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(1) Background: The growing demand for developing new methods of degraded land remediation is linked to the need to improve the soil environment, including post-industrial soils. Biological methods such as the aided phytostabilisation technique are the most common methods applied to achieve effective remediation. This study aimed to determine the technical potential of methods using novel or yet not used soil amendments, such as blast furnace slag (BFS) and coal slag (CS), with Dactylis glomerata L. as a test plant. (2) Methods: The experiment was conducted on post-industrial area soil with high concentrations of Cu (761 mg/kg), Cd (23.9 mg/kg), Pb (13,539 mg/kg) and Zn (8683 mg/kg). The heavy metal content in roots and the above-ground parts of plants and soil was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. (3) Results: The addition of BFS to the soil was the most effective in increasing Dactylis glomerata L. biomass yield. The Cu, Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations were higher in the roots than in the above-ground parts of the plants. BFS and CS induced a considerable increase in soil pH, compared to the control treatment. The addition of BFS also produced the greatest significant decrease in the Pb content in soil following the phytostabilisation process. (4) Conclusions: In view of the above, the use of BFS in the aided phytostabilisation in soils contaminated with high levels of Cu, Cd, Pb, and Zn can be recommended for larger-scale in situ projects.
Maja Radziemska; Justyna Dzięcioł; Zygmunt Gusiatin; Agnieszka Bęś; Wojciech Sas; Andrzej Głuchowski; Beata Gawryszewska; Zbigniew Mazur; Martin Brtnicky. Recycling of Blast Furnace and Coal Slags in Aided Phytostabilisation of Soils Highly Polluted with Heavy Metals. Energies 2021, 14, 4300 .
AMA StyleMaja Radziemska, Justyna Dzięcioł, Zygmunt Gusiatin, Agnieszka Bęś, Wojciech Sas, Andrzej Głuchowski, Beata Gawryszewska, Zbigniew Mazur, Martin Brtnicky. Recycling of Blast Furnace and Coal Slags in Aided Phytostabilisation of Soils Highly Polluted with Heavy Metals. Energies. 2021; 14 (14):4300.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaja Radziemska; Justyna Dzięcioł; Zygmunt Gusiatin; Agnieszka Bęś; Wojciech Sas; Andrzej Głuchowski; Beata Gawryszewska; Zbigniew Mazur; Martin Brtnicky. 2021. "Recycling of Blast Furnace and Coal Slags in Aided Phytostabilisation of Soils Highly Polluted with Heavy Metals." Energies 14, no. 14: 4300.
The construction sector is currently struggling with the reuse of waste originating from the demolition and modernization of buildings and roads. Furthermore, old buildings are gradually being replaced by new structures. This brings a significant increase of concrete debris to waste landfills. To prevent this, many studies on the possibilities of recycling concrete, known as recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), have been done. To broaden the applicability of reused concrete, an understanding of its properties and engineering behavior is required. A difficulty in sustainable, proper management of RCA is the shortage of appropriate test results necessary to assess its utility. For this reason, in the present study, the physical, deformation, and stiffness properties of RCA with gravely grain distribution were analyzed carefully in the geotechnical laboratory. To examine the mentioned properties, an extensive experimental program was planned, which included the following studies: granulometric analysis, Proctor and oedometer tests, as well as resonant column tests. The obtained research results show that RCA has lower values of deformation and stiffness parameters than natural aggregates. However, after applying in oedometer apparatus repetitive cycles of loading/unloading/reloading, some significant improvement in the values of the parameters studied was noticed, most likely due to susceptibility to static compaction. Moreover, some critical reduction in the range of linear response of RCA to dynamic loading was observed.
Katarzyna Gabryś; Emil Soból; Wojciech Sas. Physical, Deformation, and Stiffness Properties of Recycled Concrete Aggregate. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4245 .
AMA StyleKatarzyna Gabryś, Emil Soból, Wojciech Sas. Physical, Deformation, and Stiffness Properties of Recycled Concrete Aggregate. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (8):4245.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKatarzyna Gabryś; Emil Soból; Wojciech Sas. 2021. "Physical, Deformation, and Stiffness Properties of Recycled Concrete Aggregate." Sustainability 13, no. 8: 4245.
