In contrast to zero-dimensional (0D), one-dimensional (1D), and even their bulk equivalents, in two-dimensional (2D) layered materials, charge carriers are confined across thickness and are empowered to move across the planes. The features of 2D structures, such as quantum confinement, high absorption coefficient, high surface-to-volume ratio, and tunable bandgap, make them an encouraging contestant in various fields such as electronics, energy storage, catalysis, etc. In this review, we provide a gentle introduction to the 2D family, then a brief description of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), mainly focusing on MoS₂, followed by the crystal structure and synthesis of MoS₂, and finally wet chemistry methods. Later on, applications of MoS₂ in dye-sensitized, organic, and perovskite solar cells are discussed. MoS₂ has impressive optoelectronic properties; due to the fact of its tunable work function, it can be used as a transport layer, buffer layer, and as an absorber layer in heterojunction solar cells. A power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 8.40% as an absorber and 13.3% as carrier transfer layer have been reported for MoS₂-based organic and perovskite solar cells, respectively. Moreover, MoS₂ is a potential replacement for the platinum counter electrode in dye-sensitized solar cells with a PCE of 7.50%. This review also highlights the incorporation of MoS₂ in silicon-based heterostructures where graphene/MoS₂/n-Si-based heterojunction solar cell devices exhibit a PCE of 11.1%.

The review explores porous thermoelectric materials, emphasizing controlled porosity's impact on phonon scattering and thermal conductivity reduction. Multiple studies were discussed, highlighting prospects and limitations, alongside the latest trends.

The electrical conductivity of the cubic phase, which is larger than that of the monoclinic phase, and similar thermal conductivities of the two phases lead to the higher ZT of the cubic Cu₂SnSe₃.

2D chalcogenide materials offer strong anisotropy and tunable electronic properties, making them promising candidates for next-generation thermoelectric and optoelectronic technologies.