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Gary Warnaby
Business School, Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, UK

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Short Biography

Gary Warnaby’s research interests focus on the marketing of places and retailing. His research has been published in Environment and Planning A, Journal of Business Research, Tourism Management, Marketing Theory, European Journal of Marketing, International Journal of Management Reviews, Area, Cities and Local Economy. He is co-author of Relationship Marketing: A Consumer Experience Approach (Sage, 2010) and Pop-up Retailing – Managerial and Strategic Perspectives (Springer, 2017), and co-editor of Rethinking Place Branding: Comprehensive Brand Development for Cities and Regions (Springer, 2015), Designing With Smell: Practices, Techniques and Challenges (Routledge, 2017), and A Research Agenda for Place Branding (Edward Elgar, 2021).

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Journal article
Published: 06 July 2021 in Sustainability
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Our research examines the extent to which community-led food retailers (CLFRs) contribute to the resilience and sustainability of urban retail systems and communities in the UK, contributing to existing debates on the sustainability and resilience of the UK’s urban retail sector. While existing literature has predominantly focused on larger retail multiples, we suggest more attention be paid to small, independent retailers as they possess a broader, more diffuse spatiality and societal impact than that of the immediate locale. Moreover, their local embeddedness and understanding of the needs of the local customer base provide a key source of potentially sustainable competitive advantage. Using spatial and relational resilience theories, and drawing on 14 original qualitative interviews with CLFRs, we establish the complex links between community, place, social relations, moral values, and resilience that manifest through CLFRs. In doing so, we advance the conceptualization of community resilience by acknowledging that in order to realise the networked, resilient capacities of a community, the moral values and behavior of the retail community need to be ascertained. Implications and relevant recommendations are provided to secure a more sustainable set of capacities needed to ensure resilient, urban retail systems which benefit local communities.

ACS Style

Morven McEachern; Gary Warnaby; Caroline Moraes. The Role of Community-Led Food Retailers in Enabling Urban Resilience. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7563 .

AMA Style

Morven McEachern, Gary Warnaby, Caroline Moraes. The Role of Community-Led Food Retailers in Enabling Urban Resilience. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (14):7563.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Morven McEachern; Gary Warnaby; Caroline Moraes. 2021. "The Role of Community-Led Food Retailers in Enabling Urban Resilience." Sustainability 13, no. 14: 7563.

Research article
Published: 04 April 2021 in Social & Cultural Geography
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This paper explores how the corporate (re)naming of football stadia and their urban environs is negotiated through fans’ toponymic discourses and associated commemoration. Critical toponymy research emphasises oppositional toponymic tensions between sovereign authorities and citizens, which can result in competing inscriptions of space. Adopting a quasi-ethnographic approach, we reveal a more complex picture by exploring the variegated toponymic discourses of football fans. The findings demonstrate intricate entanglements in how fans reluctantly accept a corporate stadium name, yet also actively resist it through counter-performative utterances, often imbued with commemorative intent. Alternatively, fans passively ignore a corporate stadium name, using a former toponym in quotidian and habitual speech. We conclude by considering the implications of these findings for the influence of corporate power in urban toponymic inscription.

ACS Style

Leah Gillooly; Dominic Medway; Gary Warnaby; Stuart Roper. ‘To us it’s still Boundary Park’: fan discourses on the corporate (re)naming of football stadia. Social & Cultural Geography 2021, 1 -19.

AMA Style

Leah Gillooly, Dominic Medway, Gary Warnaby, Stuart Roper. ‘To us it’s still Boundary Park’: fan discourses on the corporate (re)naming of football stadia. Social & Cultural Geography. 2021; ():1-19.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Leah Gillooly; Dominic Medway; Gary Warnaby; Stuart Roper. 2021. "‘To us it’s still Boundary Park’: fan discourses on the corporate (re)naming of football stadia." Social & Cultural Geography , no. : 1-19.

