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The increase in the slaughter of pregnant cows (SPCs) for meat (except as may be approved by veterinarians on health grounds to salvage the animal) is unethical. SPCs for meat is also counterproductive, detrimental to food security, and may enhance zoonotic disease transmission. In this context, therefore, this current study examined slaughter conditions and the slaughtering of pregnant cows, and the implications for meat quality, food safety, and food security in Southeast Nigeria. The direct observational method was employed to examine the slaughterhouse activities, from when the cattle arrived at the lairage to the post-slaughter stage. A pre-tested and validated closed-ended-questionnaire was used to elicit information on causes of the SPCs and the method of disposal of eviscerated foetuses. Pregnancy status of cows slaughtered was determined by palpation followed by visual examination of the eviscerated and longitudinal incised uteri. The study lasted for six months during which 851 cows out of 1931 slaughtered cattle were surveyed. Assessment/decision-making protocol of slaughterhouse conditions, welfare conditions of slaughter-cattle, reasons for sale or slaughter of pregnant cows, distribution of pregnant cows slaughtered, method of disposal of eviscerated foetuses, and estimated economic losses of SPCs were delineated. Of the 851 cows examined, 17.4% (148/851) were pregnant while 43.2% (64/148) of the total foetuses recovered were in their third trimester. Major reasons adduced for SPCs by proportion of involved respondents were: ignorance of the animals’ pregnancy status (69.7%, 83/119), high demand for beef (61.3%, 73/119), preference for large-sized cattle (47.9%, 57/119), economic hardship (52.1%, 62/119) and diseases conditions (42.9%. 51/119). The conduct of SPCs for meat would not be profitable. This is because within six months, an estimated loss of about 44,000 kg of beef, equivalent to ₦ 70.1 million or $186,400 would be associated with SPCs and the consequential foetal wastages. If losses were to be replicated nationwide across slaughterhouses, 4.3 tons of beef estimated at ₦ 8.6 billion or $23 million would be wasted. Improving slaughter conditions and the welfare of slaughter-cattle in Nigerian slaughterhouses through advocacy, training of slaughterhouse workers, and strict implementation of laws promoting humane slaughter practices is imperative. Preventing SPCs for meat and inhumane slaughter practices at the slaughterhouse would enhance the welfare needs of slaughter cattle, grow the national herd size, and improve meat safety as well as food security.
Ugochinyere Njoga; Emmanuel Njoga; Obichukwu Nwobi; Festus Abonyi; Henry Edeh; Festus Ajibo; Nichodemus Azor; Abubakar Bello; Anjani Upadhyay; Charles Okpala; Małgorzata Korzeniowska; Raquel Guiné. Slaughter Conditions and Slaughtering of Pregnant Cows in Southeast Nigeria: Implications to Meat Quality, Food Safety and Security. Foods 2021, 10, 1298 .
AMA StyleUgochinyere Njoga, Emmanuel Njoga, Obichukwu Nwobi, Festus Abonyi, Henry Edeh, Festus Ajibo, Nichodemus Azor, Abubakar Bello, Anjani Upadhyay, Charles Okpala, Małgorzata Korzeniowska, Raquel Guiné. Slaughter Conditions and Slaughtering of Pregnant Cows in Southeast Nigeria: Implications to Meat Quality, Food Safety and Security. Foods. 2021; 10 (6):1298.
Chicago/Turabian StyleUgochinyere Njoga; Emmanuel Njoga; Obichukwu Nwobi; Festus Abonyi; Henry Edeh; Festus Ajibo; Nichodemus Azor; Abubakar Bello; Anjani Upadhyay; Charles Okpala; Małgorzata Korzeniowska; Raquel Guiné. 2021. "Slaughter Conditions and Slaughtering of Pregnant Cows in Southeast Nigeria: Implications to Meat Quality, Food Safety and Security." Foods 10, no. 6: 1298.
Good antimicrobial drug stewardship in food‑producing animals boosts productivity and limits transmission of zoonotic pathogens, but the imprudent usage is counterproductive. A nation‑wide survey to determine the pattern of antimicrobial drug usage in poultry was therefore conducted across 12 of the 36 States in Nigeria. The survey was conducted using structured questionnaire designed to elicit information on socio‑demographics, pattern of antimicrobial drug usage and awareness of the consequences of imprudent use of antimicrobials in food‑producing animals, among 2,402 randomly selected poultry farmers. Critically important antimicrobials, belonging to the WHO's lists of 'Highest' and 'High' priority antibiotics, were administered sub‑therapeutically for prophylaxis and growth enhancement purposes. Many diseases that warranted the antimicrobial administration were of viral etiology. Only 64.2% of the farmers administered the drug based on veterinary doctors' prescription. Majority (62.3%) of the farmers did not observe recommended withdrawal period after the drug administration. Awareness of the respondents on consequences of non‑prudent agricultural use of antimicrobials was generally poor. There is need for enlightenment of the farmers on the benefits of prudent agricultural use of antimicrobials. Immediate discontinuation of sale of essential antimicrobials as over‑the‑counter drugs is imperative to safeguard their therapeutic efficacy and curtail spread of antimicrobial‑resistance organisms.
Emmanuel Okechukwu Njoga; Akwoba Joseph Ogugua; Innocent Okwundu Nwankwo; Olajoju Jokotola Awoyomi; Chinwe Elizabeth Okoli; Deborah Maigawu Buba; Felix Ayodele Oyeleye; Festus Ejike Ajibo; Nichodemus Azor; Temitope Mofoluso Ogunniran. Antimicrobial drug usage pattern in poultry farms in Nigeria: implications for food safety, public health and poultry disease management. Vet. Ital. 2021, 57, 5 -12.
AMA StyleEmmanuel Okechukwu Njoga, Akwoba Joseph Ogugua, Innocent Okwundu Nwankwo, Olajoju Jokotola Awoyomi, Chinwe Elizabeth Okoli, Deborah Maigawu Buba, Felix Ayodele Oyeleye, Festus Ejike Ajibo, Nichodemus Azor, Temitope Mofoluso Ogunniran. Antimicrobial drug usage pattern in poultry farms in Nigeria: implications for food safety, public health and poultry disease management. Vet. Ital.. 2021; 57 (1):5-12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmmanuel Okechukwu Njoga; Akwoba Joseph Ogugua; Innocent Okwundu Nwankwo; Olajoju Jokotola Awoyomi; Chinwe Elizabeth Okoli; Deborah Maigawu Buba; Felix Ayodele Oyeleye; Festus Ejike Ajibo; Nichodemus Azor; Temitope Mofoluso Ogunniran. 2021. "Antimicrobial drug usage pattern in poultry farms in Nigeria: implications for food safety, public health and poultry disease management." Vet. Ital. 57, no. 1: 5-12.
Notwithstanding the increased toxic heavy metals/metalloids (THMs) accumulation in (edible) organs owed to goat′s feeding habit and anthropogenic activities, the chevon remains increasingly relished as a special delicacy in Nigeria. Specific to the South-Eastern region, however, there is paucity of relevant data regarding the prevalence of THMs in goat carcasses processed for human consumption. This work was, therefore, aimed to investigate the detection, distribution and health risk assessment of THMs in goat carcass processed for human consumption in South-Eastern Nigeria. To achieve this, a total of 450 meat samples (kidney, liver and muscle) were evaluated from 150 randomly selected goat carcasses processed in two major slaughterhouses in Enugu State. The detection, distribution, as well as health risk assessment parameters followed standard procedures. Results revealed that at least one THM was detected in 56% of the carcasses. Mean concentrations of arsenic (As) were 0.53 ± 0.10 mg/kg, 0.57 ± 0.09 mg/kg and 0.45 ± 0.08 mg/kg, lead (Pb) were 0.48 ± 0.38 mg/kg, 0.45 ± 0.24 mg/kg and 0.82 ± 0.39 mg/kg, cadmium (Cd) was 0.06 ± 0.32 mg/kg, 0.02 ± 0.00 mg/kg, and 0.02 ± 0.00 mg/kg for kidney, liver and muscle tissues, respectively. The estimated daily intakes (EDI) for all THMs were above the recommended safe limits. The target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI) computed for all As, Cd and Pb fell below unity in all the studied organs, which indicated no non-carcinogenic risks. Curtailing the anthropogenic activities that aid the THM-contamination in goat production/processing lines is recommended. Screening for THM-contamination in Nigerian slaughterhouses is imperative, so as to ascertain the toxicological safety of meats intended for human consumption.
Emmanuel Njoga; Ekene Ezenduka; Chiazor Ogbodo; Chukwuka Ogbonna; Ishmael Jaja; Anthony Ofomatah; Charles Okpala. Detection, Distribution and Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Heavy Metals/Metalloids, Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Goat Carcasses Processed for Human Consumption in South-Eastern Nigeria. Foods 2021, 10, 798 .
AMA StyleEmmanuel Njoga, Ekene Ezenduka, Chiazor Ogbodo, Chukwuka Ogbonna, Ishmael Jaja, Anthony Ofomatah, Charles Okpala. Detection, Distribution and Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Heavy Metals/Metalloids, Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Goat Carcasses Processed for Human Consumption in South-Eastern Nigeria. Foods. 2021; 10 (4):798.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmmanuel Njoga; Ekene Ezenduka; Chiazor Ogbodo; Chukwuka Ogbonna; Ishmael Jaja; Anthony Ofomatah; Charles Okpala. 2021. "Detection, Distribution and Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Heavy Metals/Metalloids, Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Goat Carcasses Processed for Human Consumption in South-Eastern Nigeria." Foods 10, no. 4: 798.
Gastrointestinal worm infections (GWI) constrain pig production and zoonotic pig parasites make pork unsafe for human consumption. This study determined the distributions, determinants and dynamics of GWI and also the effect of the infection on production parameters in pigs reared in Enugu State, Nigeria. The GWI were determined by faecal egg counts following standard procedure. Sixty piggeries and 564 pigs were randomly selected for the study. Questionnaire survey was conducted to obtain data on some production parameters and risk practices aiding GWI in the piggeries. An overall prevalence of 88.3% (53/60) and 68.1% (384/564) at farm and individual pig levels respectively were recorded. High egg counts of single and mixed infections involving Strongyle, Ascaris and Trichuris species were found. The infection predominated in young (74.1%, 240/324) and female (72.3%, 272/376) pigs during the rainy/wet season (74.5%, 204/274). Rearing pigs of different ages together, feeding pigs with untreated abattoir/poultry waste, and unhygienic on-farm feed compounding were the major risk practices underpinning acquisition and spread of GWI. Infected piggeries had less litter weight and reduced mean weight at weaning and maturity. Pre-weaning piglet mortality was 15.5%. The seasonality and preponderance of the infection in young and female pigs are useful epidemiological findings which could be exploited for development of an effective control strategy against the parasitic infections. An overhaul of parasitic disease control measures in piggeries in Enugu State is imperative for greater productivity and profitability in swine production, and to boost availability of safe and wholesome pork for human consumption.
Sunday N. Bernard; Emmanuel O. Njoga; Festus O. Abonyi; Pius A. Nnadi; Ikenna E. Ozioko; Christian U. Ugwuoke. Epidemiology of gastrointestinal worm infections in pigs reared in Enugu State, Nigeria. Journal of Parasitic Diseases 2021, 1 -9.
AMA StyleSunday N. Bernard, Emmanuel O. Njoga, Festus O. Abonyi, Pius A. Nnadi, Ikenna E. Ozioko, Christian U. Ugwuoke. Epidemiology of gastrointestinal worm infections in pigs reared in Enugu State, Nigeria. Journal of Parasitic Diseases. 2021; ():1-9.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSunday N. Bernard; Emmanuel O. Njoga; Festus O. Abonyi; Pius A. Nnadi; Ikenna E. Ozioko; Christian U. Ugwuoke. 2021. "Epidemiology of gastrointestinal worm infections in pigs reared in Enugu State, Nigeria." Journal of Parasitic Diseases , no. : 1-9.
Barely 1 year after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in China, the virus has infected approximately 120 million people, caused around 3 million deaths, and adversely affected the global economy. Despite stringent measures to flatten the epidemiologic curve of the pandemic, there have been spikes and waves of the infection in many countries, particularly in the American, European, and Asian continents. This review critically evaluated the global epidemiology of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to provide advice on other possible ways of managing the disease as various COVID-19 vaccines are being rolled out. To effectively control this and possible future epidemics/pandemics, there is a need to maintain a healthy balance between saving lives and livelihoods in the implementation of lockdowns. Unwarranted human exposures to animals, particularly pangolins, civet cats, bats, dromedary camels, and other wildlife known to be reservoirs and intermediate hosts of coronaviruses should be prevented. All the identified strains of SARS-CoV-2, including the highly infectious UK and South African variants, should be incorporated in COVID-19 vaccine production; to widen the protection spectrum. Some of the COVID-19 vaccines require primary inoculation, booster vaccination after 2-4 weeks and annual revaccination for adequate immunization against SARS-CoV-2. Survivors of COVID-19 may require only a single vaccine dozing and annual revaccination thereafter. Adoption of One Health approach and the development of globally coordinated active surveillance systems against emerging and reemerging zoonotic viruses are imperative.
Emmanuel Okechukwu Njoga; Yusuf Feyisara Zakariya; Ishmael Festus Jaja; Chinwe Elizabeth Okoli; Philip Paul Mshelbwala. Global epidemiology of coronavirus disease 2019 and lessons for effective control of this and future pandemics. January-July 2021, 7, 1 .
AMA StyleEmmanuel Okechukwu Njoga, Yusuf Feyisara Zakariya, Ishmael Festus Jaja, Chinwe Elizabeth Okoli, Philip Paul Mshelbwala. Global epidemiology of coronavirus disease 2019 and lessons for effective control of this and future pandemics. January-July. 2021; 7 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmmanuel Okechukwu Njoga; Yusuf Feyisara Zakariya; Ishmael Festus Jaja; Chinwe Elizabeth Okoli; Philip Paul Mshelbwala. 2021. "Global epidemiology of coronavirus disease 2019 and lessons for effective control of this and future pandemics." January-July 7, no. 1: 1.
Gastrointestinal worm infections (GWI) constrain pig production and zoonotic pig parasites make pork unsafe for human consumption. This study determined the distributions, determinants and dynamics of GWI and also the effect of the infection on production parameters in pigs reared in Enugu State, Nigeria. The GWI were determined by faecal egg counts following standard procedure. Sixty piggeries and 564 pigs were randomly selected for the study. Questionnaire survey was conducted to obtain data on some production parameters and risk practices aiding GWI in the piggeries. An overall prevalence of 88.3% (53/60) and 68.1% (384/564) at farm and individual pig levels respectively were recorded. High egg counts of single and mixed infections involving Strongyle, Ascaris and Trichuris species were found. The infection predominated in young (74.1%, 240/324) and female (72.3%, 272/376) pigs during the rainy/wet season (74.5%, 204/274). Rearing pigs of different ages together, feeding pigs with untreated abattoir/poultry waste, and unhygienic on-farm feed compounding were the major risk practices underpinning acquisition and spread of GWI. Infected piggeries had less litter weight and reduced mean weight at weaning and maturity. Pre-weaning piglet mortality was 15.5%. The seasonality and preponderance of the infection in young and female pigs are useful epidemiological findings which could be exploited for development of an effective control strategy against the parasitic infections. An overhaul of parasitic disease control measures in piggeries in Enugu State is imperative for greater productivity and profitability in swine production, and to boost availability of safe and wholesome pork for human consumption.
Sunday .N. Bernard; Emmanuel Okechukwu Njoga; Festus Otaka Abonyi; Ikenna .E. Ozioko; Christian .U Ugwuoke; P.A Nnadi. Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Worm Infections in Pigs Reared in Enugu State, Nigeria . 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleSunday .N. Bernard, Emmanuel Okechukwu Njoga, Festus Otaka Abonyi, Ikenna .E. Ozioko, Christian .U Ugwuoke, P.A Nnadi. Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Worm Infections in Pigs Reared in Enugu State, Nigeria . . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSunday .N. Bernard; Emmanuel Okechukwu Njoga; Festus Otaka Abonyi; Ikenna .E. Ozioko; Christian .U Ugwuoke; P.A Nnadi. 2021. "Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Worm Infections in Pigs Reared in Enugu State, Nigeria ." , no. : 1.
Campylobacter is the leading cause of bacterial foodborne diseases worldwide. Poultry is indisputably the major reservoir of Campylobacter for human infection but dearth of data exists on the epidemiology of the infection in poultry in Nigeria. Consequently, the study determined the occurrence and distribution of Campylobacter infections and also the risk practices aiding the transmission in indigenous poultry reared in Nsukka, Nigeria. The bacteria isolation was done following standard microbiological protocol. The overall prevalence of the infection was 18.9%. The specific prevalence was 19.6% and 17.8% in indigenous chicken and turkey respectively. In the chicken, frizzled feather and naked neck breeds had prevalence of 30.8% and 26.1% respectively while the normal feather breed had the lowest prevalence of 13.7%. In both chicken and turkey, the infection was more during the wet season and in birds raised under extensive husbandry management. Major risk practices found were sale of untreated poultry faeces as organic fertilizer, eating during farm operations and non-use of protective clothing. The 18.9% prevalence is lower than 36% reported in 2010 but is very significant from food safety and public health perspectives. Considering the zoonotic and economic consequences associated with Campylobacter infection, adoption of farm-to-fork concept principles in indigenous poultry production in Nsukka is recommended, for further reduction or possible elimination of the infection. Proper treatment of poultry faeces before disposal or before use as feed (in fish or pig farms) or manure (in vegetable gardens) is important to curtail inter species transmission of Campylobacter in the study area.
Emmanuel O. Njoga; Ekene V. Ezenduka; John A. Nwanta. Surveillance for Campylobacter infections in indigenous poultry reared in Nsukka, Nigeria. Notulae Scientia Biologicae 2020, 12, 242 -250.
AMA StyleEmmanuel O. Njoga, Ekene V. Ezenduka, John A. Nwanta. Surveillance for Campylobacter infections in indigenous poultry reared in Nsukka, Nigeria. Notulae Scientia Biologicae. 2020; 12 (2):242-250.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmmanuel O. Njoga; Ekene V. Ezenduka; John A. Nwanta. 2020. "Surveillance for Campylobacter infections in indigenous poultry reared in Nsukka, Nigeria." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 12, no. 2: 242-250.
Pig production is an important component of animal agriculture in Nigeria but zoonotic parasites constrain the production and make pork unsafe for human consumption. This epidemiological study was therefore conducted, to ascertain the prevalence and determinants of Taenia solium cysticerci and Ascaris spp infections in pigs in Enugu State. Presence of cysticerci was determined by post-mortem examination of pig carcasses while pig faeces were coprologically examined for presence of Ascaris spp egg, according to standard parasitological protocol. Structured questionnaire was used to elicit information on pig farmers' involvement in practices predisposing to parasitic infections and deworming progammes in 107 piggeries surveyed. Cysticerci were detected in 3.51% (12/342) of pig carcasses inspected. Overall prevalence of Ascaris spp. infections were 38.3% (41/107) and 14.3% (63/441) at farm and individual pig levels respectively. Major determinants of the infection and the percentage of farmers involved were: eating on duty (66.4%), open defecation (35.5%) and semi-extensive husbandry system (62.3%). Others are non-availability of deworming programme (54.4%), rearing pigs of different ages together (41.9%), non-disinfection of feeding or water troughs (41.2%) and early weaning (54.3%). Cognizant of the zoonotic potentials of Ascaris spp and Taenia solium cysticerci, the prevalence found for the parasites are significant from public health and food safety points of view. This underscores the need for cost-effect control measures against the parasites, using a coordinated One Health approach; in order to boost pig production, limit spread of the zoonoses and hence, the public health consequences thereof.
Festus Ejike Ajibo; Emmanuel Okechukwu Njoga; Nichodemus Azor; Idika Kalu Idika; John Anaelom Nwanta. Epidemiology of infections with zoonotic pig parasites in Enugu State, Nigeria. Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports 2020, 20, 100397 .
AMA StyleFestus Ejike Ajibo, Emmanuel Okechukwu Njoga, Nichodemus Azor, Idika Kalu Idika, John Anaelom Nwanta. Epidemiology of infections with zoonotic pig parasites in Enugu State, Nigeria. Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports. 2020; 20 ():100397.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFestus Ejike Ajibo; Emmanuel Okechukwu Njoga; Nichodemus Azor; Idika Kalu Idika; John Anaelom Nwanta. 2020. "Epidemiology of infections with zoonotic pig parasites in Enugu State, Nigeria." Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports 20, no. : 100397.
Gastrointestinal parasite (GIP) infection in pigs constrains swine production and enhances dissemination of zoonotic parasites, especially in the tropics. Therefore, an epidemiological study to determine prevalence and risk factors of GIP infection in intensively managed pigs in Nsukka, was conducted. Faecal samples from 1400 pigs, randomly collected from 40 farms, were examined for GIP eggs following standard protocol. Data on involvement of pig farmers in risk practices that enhance endoparasitic infection in piggeries were obtained using structured questionnaire. Overall prevalence of 80% (32/40) and 28.6% (400/1400) were recorded at farm and individual pig levels, respectively. Prevalence of 25.3% (138/546), 30.7% (262/854), 30.4% (310/1020) and 23.7% (90/380) were obtained for male, female, young (< 1 year) and adult (≥ 1 year) pigs, respectively. Epidemiological factors (sex, age, season, farm location and flock size) were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with worm infestations. Worm eggs identified and their prevalence were: Strongyles 25.7% (360/1400), Trichuris 11.4% (160/1400), Ascaris 0.7% (10/1400) and mixed infections (Strongyles and Trichuris) 9.3% (130/1400). Major risk factors found were feeding of self-compounded on-farm feed, non-disinfection of pen and equipment, rearing pigs of different ages together, infrequent removal of dungs, early weaning at less than 6 weeks and non-availability of routine deworming programme. The overall prevalence at farm and individual pig levels were high; and involvement of farmers in the risk practices was massive. Therefore, cost-effective control of GIP infestations in pig in the study area is imperative; to boost pig production and minimize risk of transmission of zoonotic parasites.
Festus Otaka Abonyi; Emmanuel Okechukwu Njoga. Prevalence and determinants of gastrointestinal parasite infection in intensively managed pigs in Nsukka agricultural zone, Southeast, Nigeria. Journal of Parasitic Diseases 2019, 44, 31 -39.
AMA StyleFestus Otaka Abonyi, Emmanuel Okechukwu Njoga. Prevalence and determinants of gastrointestinal parasite infection in intensively managed pigs in Nsukka agricultural zone, Southeast, Nigeria. Journal of Parasitic Diseases. 2019; 44 (1):31-39.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFestus Otaka Abonyi; Emmanuel Okechukwu Njoga. 2019. "Prevalence and determinants of gastrointestinal parasite infection in intensively managed pigs in Nsukka agricultural zone, Southeast, Nigeria." Journal of Parasitic Diseases 44, no. 1: 31-39.
An epidemiological surveillance for Staphylococci contamination of ready-to-eat (RTE) meats from Enugu State, Nigeria
Chinwe E. Okoli; Emmanuel Okechukwu Njoga; Simon I. Enem; Enid E. Godwin; John A. Nwanta; Kennedy F. Chah. Prevalence, toxigenic potential and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Staphylococcus isolated from ready-to-eat meats. Veterinary World 2018, 11, 1214 -1221.
AMA StyleChinwe E. Okoli, Emmanuel Okechukwu Njoga, Simon I. Enem, Enid E. Godwin, John A. Nwanta, Kennedy F. Chah. Prevalence, toxigenic potential and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Staphylococcus isolated from ready-to-eat meats. Veterinary World. 2018; 11 (9):1214-1221.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChinwe E. Okoli; Emmanuel Okechukwu Njoga; Simon I. Enem; Enid E. Godwin; John A. Nwanta; Kennedy F. Chah. 2018. "Prevalence, toxigenic potential and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Staphylococcus isolated from ready-to-eat meats." Veterinary World 11, no. 9: 1214-1221.
The 4.1% suspected seroprevalence of antibodies in goats represents 128% increase from 1.8% seroprevalence earlier reported in the same species and study area in 2009. Significant amounts of antibody was detected in the food animals screened. Slaughterhouse workers played significant roles in spread of infection by their involvement in risk practices and behaviours that facilitate pathogen transmission. Therefore, massive awareness campaign and coordinated brucellosis control program in Enugu State are imperative to forestall the zoonotic and economic consequences associated with brucellosis.
Samuel Okezie Ekere; Emmanuel Okechukwu Njoga; Joseph Ikechukwu Onunkwo; Ugochinyere Juliet Njoga. Brucella seropositivity in slaughter food animals and role of slaughterhouse workers in spread of Brucella infection in Southeast Nigeria. Veterinary World 2018, 11, 1171 -1178.
AMA StyleSamuel Okezie Ekere, Emmanuel Okechukwu Njoga, Joseph Ikechukwu Onunkwo, Ugochinyere Juliet Njoga. Brucella seropositivity in slaughter food animals and role of slaughterhouse workers in spread of Brucella infection in Southeast Nigeria. Veterinary World. 2018; 11 (8):1171-1178.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSamuel Okezie Ekere; Emmanuel Okechukwu Njoga; Joseph Ikechukwu Onunkwo; Ugochinyere Juliet Njoga. 2018. "Brucella seropositivity in slaughter food animals and role of slaughterhouse workers in spread of Brucella infection in Southeast Nigeria." Veterinary World 11, no. 8: 1171-1178.
A seroepidemiological study of avian Brucella infection was conducted to determine the disease prevalence, risk factors, and hence the role of chicken in the epidemiology of brucellosis in Anambra State, Nigeria
Joseph Ikechukwu Onunkwo; Emmanuel Okechukwu Njoga; Ugochinyere Juliet Njoga; Emmanuel Ezeokafor; Samuel Okezie Ekere. Brucella seropositivity in chicken and risk factors for Brucella infection at the animal-human interface in Anambra State, Nigeria. January-July 2018, 4, 1 .
AMA StyleJoseph Ikechukwu Onunkwo, Emmanuel Okechukwu Njoga, Ugochinyere Juliet Njoga, Emmanuel Ezeokafor, Samuel Okezie Ekere. Brucella seropositivity in chicken and risk factors for Brucella infection at the animal-human interface in Anambra State, Nigeria. January-July. 2018; 4 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJoseph Ikechukwu Onunkwo; Emmanuel Okechukwu Njoga; Ugochinyere Juliet Njoga; Emmanuel Ezeokafor; Samuel Okezie Ekere. 2018. "Brucella seropositivity in chicken and risk factors for Brucella infection at the animal-human interface in Anambra State, Nigeria." January-July 4, no. : 1.
Imprudent administration of antimicrobial drugs in food-producing animals can facilitate the development and spread of antimicrobial-resistant organisms and also enhance the occurrence of antimicrobial residue in animal products. This study was undertaken to assess antimicrobial drug administration to food animals in livestock farms in Enugu State and determine livestock farmers’ awareness on the consequences of imprudent antimicrobial administration to food animals and finally the prevalence of antimicrobial drug residues in edible tissues of cattle and pigs in the state. Structured questionnaire was used to extract information on antimicrobial drug administration and consequences of irresponsible use of antimicrobials in food animals from 109 livestock farms/farmers randomly selected using multi-stage sampling technique. Premi® test technology (R-Biopharm, Germany) was used to screen for antimicrobial residues in edible tissues from 300 carcasses consisting of 165 cattle and 135 pigs slaughtered for human consumption in two major slaughterhouses in Enugu State. Tetracyclines (90.8%), penicillins and beta-lactams (89.9%), and aminoglycoside (57.8%) were the classes of antimicrobials most frequently administered to food animals in the farms surveyed. Withdrawal period was not observed in 65% of the farms. About 30% of cattle and 23% of pig carcasses screened contained detectable amounts of antimicrobial residues. There is widespread indiscriminate administration of antimicrobial drugs in food animals in Enugu State. This underscores the need for public enlightenment on prudent use of antimicrobial drugs in food-producing animals in order to preserve the therapeutic efficacy for sustainable livestock production and to safeguard human health.
Emmanuel Okechukwu Njoga; Joseph I. Onunkwo; Chinwe E. Okoli; Wilfred I. Ugwuoke; John A. Nwanta; Kennedy F. Chah. Assessment of antimicrobial drug administration and antimicrobial residues in food animals in Enugu State, Nigeria. Tropical Animal Health and Production 2018, 50, 897 -902.
AMA StyleEmmanuel Okechukwu Njoga, Joseph I. Onunkwo, Chinwe E. Okoli, Wilfred I. Ugwuoke, John A. Nwanta, Kennedy F. Chah. Assessment of antimicrobial drug administration and antimicrobial residues in food animals in Enugu State, Nigeria. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2018; 50 (4):897-902.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmmanuel Okechukwu Njoga; Joseph I. Onunkwo; Chinwe E. Okoli; Wilfred I. Ugwuoke; John A. Nwanta; Kennedy F. Chah. 2018. "Assessment of antimicrobial drug administration and antimicrobial residues in food animals in Enugu State, Nigeria." Tropical Animal Health and Production 50, no. 4: 897-902.
Emmanuel Okechukwu Njoga; Joseph Ikechukwu Onunkwo; Samuel Okezie Ekere; Ugochinyere Juliet Njoga; Okoro Winifred N.. Seroepidemiology of Equine Brucellosis and Role of Horse Carcass Processors in Spread of Brucella Infection in Enugu State, Nigeria. International Journal of Current Research and Review 2018, 10, 39 -45.
AMA StyleEmmanuel Okechukwu Njoga, Joseph Ikechukwu Onunkwo, Samuel Okezie Ekere, Ugochinyere Juliet Njoga, Okoro Winifred N.. Seroepidemiology of Equine Brucellosis and Role of Horse Carcass Processors in Spread of Brucella Infection in Enugu State, Nigeria. International Journal of Current Research and Review. 2018; 10 (10):39-45.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmmanuel Okechukwu Njoga; Joseph Ikechukwu Onunkwo; Samuel Okezie Ekere; Ugochinyere Juliet Njoga; Okoro Winifred N.. 2018. "Seroepidemiology of Equine Brucellosis and Role of Horse Carcass Processors in Spread of Brucella Infection in Enugu State, Nigeria." International Journal of Current Research and Review 10, no. 10: 39-45.
Idika Kalu Idika; Ugochinyere Juliet Njoga; Ikenna Onyema Eze; Chijioke Nwabueze Iheagwam; Ekene Vivienne Ezenduka; Emmanuel Njoga; Denchris Nnabuike Onah. Re-evaluation of porcine cysticercosis in Nsukka area of Enugu State, Nigeria. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease 2017, 7, 519 -522.
AMA StyleIdika Kalu Idika, Ugochinyere Juliet Njoga, Ikenna Onyema Eze, Chijioke Nwabueze Iheagwam, Ekene Vivienne Ezenduka, Emmanuel Njoga, Denchris Nnabuike Onah. Re-evaluation of porcine cysticercosis in Nsukka area of Enugu State, Nigeria. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease. 2017; 7 (9):519-522.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIdika Kalu Idika; Ugochinyere Juliet Njoga; Ikenna Onyema Eze; Chijioke Nwabueze Iheagwam; Ekene Vivienne Ezenduka; Emmanuel Njoga; Denchris Nnabuike Onah. 2017. "Re-evaluation of porcine cysticercosis in Nsukka area of Enugu State, Nigeria." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease 7, no. 9: 519-522.