One of the objectives of this article is to study how innovation influences the results of entrepreneurs located in business incubators. The other objective is to examine how the training of entrepreneurs contributes to creating companies with high sustainability rates over time that are wealth generators in society. To achieve these objectives, entrepreneurs in business incubators in Spain were identified along with their level of training, their experience in business management, how much employment they have generated, their survival rate and the annual accounts (where economic, financial, and management information on the companies is collected). In turn, they were sent a questionnaire that allowed us to classify them by their degree of innovation. The techniques used are independent sample statistics that apply the Levene’s test, the analysis of the balance sheet, the income statements, and management indicators. This study concludes that, from the selected sample, 83.3% of the entrepreneurs established in business incubators in Spain have university training, and 64.2% prefer the branches of science, with 7.75 years of business experience, which favors business survival (100% in the seventh year of life) and the creation of qualified employment. All this favors the sustainability of the productive and business model which, being more intensive in knowledge and R&D, becomes more competitive in the market. On the other hand, there are no significant differences regarding the economic results, nor in the management indicators among the entrepreneurs of the incubators according to their degree of innovation. The value of research lies in the importance of studies on the relationship between innovation, training, and wealth-generating sustainability in incubators in today’s knowledge economy.

1. Background. The Orange economy includes creative and cultural activities; and it has aroused great interest, both for research on growth and for public agencies and institutions, which have highlighted its capacity as an economic engine and a generator of sustainable growth. Despite this widely disseminated argument, empirical evidence is scarce. 2. Methods. This paper aims to resolve that, based on an analysis of Orange economy companies in two Spanish regions—the Valencian and Galician Autonomous Communities—for the period between 2000 and 2019. Based on the SABI^® database, which contains data from the annual accounts that companies must submit to Mercantile Registry, company’s data have been grouped into three large subgroups and within activity branches. 3. Results. The Orange economy revenues and earnings have contributed at a higher growth rate than of the economy as a whole. It has achieved higher profitability ratios on a lasting basis over time. Although, there are differences between the various activities included in this sector 4. Conclusions. The Orange economy can be considered as an engine and a generator of sustained growth over time. Furthermore, results obtained show that the Orange economy is a sector that is resilient against crisis.

1. Background. It is well-known that innovation contributes to economic growth, improves productivity and enables competitive advantage. However, beyond these matters, it would be of interest to know what role innovation plays in relation to sustainability. This paper focuses on whether innovation is a driver of sustainability in its three dimensions: social, economic and environmental. 2. Methods. The study was conducted with companies in the Valencian community (Spain) to analyze whether they significantly contribute to sustainability as innovators. Economical sustainability was assessed based on economic and financial profitability; social sustainability was assessed by employment generation. To determine whether companies contributed to environmental sustainability, we considered those which, apart from a reputation (“label”) in innovation, had some kind of environmental certification. 3. Results. Our results indicate that innovative companies are more profitable and generate more employment. However, there are no differences in terms of performance and employment generation between innovative companies and those that are also environmentally sensitive. 4. Conclusion. Innovation is a driving force of economic and social sustainability in the studied area, but environmental sensitivity is not a driver for economic and social sustainability.

The objective of this article is to analyze the characteristics of the most attractive companies in the labor market, which each year maintained their position in the ranking published by the Spanish business magazine Actualidad Económica (AE) for the period 2013–2020. The research study will focus on permanence in ranking, global valuation, and training. To do this, control variables were added: business management gender, geo-cultural areas, regional areas, economic activity, size and stock market membership. This is a quantitative work, where statistics such as partial correlations, Pearson coefficients and independent sample means were used with the Levene test; in modeling, multiple regressions of ordinary least squares (OLS) and panel data were used. It is concluded that the permanence in the ranking significantly increases the total value and training, which leads companies to excellence, along with the fact that they are in the capital of the country and that they focus on the commerce, professional, scientific and technical, and finance and insurance sectors. On the other hand, assessment of training is explained by employee valuation, the work environment and talent management. On the contrary, factors such as the gender variable in the business direction, nationality, size and stock market membership do not significantly influence the overall valuation.

Shellfish poaching is an act of noncompliance with the laws that regulate fisheries governance. In this paper we explored if compliance with shellfishing laws among Galician licensed shellfish-gatherers (NW Spain) is voluntary or motivated by coercive factors. The results reveal that in those communities with a greater degree of compliance, licensed shellfish-gatherers do not poach and comply with the rules voluntarily. The conditions in these communities favor the co-management of resources in such a way that the participation of gatherers in the governance processes, internal cooperation, self-government capacity or participation in enforcement are significantly greater than in communities where there is no compliance. Furthermore, we have explored the perception of the shellfish-gatherers to minimize poaching in their communities. The interviewees distinguished two types of poachers, depending on whether they belong to the shellfishing industry or not. We made recommendations regarding policy to reduce poaching, which combine coercive and normative strategies.

En la situación económica con altas tasas de desempleo en España, las políticas de fomento del empleo se vuelven imprescindibles. Con este artículo se pretende analizar la contribución al mercado de trabajo de los viveros de empresa en Galicia (España), siendo necesario medir la creación de empresas, empleo y tasas de supervivencia, analizando además, la eficacia de los recursos empleados por los viveros para la consecución de dichos objetivos. La eficacia de las subvenciones otorgadas a los emprendedores para la generación de puestos de trabajo fue también investigada. Los resultados muestran que los viveros son un instrumento que genera riqueza, a través de la creación de empresas y generación de empleo. Respecto a la eficacia de las subvenciones a los emprendedores para la creación de empleo, no existe una contribución al incremento de la generación de empleo en los que la reciben, aunque sin ellas habría un decremento en la creación de puestos de trabajo y un incremento en la precariedad laboral, lo que justifica su existencia. Abstract Policies to promote employment are indispensable in the economic situation of Spain, a country with high unemployment rates. The aim of this article is to analyze the contribution to the market of business incubators in Galicia (Spain); it is therefore necessary to measure the creation of businesses, employment and survival rates, and analyze the efficiency of the resources used by the incubators to achieve said objectives. The efficiency of the subsidies granted to entrepreneurs to create employment was also researched. The results show that incubators are an instrument that creates wealth through the creation of businesses and employment. Regarding the efficiency of the subsidies granted to entrepreneurs for the creation of employment, there is no contribution to the increase in the creation of employment for those that receive it, though without it there would be a decrease in the creation of employment and an increase in job insecurity, which justifies its existence.