Research article
Published: 13 February 2021 in Current Issues in Tourism
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The tourism and hospitality industries have been particularly impacted by the Covid-19 pandemic, with widespread closures and later re-opening times than other areas of economic activity. However, little is known about the resilience of these industries in light of the current pandemic, within the context of English towns. This paper surveys businesses dependent on tourism located in English towns, to explore perceptions of resilience in this crisis context. We consider the nuances involved in resilience to disturbances such as Covid-19, revealing the temporal dimensions of resilience. Moreover, we identify influences informing differing resilience levels within and between industries. The paper also contributes a novel Business Resilience Composite Score, which enables academics, practitioners and policy-makers to draw comparisons between tourism and hospitality industry resilience and other economic activity in urban locations.

ACS Style

Nikos Ntounis; Cathy Parker; Heather Skinner; Chloe Steadman; Gary Warnaby. Tourism and Hospitality industry resilience during the Covid-19 pandemic: Evidence from England. Current Issues in Tourism 2021, 1 -14.

AMA Style

Nikos Ntounis, Cathy Parker, Heather Skinner, Chloe Steadman, Gary Warnaby. Tourism and Hospitality industry resilience during the Covid-19 pandemic: Evidence from England. Current Issues in Tourism. 2021; ():1-14.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nikos Ntounis; Cathy Parker; Heather Skinner; Chloe Steadman; Gary Warnaby. 2021. "Tourism and Hospitality industry resilience during the Covid-19 pandemic: Evidence from England." Current Issues in Tourism , no. : 1-14.

Research article
Published: 22 November 2019 in Journal of Consumer Culture
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The evolving consumption landscape creates challenges for retailers in accommodating their modus operandi to negotiate changing consumer needs, arguably requiring a ‘new’ type of retailing to hopefully facilitate future success. We suggest that an important aspect of such negotiation will be the use of ‘pop-up’ activity, and we critically evaluate the potential of these ephemeral consumption spaces to constitute and shape consumers’ brand-oriented relations and experiences into the future. Informed by the work of Deleuze and Guattari, we take a territorological perspective. Drawing on data from eight UK-based pop-up cases, we (1) analyse how these temporary ‘territories’ of brand experience are developed and implemented; (2) analyse what differentiates them from other, traditionally conceived, territories of brand experience; and (3) critically evaluate pop-up’s neglected characterisation in terms of a more ‘fluid’ spatial-temporal retail territory, to better understand its role in contemporary consumer culture. We posit that the development of pop-up activities occurs through the coordination of actions of a variety of stakeholders, constituting a spatial-temporal confluence of both material and processual elements to create a ‘ refrain’, through the compression and compaction of interior, intermediary, exterior and annexed milieus. In doing so, we offer a new lens through which to view the creation of retail consumption spaces.

ACS Style

Charlotte Shi; Gary Warnaby; Lee Quinn. Territorialising brand experience and consumption: Negotiating a role for pop-up retailing. Journal of Consumer Culture 2019, 1 .

AMA Style

Charlotte Shi, Gary Warnaby, Lee Quinn. Territorialising brand experience and consumption: Negotiating a role for pop-up retailing. Journal of Consumer Culture. 2019; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Charlotte Shi; Gary Warnaby; Lee Quinn. 2019. "Territorialising brand experience and consumption: Negotiating a role for pop-up retailing." Journal of Consumer Culture , no. : 1.

Research article
Published: 03 November 2019 in Marketing Theory
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This article interrogates the performative effects of mutualist ideas in the context of market-making. Mutualism is a variety of anarchism associated with the work of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, who argued for the centrality of market exchanges and mutual credit as a means for emancipating workers from capitalist exploitation. The discussion is informed by an ethnographic inquiry within a Local Exchange Trading System in Spain – the Moneda Social Puma – which illustrates how actors put mutualist ideas to work. This research makes three contributions: first, it frames a view of market multiplicity and plasticity that broadens the current scope of market studies beyond a managerialist focus. Second, it reveals how actors mobilise anarchist theories to shape – rather than escape – markets. Third, this work elucidates how actors negotiate and stabilise conflicting forms of valuation as mutualist ideas are implemented. In particular, we draw attention to a set of infrastructural practices and mutual credit arrangements whereby the market is cooperatively managed as a common. We conclude by reflecting on the implications of our work for extant debates concerning post-capitalist politics, markets and anarchism.

ACS Style

Javier Lloveras; Gary Warnaby; Lee Quinn. Mutualism as market practice: An examination of market performativity in the context of anarchism and its implications for post-capitalist politics. Marketing Theory 2019, 20, 229 -249.

AMA Style

Javier Lloveras, Gary Warnaby, Lee Quinn. Mutualism as market practice: An examination of market performativity in the context of anarchism and its implications for post-capitalist politics. Marketing Theory. 2019; 20 (3):229-249.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Javier Lloveras; Gary Warnaby; Lee Quinn. 2019. "Mutualism as market practice: An examination of market performativity in the context of anarchism and its implications for post-capitalist politics." Marketing Theory 20, no. 3: 229-249.

Journal article
Published: 03 June 2019 in Journal of Place Management and Development
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Purpose This paper aims to analyse the place marketing potential of historic urban “fragments”, with particular reference to old corporate identity symbols still extant in urban space. Design/methodology/approach Following a discussion of theoretical context, specifically incorporating spatial semiotics and psychogeography, the paper constitutes an interpretive account of a “tour” around the city of Manchester, UK, apprehending and discussing various historic corporate identity fragments still visible in the city. Findings Historic corporate identity fragments are identified and outlined, and issues arising from their continued existence, in terms of, for example, what constitutes heritage, and how this heritage can be used for the creation of urban distinctiveness (or genius loci) for the purposes of place marketing/branding are discussed. Originality/value The potential of heritage to be incorporated into the “representation work” of those responsible for urban management/marketing is highlighted, along with the need for such heritage fragments to be “curated”, if their full potential in this regard is to be realised.

ACS Style

Gary Warnaby. Of time and the city: curating urban fragments for the purposes of place marketing. Journal of Place Management and Development 2019, 12, 181 -196.

AMA Style

Gary Warnaby. Of time and the city: curating urban fragments for the purposes of place marketing. Journal of Place Management and Development. 2019; 12 (2):181-196.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gary Warnaby. 2019. "Of time and the city: curating urban fragments for the purposes of place marketing." Journal of Place Management and Development 12, no. 2: 181-196.

Articles
Published: 31 May 2019 in Journal of Global Fashion Marketing
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This paper provides a retrospective commentary on a paper, “Pop-up retailing: integrating objectives and activity stereotypes”. Drawing on both published work and our empirical research carried out subsequently, the paper considers developments relating to pop-up retailing in both industry practice and perceptions and the academic literature, to ascertain how this flexible and malleable concept might develop into the future. It begins by elaborating further understanding of the characteristics of the pop-up from the perspectives of practitioners, in temporal and experiential terms, before considering the broader interrelated strategic and spatial implications arising. The study here concludes by identifying avenues for further research, including: the nature of the potential interaction between pop-ups and other retail activities; the context(s) within which such interaction could occur; how it might be facilitated; and possible criteria for evaluating effectiveness.

ACS Style

Gary Warnaby; Charlotte Shi. Pop-up retailing objectives and activities: A retrospective commentary. Journal of Global Fashion Marketing 2019, 10, 275 -285.

AMA Style

Gary Warnaby, Charlotte Shi. Pop-up retailing objectives and activities: A retrospective commentary. Journal of Global Fashion Marketing. 2019; 10 (3):275-285.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gary Warnaby; Charlotte Shi. 2019. "Pop-up retailing objectives and activities: A retrospective commentary." Journal of Global Fashion Marketing 10, no. 3: 275-285.

Book chapter
Published: 09 November 2018 in Case Studies in Food Retailing and Distribution
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Academic literature on food retailing has tended to focus on the larger retail multiples, with less attention paid to the small independent retailer. Of the few studies which focus on independent food retailers, academic interest has concentrated on rural retailing. This has left a significant gap in academic inquiry relating to the community-based retail aspects of urban food retailing. This chapter provides a unique insight into the urban independent cooperative food retailer and their complex links between community, place, and social relations. Through a contrasting case-type approach, we extend the concept of community retailing from a sole focus of the local immediate community, to include also a community of values and a supply chain community, thus suggesting a much broader, more diffuse spatiality and ethicality beyond that of the immediate locale.

ACS Style

Morven G. McEachern; Gary Warnaby. Community building strategies of independent cooperative food retailers. Case Studies in Food Retailing and Distribution 2018, 1 -12.

AMA Style

Morven G. McEachern, Gary Warnaby. Community building strategies of independent cooperative food retailers. Case Studies in Food Retailing and Distribution. 2018; ():1-12.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Morven G. McEachern; Gary Warnaby. 2018. "Community building strategies of independent cooperative food retailers." Case Studies in Food Retailing and Distribution , no. : 1-12.

Journal article
Published: 28 March 2018 in Marketing Theory
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Drawing on Brighenti’s (2010, 2014) theoretical exposition of territorology, we extend current conceptualizations of place within the marketing literature by demonstrating that place is relationally constructed through territorializing consumption practices which continuously produce and sustain multifarious versions of place. In our fieldwork, we embrace a non-representational sensitivity and employ a multi-sensory ethnography, thus helping to illuminate the performative aspects of everyday life relating to people who use urban green spaces. Our analysis articulates three key facets relating to the process of territorializing consumption practices: (1) tangible and intangible elements of boundary making, (2) synchronicity of activities, and (3) sensual experiences. Taken together, these facets advance a kaleidoscopic perspective in which spatial, temporal and affective dimensions of the micro-practices of consumption territories-in-the-making are brought into view. Moreover, our empirical research adds an affective dimension to Brighenti’s theoretical elucidation of the formation and dissolution of territories, thereby incorporating sensual imaginations and bodily experiences into the assemblages of heterogeneous materials that sustain territories.

ACS Style

Fiona Cheetham; Morven G. McEachern; Gary Warnaby. A kaleidoscopic view of the territorialized consumption of place. Marketing Theory 2018, 18, 473 -492.

AMA Style

Fiona Cheetham, Morven G. McEachern, Gary Warnaby. A kaleidoscopic view of the territorialized consumption of place. Marketing Theory. 2018; 18 (4):473-492.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fiona Cheetham; Morven G. McEachern; Gary Warnaby. 2018. "A kaleidoscopic view of the territorialized consumption of place." Marketing Theory 18, no. 4: 473-492.

E viewpoint
Published: 04 December 2017 in Journal of Place Management and Development
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present the background to the development of the World Towns’ Framework, developed in June 2016 at the inaugural World Towns Leadership Summit in Scotland. The paper also provides an academic underpinning to the four pillars of the agreement; a unique sense of identity and place, economy, leadership and citizenship and environment. It ends with a call to action for practitioners, policymakers and organisations providing support to people in places who want to contribute to the development of the Framework and adopt it.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is divided into four sections. The first section gives the background to the development of the World Towns Framework. The second section publishes the World Towns Framework in its entirety. The third section builds an evidence-base for the components or pillars of the World Towns Framework, based upon work undertaken by the think tanks and academic partners involved in its development. The final section sets out a call for action – explaining how the Framework can be further developed and utilised.FindingsThe paper contains three main contributions. It articulates a new narrative for towns, neighbourhoods and city districts in responding to contemporary urban challenges; it shapes a new urban agenda for these urban places and it asserts the need for new alliances and approaches essential for a strong competitive economy, which is more inclusive of towns and smaller places, combined with a fairer, more equal society.Research limitations/implicationsThe evidence base for the research is limited to the work that has been carried out by the academic institutions and think tanks that supported the development of the World Towns’ Framework.Practical implicationsThe practical implication of the World Towns Framework are a shared understanding of how towns and smaller places can engage in management, development and marketing practices that will lead to a stronger economy and fairer society.Social implicationsThe focus upon place uniqueness and identity, a more equitable economy, a greener and cleaner environment and stronger place leadership and citizenship can lead to better, fairer and more liveable places.Originality valueThis is the first attempt to develop a World Towns Framework to shape urban change outside of cities and metropoles.

ACS Style

Ian Davison Porter; Diarmaid Lawlor; Neil McInroy; Cathy Parker; Phil Prentice; Leigh Sparks; Gary Warnaby. The World Towns Framework: a call to action. Journal of Place Management and Development 2017, 10, 504 -520.

AMA Style

Ian Davison Porter, Diarmaid Lawlor, Neil McInroy, Cathy Parker, Phil Prentice, Leigh Sparks, Gary Warnaby. The World Towns Framework: a call to action. Journal of Place Management and Development. 2017; 10 (5):504-520.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ian Davison Porter; Diarmaid Lawlor; Neil McInroy; Cathy Parker; Phil Prentice; Leigh Sparks; Gary Warnaby. 2017. "The World Towns Framework: a call to action." Journal of Place Management and Development 10, no. 5: 504-520.

Editorial
Published: 21 September 2017 in Marketing Theory
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ACS Style

Andreas Chatzidakis; Morven G. McEachern; Gary Warnaby. Consumption In and Of Space and Place. Marketing Theory 2017, 18, 149 -153.

AMA Style

Andreas Chatzidakis, Morven G. McEachern, Gary Warnaby. Consumption In and Of Space and Place. Marketing Theory. 2017; 18 (2):149-153.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andreas Chatzidakis; Morven G. McEachern; Gary Warnaby. 2017. "Consumption In and Of Space and Place." Marketing Theory 18, no. 2: 149-153.

Journal article
Published: 10 July 2017 in Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the influence of brand interaction in pop-up shops on consumers’ perceptions of luxury fashion retailers. Design/methodology/approach Adopting an exploratory, inductive research design, semi-structured interviews were undertaken with female respondents, consistent with the profile of both typical pop-up and “new luxury” customers, who had recently visited a luxury fashion pop-up shop. Findings Factors influencing consumers’ perceptions of the luxury brands whose pop-up shops were visited are identified relating to three key characteristics of pop-up retailing identified from a review of relevant literature, termed the temporal dimension, the promotional emphasis, and the experiential emphasis. Originality/value This study explores the perceptions of pop-up shops qualitatively from a consumer’s perspective, providing new insights into the personal and complex motivations and attitudes of new luxury consumers.

ACS Style

Julia Taube; Gary Warnaby. How brand interaction in pop-up shops influences consumers’ perceptions of luxury fashion retailers. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal 2017, 21, 385 -399.

AMA Style

Julia Taube, Gary Warnaby. How brand interaction in pop-up shops influences consumers’ perceptions of luxury fashion retailers. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal. 2017; 21 (3):385-399.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Julia Taube; Gary Warnaby. 2017. "How brand interaction in pop-up shops influences consumers’ perceptions of luxury fashion retailers." Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal 21, no. 3: 385-399.

Journal article
Published: 02 January 2017 in History of Retailing and Consumption
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This paper investigates locational change in one street – King Street in Manchester, England – in an attempt to analyse broader retail trends and evaluate their implications. Analysis of Goad plans dating from the mid-1960s reveal King Street to be a microcosm of locational trends in retailing, such as the increasing prevalence of the multiple retailer in urban centres. Also highlighted is the micro-spatial impact of store (re-)location decisions within a city centre by retailers. A focus on such issues at the level of the individual street highlights the complex specificity and nuanced nature of such trends.

ACS Style

Gary Warnaby; Dominic Medway. Telling the story of a street: micro-retail change in Manchester from the 1960s. History of Retailing and Consumption 2017, 3, 1 -7.

AMA Style

Gary Warnaby, Dominic Medway. Telling the story of a street: micro-retail change in Manchester from the 1960s. History of Retailing and Consumption. 2017; 3 (1):1-7.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gary Warnaby; Dominic Medway. 2017. "Telling the story of a street: micro-retail change in Manchester from the 1960s." History of Retailing and Consumption 3, no. 1: 1-7.

Back matter
Published: 10 October 2016 in Journal of Place Management and Development
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ACS Style

Gary Warnaby. Place and marketing in a dynamic world. 1st Consumer Research Summit. Journal of Place Management and Development 2016, 9, 360 -362.

AMA Style

Gary Warnaby. Place and marketing in a dynamic world. 1st Consumer Research Summit. Journal of Place Management and Development. 2016; 9 (3):360-362.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gary Warnaby. 2016. "Place and marketing in a dynamic world. 1st Consumer Research Summit." Journal of Place Management and Development 9, no. 3: 360-362.

Journal article
Published: 04 August 2016 in Consumption Markets & Culture
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This article considers shopping malls as marketplace icons. We suggest that shopping malls can be regarded as a significant symbol of consumption in an age of late modernity, and highlight key aspects of their development. The role of the shopping mall as an agent of creative destruction, influencing the nature of the retail landscape (especially with regard to the implications of – stereotypically suburban – malls for traditional urban retail provision), is discussed. We also consider the implications for notions of “place” (in terms of authenticity and meaning, etc.) arising from the fundamental characteristics of shopping malls, and end by suggesting that the shopping mall, as a marketplace icon, continues to dynamically and iteratively define and refine the ongoing interactions between consumers, the act of consumption, and place and space

ACS Style

Gary Warnaby; Dominic Medway. Marketplace icons: shopping malls. Consumption Markets & Culture 2016, 21, 275 -282.

AMA Style

Gary Warnaby, Dominic Medway. Marketplace icons: shopping malls. Consumption Markets & Culture. 2016; 21 (3):275-282.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gary Warnaby; Dominic Medway. 2016. "Marketplace icons: shopping malls." Consumption Markets & Culture 21, no. 3: 275-282.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2005 in Journal of Marketing Management
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ACS Style

Morven McEachern; Gary G. Warnaby. Improving Customer Orientation Within the Fresh Meat Supply Chain: A Focus on Assurance Schemes. Journal of Marketing Management 2005, 21, 89 -115.

AMA Style

Morven McEachern, Gary G. Warnaby. Improving Customer Orientation Within the Fresh Meat Supply Chain: A Focus on Assurance Schemes. Journal of Marketing Management. 2005; 21 (1-2):89-115.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Morven McEachern; Gary G. Warnaby. 2005. "Improving Customer Orientation Within the Fresh Meat Supply Chain: A Focus on Assurance Schemes." Journal of Marketing Management 21, no. 1-2: 89-115.

Original articles
Published: 01 April 2004 in The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research
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Approximately 40 quality assurance labels are in operation throughout the UK, namely for meat, salmon, milk, cereals, eggs, fruit and vegetables. Fresh meat quality labels are the most prevalent, thus requiring consumers to recognize and learn not only about the many nationally organized quality labels, but also the in-house retail labels. This paper identifies the meat purchasing behaviour of consumers and their perceptions, attitudes and knowledge towards the main quality assurance labels. Results indicate consumers' purchase preferences to be more influenced by quality labels co-ordinated by producer-led organizations, and that recognition and knowledge of retail labels are low in comparison. This raises questions regarding the relevance and communication strategies of in-house retail ‘quality assurances’ to consumers.

ACS Style

Morven G McEachern; Gary Warnaby. Retail ‘Quality Assurance’ Labels as a Strategic Marketing Communication Mechanism for Fresh Meat. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research 2004, 14, 255 -271.

AMA Style

Morven G McEachern, Gary Warnaby. Retail ‘Quality Assurance’ Labels as a Strategic Marketing Communication Mechanism for Fresh Meat. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research. 2004; 14 (2):255-271.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Morven G McEachern; Gary Warnaby. 2004. "Retail ‘Quality Assurance’ Labels as a Strategic Marketing Communication Mechanism for Fresh Meat." The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research 14, no. 2: 255-271.

Journal article
Published: 11 October 1999 in Cities
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The 1990s have witnessed the rapid expansion of the concept of Town Centre Management (TCM). This article considers the extent to which urban stakeholders (particularly retailers and property owners) participate in TCM schemes, drawing on evidence from three towns in Sweden. Perceptions relating to participation, and motives for actual participation (or non-participation) in TCM schemes are analysed using as frameworks models of co-operative behaviour. The problem of “free-riders” is discussed and the article concludes with a typology of co-operative behaviour amongst urban stakeholders and possible strategies for overcoming problems of non-co-operation.

ACS Style

Hakan Forsberg; Dominic Medway; Gary Warnaby. Town centre management by co-operation. Cities 1999, 16, 315 -322.

AMA Style

Hakan Forsberg, Dominic Medway, Gary Warnaby. Town centre management by co-operation. Cities. 1999; 16 (5):315-322.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hakan Forsberg; Dominic Medway; Gary Warnaby. 1999. "Town centre management by co-operation." Cities 16, no. 5: 315-322.