 64 (4):570-584.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnita Boros. 2019. "A megfelelőség ellenőrzésének egyes kérdései az állami tulajdonú gazdasági társaságok esetében." Pénzügyi Szemle = Public Finance Quarterly 64, no. 4: 570-584.
According to the Fundamental Law of Hungary, the right to seek legal remedy is a fundamental constitutional right. In the light of this, the Hungarian administrative procedural law has established the system of ordinary and extraordinary remedies, and it can be stated that a very wide range of remedies is available for the interested persons; among these remedies, the administrative appeal stands out. In addition, there are several forms of remedies against individual administrative decisions that are of nonofficial nature, such as the objection and the complaint. In addition to the legal institution of the Ombudsman, several legal institutions aiming at the alternative dispute settlement are incorporated in the Hungarian system, in particular, under the influence of the EU law.
Anita Boros; András Patyi. Administrative Appeals and Other Forms of ADR in Hungary. Alternative Dispute Resolution in European Administrative Law 2014, 279 -335.
AMA StyleAnita Boros, András Patyi. Administrative Appeals and Other Forms of ADR in Hungary. Alternative Dispute Resolution in European Administrative Law. 2014; ():279-335.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnita Boros; András Patyi. 2014. "Administrative Appeals and Other Forms of ADR in Hungary." Alternative Dispute Resolution in European Administrative Law , no. : 279-335.
The EU Services Directive (SD) is a centrepiece for the realisation of the Internal Market in the services sector aiming at considerably lowering the barriers for service provision in the EU. This chapter therefore analyses the transposition and implementation of the requirements of the SD into the national (administrative) law system of Hungary. This chapter treats all relevant requirements of the SD, such as the Point of Single Contact (POSC), the screening of national law according to the requirements of the SD, the adaption of authorisation schemes for service provision, the requirement of ‘tacit authorisation’, and the need for new rules on administrative cooperation. Finally an assessment of the impact of the SD on the national (administrative) law system is provided.
Anita Boros. The Implementation of the Services Directive in Hungary. The Implementation of the EU Services Directive 2012, 283 -308.
AMA StyleAnita Boros. The Implementation of the Services Directive in Hungary. The Implementation of the EU Services Directive. 2012; ():283-308.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnita Boros. 2012. "The Implementation of the Services Directive in Hungary." The Implementation of the EU Services Directive , no. : 283-308.
Anita Boros. Verwaltungsverfahren im Vergleich zwischen Deutschland und Ungarn – die wichtigsten Unterschiede im Bereich der Verfahrensgrundsätze und des Grundverfahrens. Jahrbuch für Vergleichende Staats- und Rechtswissenschaften - 2012 2012, 147 -160.
AMA StyleAnita Boros. Verwaltungsverfahren im Vergleich zwischen Deutschland und Ungarn – die wichtigsten Unterschiede im Bereich der Verfahrensgrundsätze und des Grundverfahrens. Jahrbuch für Vergleichende Staats- und Rechtswissenschaften - 2012. 2012; ():147-160.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnita Boros. 2012. "Verwaltungsverfahren im Vergleich zwischen Deutschland und Ungarn – die wichtigsten Unterschiede im Bereich der Verfahrensgrundsätze und des Grundverfahrens." Jahrbuch für Vergleichende Staats- und Rechtswissenschaften - 2012 , no. : 147-160.
Die verwaltungswissenschaftliche Forschung sieht sich weltweit mit einem Wandel der Formen der Wahrnehmung öffentlicher Aufgaben konfrontiert. Das klassische Bild vom Staat als „Leistungsstaat“, der im öffentlichen Interesse stehende Leistungen in Eigenerstellung erbringt, wurde zunehmend abgelöst durch die Idee eines Staates, der zwar Gemeinwohlinteressen zu sichern, die hierfür notwendigen Leistungen aber nicht notwendig eigenhändig zu erbringen hat. In nahezu allen Staaten hat diese in der Regel unter dem Sammelbegriff „Public Private Partnership“ geführte Diskussion zu – teilweise sehr heftigen – Auseinandersetzungen über das jeweilige Staatsverständnis geführt. Als Prüfstein für die Stabilität der unterschiedlichen Grundlagen und Konzepte erwies sich in vielen Staaten die Weltwirtschaftskrise. Zumindest in einigen Staaten scheint sich eine Renaissance des Staates zu Lasten privater Problemlösungskompetenz abzuzeichnen. Der Band fasst die auf einer internationalen Konferenz unter Teilnahme von Referentinnen und Referenten aus verschiedenen europäischen und außereuropäischen Ländern gehaltenen Vorträge zusammen und dient dem Vergleich der unterschiedlichen Verwaltungskulturen bezogen auf die Aufgabenwahrnehmung als ein Baustein zu einer vergleichenden Staatstheorie.
Anita Boros. Anita Boros, PPP-Projekte in Ungarn. Wandel der Staatlichkeit und wieder zurück? 2011, 151 -176.
AMA StyleAnita Boros. Anita Boros, PPP-Projekte in Ungarn. Wandel der Staatlichkeit und wieder zurück?. 2011; ():151-176.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnita Boros. 2011. "Anita Boros, PPP-Projekte in Ungarn." Wandel der Staatlichkeit und wieder zurück? , no. : 151-176.