(1) Background: sewage sludge is a by-product of wastewater treatment, which needs to be managed appropriately, e.g., in composting processes. The application of municipal sewage sludge composts (MSSCs) as a soil amendment is a potential way to effectively manage sewage sludge. (2) Methods: this paper presents the results of a vegetation pot experiment undertaken to assess the suitability of Dactylis glomerata L. and MSSC in the aided phytostabilization technique when applied on soils from an area effected by industrial pressure; this is characterized by high levels of heavy metal (HM). The contents of HMs in the test plant (the roots and above-ground parts), as well as in the soil and MSSC, were determined via an atomic spectrometry method. (3) Results: the application of MSSC positively contributed to an increased production of plant biomass and an increase in the pH in the soil. Concentrations of Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cr were higher in the roots than in the above-ground parts of Dactylis glomerata L. The addition of MSSC contributed most significantly to the considerable reduction in Ni, Pb, and Zn contents in the soil after the experiment. (4) Conclusions: MSSC can support the phytostabilization of soils contaminated with high levels of HMs.
Maja Radziemska; Zygmunt Gusiatin; Agnieszka Bęś; Justyna Czajkowska; Zbigniew Mazur; Tereza Hammerschmiedt; Łukasz Sikorski; Eliska Kobzova; Barbara Klik; Wojciech Sas; Ernesta Liniauskienė; Jiri Holatko; Martin Brtnicky. Can the Application of Municipal Sewage Sludge Compost in the Aided Phytostabilization Technique Provide an Effective Waste Management Method? Energies 2021, 14, 1984 .
AMA StyleMaja Radziemska, Zygmunt Gusiatin, Agnieszka Bęś, Justyna Czajkowska, Zbigniew Mazur, Tereza Hammerschmiedt, Łukasz Sikorski, Eliska Kobzova, Barbara Klik, Wojciech Sas, Ernesta Liniauskienė, Jiri Holatko, Martin Brtnicky. Can the Application of Municipal Sewage Sludge Compost in the Aided Phytostabilization Technique Provide an Effective Waste Management Method? Energies. 2021; 14 (7):1984.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaja Radziemska; Zygmunt Gusiatin; Agnieszka Bęś; Justyna Czajkowska; Zbigniew Mazur; Tereza Hammerschmiedt; Łukasz Sikorski; Eliska Kobzova; Barbara Klik; Wojciech Sas; Ernesta Liniauskienė; Jiri Holatko; Martin Brtnicky. 2021. "Can the Application of Municipal Sewage Sludge Compost in the Aided Phytostabilization Technique Provide an Effective Waste Management Method?" Energies 14, no. 7: 1984.
Buried pipe design requires knowledge about the fill to design the backfill structure. The interaction between the backfill envelope and the pipe impacts the structural performance of the buried pipe. The backfill material and compaction level respond to the backfill’s overall strength and, therefore, for pipe-soil interaction. The strength of backfill material is described in terms of modulus of soil reaction E’ and constrained modulus Eode . As the E’ is an empirical parameter, the Eode can be measured in the laboratory by performing the oedometer tests. In this study, we have performed extensive oedometric tests on five types of anthropogenic materials (AM). Three of them are construction and demolition materials (C–D materials) namely, recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), crushed brick (CB), and recycled asphalt pavement (RAP). Two of them are industrial solid wastes (ISW) namely, fly ash and bottom slag mix (FA + BS) and blast furnace slag (BFS). The results of the tests revealed that AM behaves differently from natural aggregates (NA). In general, the Eode value for AM is lower than for NA with the same gradation. Despite that, some of AM may be used as NA substitute directly (RCA or BFS), some with special treatment like CB and some with extra compaction efforts like RAP or FA + BS.
Andrzej Głuchowski; Raimondas Šadzevičius; Rytis Skominas; Wojciech Sas. Compacted Anthropogenic Materials as Backfill for Buried Pipes. Materials 2021, 14, 717 .
AMA StyleAndrzej Głuchowski, Raimondas Šadzevičius, Rytis Skominas, Wojciech Sas. Compacted Anthropogenic Materials as Backfill for Buried Pipes. Materials. 2021; 14 (4):717.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrzej Głuchowski; Raimondas Šadzevičius; Rytis Skominas; Wojciech Sas. 2021. "Compacted Anthropogenic Materials as Backfill for Buried Pipes." Materials 14, no. 4: 717.
After obtaining the value of shear wave velocity (VS) from the bender elements test (BET), the shear modulus of soils at small strains (Gmax) can be estimated. Shear wave velocity is an important parameter in the design of geo-structures subjected to static and dynamic loading. While bender elements are increasingly used in both academic and commercial laboratory test systems, there remains a lack of agreement when interpreting the shear wave travel time from these tests. Based on the test data of 12 Warsaw glacial quartz samples of sand, primarily two different approaches were examined for determining VS. They are both related to the observation of the source and received BE signal, namely, the first time of arrival and the peak-to-peak method. These methods were performed through visual analysis of BET data by the authors, so that subjective travel time estimates were produced. Subsequently, automated analysis methods from the GDS Bender Element Analysis Tool (BEAT) were applied. Here, three techniques in the time-domain (TD) were selected, namely, the peak-to-peak, the zero-crossing, and the cross-correlation function. Additionally, a cross-power spectrum calculation of the signals was completed, viewed as a frequency-domain (FD) method. Final comparisons between subjective observational analyses and automated interpretations of BET results showed good agreement. There is compatibility especially between the two methods: the first time of arrival and the cross-correlation, which the authors considered the best interpreting techniques for their soils. Moreover, the laboratory tests were performed on compact, medium, and well-grained sand samples with different curvature coefficient and mean grain size. Investigation of the influence of the grain-size characteristics of quartz sand on shear wave velocity demonstrated that VS is larger for higher values of the uniformity coefficient, while it is rather independent of the curvature coefficient and the mean grain size.
Katarzyna Gabryś; Emil Soból; Wojciech Sas; Raimondas Šadzevičius; Rytis Skominas. Warsaw Glacial Quartz Sand with Different Grain-Size Characteristics and Its Shear Wave Velocity from Various Interpretation Methods of BET. Materials 2021, 14, 544 .
AMA StyleKatarzyna Gabryś, Emil Soból, Wojciech Sas, Raimondas Šadzevičius, Rytis Skominas. Warsaw Glacial Quartz Sand with Different Grain-Size Characteristics and Its Shear Wave Velocity from Various Interpretation Methods of BET. Materials. 2021; 14 (3):544.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKatarzyna Gabryś; Emil Soból; Wojciech Sas; Raimondas Šadzevičius; Rytis Skominas. 2021. "Warsaw Glacial Quartz Sand with Different Grain-Size Characteristics and Its Shear Wave Velocity from Various Interpretation Methods of BET." Materials 14, no. 3: 544.
The shear modulus and normalized shear modulus degradation curve are the fundamental parameters describing soil behavior. Thus, this article is focused on the stiffness characteristic of 15 different Warsaw cohesive soli represented by the parameters mentioned above. In this research, standard resonant column tests were performed in a wide shear strain range, from a small one, where soil behaves like an elastic medium, to a medium one, where soil has an unrecoverable deformation. Collected data allows the authors to create empirical models describing stiffness characteristics with high reliability. The maximum shear modulus calculated by the proposed equation for Warsaw cohesive soil had a relative error of about 6.8%. The formula for normalized shear modulus estimated G/GMAX with 2.2% relative error. Combined empirical models for GMAX, and G/GMAX allow the evaluation of Warsaw cohesive soil’s shear modulus value in a wide shear deformation range, with a very low value of the relative error of 6.7%.
Emil Soból; Katarzyna Gabryś; Karina Zabłocka; Raimondas Šadzevičius; Rytis Skominas; Wojciech Sas. Laboratory Studies of Small Strain Stiffness and Modulus Degradation of Warsaw Mineral Cohesive Soils. Minerals 2020, 10, 1127 .
AMA StyleEmil Soból, Katarzyna Gabryś, Karina Zabłocka, Raimondas Šadzevičius, Rytis Skominas, Wojciech Sas. Laboratory Studies of Small Strain Stiffness and Modulus Degradation of Warsaw Mineral Cohesive Soils. Minerals. 2020; 10 (12):1127.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmil Soból; Katarzyna Gabryś; Karina Zabłocka; Raimondas Šadzevičius; Rytis Skominas; Wojciech Sas. 2020. "Laboratory Studies of Small Strain Stiffness and Modulus Degradation of Warsaw Mineral Cohesive Soils." Minerals 10, no. 12: 1127.
Long-term cyclic loading is observed in a wide range of human activities, as well as in nature, such as in the case of ocean waves. Cyclic loading can lead to ratcheting which is defined as progressive accumulation of plastic deformation in a material. Long-term cyclic loading causes a time effect (creep), which is a secondary compression effect. In this article, we conducted 15 triaxial tests on four types of cohesive materials in undrained conditions to evaluate the damage and failure mechanism. To characterize the strain and pore pressure development, we modified the Yanbu resistance concept. On the basis of the static creep tests, we concluded that the stress paths for undrained creep behavior have to take into account the pore pressure developed during long-term cyclic loading. Pore pressure build-up and plastic strain accumulation during long-term cyclic loading are dependent on the number of loading cycles. Finally, we proposed the failure criterion, which was based on the Modified Cam-Clay constitutive model.
Andrzej Głuchowski; Wojciech Sas. Long-Term Cyclic Loading Impact on the Creep Deformation Mechanism in Cohesive Materials. Materials 2020, 13, 3907 .
AMA StyleAndrzej Głuchowski, Wojciech Sas. Long-Term Cyclic Loading Impact on the Creep Deformation Mechanism in Cohesive Materials. Materials. 2020; 13 (17):3907.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrzej Głuchowski; Wojciech Sas. 2020. "Long-Term Cyclic Loading Impact on the Creep Deformation Mechanism in Cohesive Materials." Materials 13, no. 17: 3907.
The construction of a roads network consumes high amounts of materials. The road materials are required to fulfill high standards like bearing capacity and low settlement susceptibility due to cyclic loading. Therefore, crushed aggregates are the primary subbase construction material. The material-intensity of road engineering leads to depletion of natural resources, and to avoid it, the alternative recycled materials are required to be applied to achieve sustainable development. The anthropogenic soils (AS), which are defined as man-made unbound aggregates, are the response to these requirements. For the successful application of the AS, a series of geotechnical laboratory and field tests were conducted. In this article, we present the set of 58 test results, including California Bearing Ratio (CBR) bearing capacity tests, oedometric tests, and cyclic CBR tests, to characterize the behavior of three AS types and to compare its reaction with natural aggregate (NA). The AS tested in this study are recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), fly ash and bottom ash mix (BS), and blast furnace slag (BFS). The results of the tests show that the AS has similar characteristics to NA, and in some cases, like compression characteristic, RCA and BFS behave a stiffer response to cyclic loading. The test results and analysis presented here extend the knowledge about AS compressibility and AS response to cyclic loading.
Andrzej Głuchowski; Katarzyna Gabryś; Emil Soból; Raimondas Šadzevičius; Wojciech Sas. Geotechnical Properties of Anthropogenic Soils in Road Engineering. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1 .
AMA StyleAndrzej Głuchowski, Katarzyna Gabryś, Emil Soból, Raimondas Šadzevičius, Wojciech Sas. Geotechnical Properties of Anthropogenic Soils in Road Engineering. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (12):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrzej Głuchowski; Katarzyna Gabryś; Emil Soból; Raimondas Šadzevičius; Wojciech Sas. 2020. "Geotechnical Properties of Anthropogenic Soils in Road Engineering." Sustainability 12, no. 12: 1.
The dynamic properties of compacted non-cohesive soils are desired not only because of the risk of natural sources of dynamic excitations such as earthquakes, but mostly because of the anthropogenic impact of machines that are working on such soils. These soils are often unsaturated, which positively affects the soil’s mechanical properties. The information about the values of these parameters is highly desirable for engineers. In this article, we performed a series of tests, including oedometric tests, resonant column tests, bender element tests, and unsaturated triaxial tests, to evaluate those characteristic parameters. The results showed that sandy silt soil has a typical reaction to dynamic loading in terms of shear modulus degradation and the damping ratio curves’ characteristics, which can be modeled by using empirical equations. We found that the compaction procedure caused an over-consolidation state dependent on the moisture content during compaction effort. The article analyzed the soil properties that impact the maximum shear modulus G0 value. Those properties were suction s, confining pressure σ3, and compaction degree represented by the void ratio function f(e).
Andrzej Głuchowski; Zdzisław Skutnik; Marcin Biliniak; Wojciech Sas; Diego Lo Lo Presti. Laboratory Characterization of a Compacted–Unsaturated Silty Sand with Special Attention to Dynamic Behavior. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 2559 .
AMA StyleAndrzej Głuchowski, Zdzisław Skutnik, Marcin Biliniak, Wojciech Sas, Diego Lo Lo Presti. Laboratory Characterization of a Compacted–Unsaturated Silty Sand with Special Attention to Dynamic Behavior. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (7):2559.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrzej Głuchowski; Zdzisław Skutnik; Marcin Biliniak; Wojciech Sas; Diego Lo Lo Presti. 2020. "Laboratory Characterization of a Compacted–Unsaturated Silty Sand with Special Attention to Dynamic Behavior." Applied Sciences 10, no. 7: 2559.
The objective of this study is to characterize the permanent deformations and to present a mathematical model that enables the prediction of permanent strain during cyclic loading. First, laboratory cyclic triaxial tests are conducted on sandy silty clay samples to gather the data concerning the permanent deformation characteristics. The article discusses the shakedown theory and abation phenomena, and we present the Simple Hysteresis Loop Model (SHLM) based on the stress-controlled test results. The determined permanent deformation properties are a base for the development of SHLM parameters. The presented model is capable of accurately predicting the permanent deformation characteristics based on the derived parameters from the static tests. The SHLM connects the stress–strain and stiffness properties of cohesive soil, which gives it a great advantage to use it in engineering practice. The derived model was verified based on ex–post comparison to performed cyclic triaxial test. The developed SHLM mean absolute percentage error is equal to 12.18%, which indicates that the developed SHLM has desirable accuracy in the prediction of permanent strain properties in compacted cohesive soils.
Andrzej Głuchowski; Wojciech Sas. Impact of Cyclic Loading on Shakedown in Cohesive Soils—Simple Hysteresis Loop Model. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 2029 .
AMA StyleAndrzej Głuchowski, Wojciech Sas. Impact of Cyclic Loading on Shakedown in Cohesive Soils—Simple Hysteresis Loop Model. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (6):2029.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrzej Głuchowski; Wojciech Sas. 2020. "Impact of Cyclic Loading on Shakedown in Cohesive Soils—Simple Hysteresis Loop Model." Applied Sciences 10, no. 6: 2029.
The damping ratio (D) is one of the key soil parameters in geotechnical issues where the soil is subjected to dynamic loads, like machines foundation, city tram and subway traffic, and driving of sheet pile or precast pile. Each of the abovementioned geotechnical problems is connected with significant damping, so its effect should be included in the dynamical analysis. Therefore, this article focuses on the damping phenomenon in cohesive soils from the capital of Poland, which is described by damping ratio (D). In this research, a set of the damping tests by free vibration method in resonant column device were conducted, and the influence of four selected factors, i.e., shear strain (γ), effective stress (p’), plasticity index (PI), and void ratio (e) on damping ratio in wide strain range was investigated and discussed. Based on the laboratory tests, the shear strain has the most impacts on the damping ratio characteristics; the plasticity index and the effective stress also have a significant influence. Based on the performed analysis, the authors propose the empirical equations with two sets of variables, the first for low and medium cohesive soil (PI < 20%) and the second for very cohesive soils (PI > 20%).
Emil Soból; Andrzej Głuchowski; Alojzy Szymański; Wojciech Sas; Sas. The New Empirical Equation Describing Damping Phenomenon in Dynamically Loaded Subgrade Cohesive Soils. Applied Sciences 2019, 9, 4518 .
AMA StyleEmil Soból, Andrzej Głuchowski, Alojzy Szymański, Wojciech Sas, Sas. The New Empirical Equation Describing Damping Phenomenon in Dynamically Loaded Subgrade Cohesive Soils. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9 (21):4518.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmil Soból; Andrzej Głuchowski; Alojzy Szymański; Wojciech Sas; Sas. 2019. "The New Empirical Equation Describing Damping Phenomenon in Dynamically Loaded Subgrade Cohesive Soils." Applied Sciences 9, no. 21: 4518.
Cohesive soils subjected to cyclic loading in undrained conditions respond with pore pressure generation and plastic strain accumulation. The article focus on the pore pressure development of soils tested in isotropic and anisotropic consolidation conditions. Due to the consolidation differences, soil response to cyclic loading is also different. Analysis of the cyclic triaxial test results in terms of pore pressure development produces some indication of the relevant mechanisms at the particulate level. Test results show that the greater susceptibility to accumulate the plastic strain of cohesive soil during cyclic loading is connected with the pore pressure generation pattern. The value of excess pore pressure required to soil sample failure differs as a consequence of different consolidation pressure and anisotropic stress state. Effective stresses and pore pressures are the main factors that govern the soil behavior in undrained conditions. Therefore, the pore pressure generated in the first few cycles plays a key role in the accumulation of plastic strains and constitutes the major amount of excess pore water pressure. Soil samples consolidated in the anisotropic and isotropic stress state behave differently responding differently to cyclic loading. This difference may impact on test results analysis and hence may change the view on soil behavior. The results of tests on isotropically and anisotropically consolidated soil samples are discussed in this paper in order to point out the main features of the cohesive soil behavior.
Andrzej Głuchowski; Emil Soból; Alojzy Szymański; Wojciech Sas. Undrained Pore Pressure Development on Cohesive Soil in Triaxial Cyclic Loading. Applied Sciences 2019, 9, 3821 .
AMA StyleAndrzej Głuchowski, Emil Soból, Alojzy Szymański, Wojciech Sas. Undrained Pore Pressure Development on Cohesive Soil in Triaxial Cyclic Loading. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9 (18):3821.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrzej Głuchowski; Emil Soból; Alojzy Szymański; Wojciech Sas. 2019. "Undrained Pore Pressure Development on Cohesive Soil in Triaxial Cyclic Loading." Applied Sciences 9, no. 18: 3821.
Creating models based on empirical data and their statistical measurements have been used for a long time in the economic sciences. Increasingly, these methods are used in the technical sciences, such as construction and geotechnical engineering. This allows for reducing the costs of geotechnical research at the design stage. This article presents the research carried out on Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) material with is reclaimed crushed concrete rubble. Permeability tests were carried out using the constant head method. Tests were conducted on blends of RCA with the following particle size ranges: 0.02-16 mm, 0.05-16 mm, 0.1-16 mm, and 0.2-16 mm. The gradients used during the tests were between 0.2 to 0.83, which corresponds to gradients encountered in earth construction and are below the critical gradient. Directly from the tests, the flux velocity for the range of tested gradients were calculated based on filtered water volume measurements. The values of the permeability coefficient (k) were then recalculated. Finally, statistical methods were used to determine which physical parameters of the tested material affect the permeability coefficient. The physical parameters selected from the statistical analysis were used to create a model describing the phenomenon. The model can be used to determine the permeability coefficient for a mixed RCA material. The article ends with conclusions and proposals concerning the use of models and the limits of their applicability.
Wojciech Sas; Justyna Dzięcioł; Andrzej Głuchowski. Estimation of Recycled Concrete Aggregate's Water Permeability Coefficient as Earth Construction Material with the Application of an Analytical Method. Materials 2019, 12, 2920 .
AMA StyleWojciech Sas, Justyna Dzięcioł, Andrzej Głuchowski. Estimation of Recycled Concrete Aggregate's Water Permeability Coefficient as Earth Construction Material with the Application of an Analytical Method. Materials. 2019; 12 (18):2920.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWojciech Sas; Justyna Dzięcioł; Andrzej Głuchowski. 2019. "Estimation of Recycled Concrete Aggregate's Water Permeability Coefficient as Earth Construction Material with the Application of an Analytical Method." Materials 12, no. 18: 2920.
The paper presents an evaluation of the influence of the degree of saturation of soil with water on its stiffness in the range of small deformations. Appropriate analysis of the interaction of the building structure with the subsoil carried out with the use of numerical methods requires the knowledge of parameters, in particular stiffness characteristics in the range of deformations corresponding to the actual conditions of the structure’s work. Usually the deformations of the subsoil caused by the structure do not exceed 10–3, therefore it is particularly important for the geotechnical engineer to determine the soil stiffness in the range of deformations 10–5–10–3. In order to determine the stiffness characteristics of cohesive subsoil, a triaxial compression apparatus equipped with piezoelectric elements of bender type was used, enabling the measurement of the transverse wave velocity inside the sample. The base of the described triaxial apparatus is equipped with high-pressure air entry ceramics (HAEV), which allowed to use the technique of “axis translation” to perform tests for variable (controlled) degree of saturation of the soil sample with water. In the literature, the degree of saturation (Sr) and soil moisture are mentioned as one of many factors which, apart from physical properties, values of effective stresses, voids index, stress history and others, infl uence the velocity of wave propagation in the ground. The publication describes the methodology of research and presents the results of own research.
Zdzisław Skutnik; Marcin Biliniak; Wojciech Sas; Emil Soból. Zastosowanie piezoelementów typu bender do oceny sztywności początkowej gruntu nienasyconego z kontrolowanym ciśnieniem ssania. Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska 2019, 28, 405 -416.
AMA StyleZdzisław Skutnik, Marcin Biliniak, Wojciech Sas, Emil Soból. Zastosowanie piezoelementów typu bender do oceny sztywności początkowej gruntu nienasyconego z kontrolowanym ciśnieniem ssania. Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska. 2019; 28 (3):405-416.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZdzisław Skutnik; Marcin Biliniak; Wojciech Sas; Emil Soból. 2019. "Zastosowanie piezoelementów typu bender do oceny sztywności początkowej gruntu nienasyconego z kontrolowanym ciśnieniem ssania." Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska 28, no. 3: 405-416.
Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) is a construction and demolition material, which in unbound state can be placed as subbase in road structures. Over last decades there was many investigations which highlighted physical and mechanical properties of this material. Nevertheless, successful application of RCA still needs more tests. For sustainable development of road engineering, utilization of recycled material is essential. In this article direct shear tests were performed to characterize mechanical properties of RCA. Direct shear tests were conducted with and without modification by adding metal frames to shear cubic shaped box with length of side equal 250mm. Material used in this paper was RCA in gradation with lead to recognize it as sandy gravel. Tests were performed for various moisture content material compacted with to respect of normal energy in Proctor method. Tests shows differences between direct shear with and without metal frames. For RCA tested in standard test conditions friction angle differs between 32.4° to 65.1°. Modification of test equipment results in friction angle equal 38.7° to 41.5°. Both tests indicated impact of moisture conditions during compaction. In this study, dilation angle analysis was also performed. Dilation angle values were in range from 5° to 10°. Brittle nature of RCA results in low value of the dilatancy index.
Andrzej Gluchowski; Maciej Miturski; Wojciech Sas. The Friction and Dilatancy Angle of Recycled Concrete Aggregate. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 2019, 471, 042023 .
AMA StyleAndrzej Gluchowski, Maciej Miturski, Wojciech Sas. The Friction and Dilatancy Angle of Recycled Concrete Aggregate. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2019; 471 (4):042023.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrzej Gluchowski; Maciej Miturski; Wojciech Sas. 2019. "The Friction and Dilatancy Angle of Recycled Concrete Aggregate." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 471, no. 4: 042023.
In this article, a study of the threshold gradient and leaching properties for recycled material, namely, recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), was conducted. The RCA in this study is a material that comes from recycling concrete debris. A series of tests in permeameter apparatus in a constant head manner were conducted. The test method has been improved to eliminate common mistakes, which occur when the constant head method is used. During the following study, aggregates with gradations equal to 0–8, 0–16, and 0.05–16 mm were tested. The tests were conducted on gradients ranging from 0.2 to 0.83. This range of tested gradients led to the evaluation of the flux velocity and indicated non-Darcian flow. For engineering applications, the threshold gradients for three RCA blends were calculated using a statistical analysis. The average coefficient of permeability, kavg, for linear flow was equal to 1.02 × 10−4–1.89 × 10−4 m/s. In this paper, suffosion analysis was also conducted for the three blends in order to eliminate the possibility of particle movement. Moreover, for RCA blend 0–16 mm, leaching properties was examined. It was found that the concentration of chlorides, sulphates, and heavy metals in the water solution does not exceed the permissible standards. This paper ends with conclusions and proposals concerning the threshold gradients obtained from the statistical analysis, suffosion analysis, and flux velocity.
Andrzej Głuchowski; Wojciech Sas; Justyna Dzięcioł; Emil Soból; Alojzy Szymański. Permeability and Leaching Properties of Recycled Concrete Aggregate as an Emerging Material in Civil Engineering. Applied Sciences 2018, 9, 81 .
AMA StyleAndrzej Głuchowski, Wojciech Sas, Justyna Dzięcioł, Emil Soból, Alojzy Szymański. Permeability and Leaching Properties of Recycled Concrete Aggregate as an Emerging Material in Civil Engineering. Applied Sciences. 2018; 9 (1):81.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrzej Głuchowski; Wojciech Sas; Justyna Dzięcioł; Emil Soból; Alojzy Szymański. 2018. "Permeability and Leaching Properties of Recycled Concrete Aggregate as an Emerging Material in Civil Engineering." Applied Sciences 9, no. 1: 81.
The mechanism of cohesive soils response to cycling loading is less investigated compared to cohesionless soils. Multiple load-unload cycles cause significant changes in the structure of cohesive soils, which result in complex behaviour under the given load. The aim of the paper was to investigate and study the influence of load frequency on cohesive soil reaction. In order to obtain results, tests were conducted using the cyclic triaxial apparatus. Three cyclic tests were carried out, each for different frequency −0.5 Hz, 1.0 Hz, 2.0 Hz and one static triaxial test. The maximal value of deviator stress qmax, used in the cyclic tests, was set to 40 kPa. Afterwards samples were unloaded to qmin = 30 kPa. Cyclic loading triaxial tests were performed in a consolidated-undrained (CU) one-way loading manner, a sinusoidal waves were used. After the cycling loading was completed, a static triaxial shear test was conducted. Changes in the cohesive soil responses depending on cycling load frequency were presented in the paper. Differences in the accumulation of plastic strains were noticed, as well as changes of degradation index values, resilient degradation index values and differences in the excess pore water pressure development.
Krystian Kucharczyk; Andrzej Głuchowski; Maciej Miturski; Wojciech Sas. Influence of Load Frequency on Cohesive Soil Respond. Geosciences 2018, 8, 468 .
AMA StyleKrystian Kucharczyk, Andrzej Głuchowski, Maciej Miturski, Wojciech Sas. Influence of Load Frequency on Cohesive Soil Respond. Geosciences. 2018; 8 (12):468.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKrystian Kucharczyk; Andrzej Głuchowski; Maciej Miturski; Wojciech Sas. 2018. "Influence of Load Frequency on Cohesive Soil Respond." Geosciences 8, no. 12: 468.
The article presents methods for estimating the selection of sample size for selected geotechnical parameters. The authors focused on the filtration process and the selection of the sample size needed to correctly estimate the filtration coefficient for a given hydraulic gradient. Various sample sizes were analyzed, and the assessment of the percentage amplitude of the discrepancy allowed to estimate the optimal number of tests performed to agree on the appropriate average filtration coefficient. The applied statistical methods were analyzed and evaluated in terms of the best fit to the studied process. It was used to build an equation allowing to determine the flow velocity at successive gradients not tested and the limits of the applicability of the formula were determined.
Wojciech Sas; Justyna Dzięcioł. Wyznaczanie prędkości filtracji w gruncie antropogenicznym pochodzącym z recyklingu destruktu betonowego z wykorzystaniem metod analitycznych. Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska 2018, 27, 236 -248.
AMA StyleWojciech Sas, Justyna Dzięcioł. Wyznaczanie prędkości filtracji w gruncie antropogenicznym pochodzącym z recyklingu destruktu betonowego z wykorzystaniem metod analitycznych. Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska. 2018; 27 (2):236-248.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWojciech Sas; Justyna Dzięcioł. 2018. "Wyznaczanie prędkości filtracji w gruncie antropogenicznym pochodzącym z recyklingu destruktu betonowego z wykorzystaniem metod analitycznych." Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska 27, no. 2: 236-248.
This article is not available for publication.
Wojciech Sas; Andrzej Głuchowski; Katarzyna Gabryś; Emil Soból; Alojzy Szymański. Resilient modulus testing with application of cyclic CBR test for road subgrade materials. ce/papers 2018, 2, 767 -772.
AMA StyleWojciech Sas, Andrzej Głuchowski, Katarzyna Gabryś, