In contrast to zero-dimensional (0D), one-dimensional (1D), and even their bulk equivalents, in two-dimensional (2D) layered materials, charge carriers are confined across thickness and are empowered to move across the planes. The features of 2D structures, such as quantum confinement, high absorption coefficient, high surface-to-volume ratio, and tunable bandgap, make them an encouraging contestant in various fields such as electronics, energy storage, catalysis, etc. In this review, we provide a gentle introduction to the 2D family, then a brief description of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), mainly focusing on MoS₂, followed by the crystal structure and synthesis of MoS₂, and finally wet chemistry methods. Later on, applications of MoS₂ in dye-sensitized, organic, and perovskite solar cells are discussed. MoS₂ has impressive optoelectronic properties; due to the fact of its tunable work function, it can be used as a transport layer, buffer layer, and as an absorber layer in heterojunction solar cells. A power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 8.40% as an absorber and 13.3% as carrier transfer layer have been reported for MoS₂-based organic and perovskite solar cells, respectively. Moreover, MoS₂ is a potential replacement for the platinum counter electrode in dye-sensitized solar cells with a PCE of 7.50%. This review also highlights the incorporation of MoS₂ in silicon-based heterostructures where graphene/MoS₂/n-Si-based heterojunction solar cell devices exhibit a PCE of 11.1%.

The zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 (ZIF-67) adsorbent and its composites are known to effectively remove organic dyes from aqueous environments. Here, we report a unique crystalline MoS₂@ZIF-67 nanocomposite adsorbent for the efficient removal of methyl orange (MO) dye from an aqueous medium. In situ synthetic techniques were used to fabricate a well-crystalline MoS₂@ZIF-67 nanocomposite, which was then discovered to be a superior adsorbent to its constituents. The successful synthesis of the nanocomposite was confirmed using XRD, EDX, FTIR, and SEM. The MoS₂@ZIF-67 nanocomposite exhibited faster adsorption kinetics and higher dye removal efficiency compared with its constituents. The adsorption kinetic data matched well with the pseudo-second-order model, which signifies that the MO adsorption on the nanocomposite is a chemically driven process. The Langmuir model successfully illustrated the MO dye adsorption on the nanocomposite through comparing the real data with adsorption isotherm models. However, it appears that the Freundlich adsorption isotherm model was also in competition with the Langmuir model. According to the acquired thermodynamics parameters, the adsorption of MO on the MoS₂@ZIF-67 nanocomposite surface was determined to be spontaneous and exothermic. The findings of this research open an avenue for using the MoS₂@ZIF-67 nanocomposite to efficiently remove organic dyes from wastewater efflux.

V₂O₅/MWCNTs structure is an emerging electrode material for supercapacitor applications. The superb energy density and long cyclic stability of the assembled asymmetric coin cell device (V₂O₅/MWCNTs//AC) enable it for practical use.

V₂O₅/MWCNT hybrid system has been developed and investigated as cathode in LIBs. The developed electrode shows superior performance as compare to pristine V₂O₅ and V₂O₅/rGO hybrid structure due to the synergy between V₂O₅ and MWCNT.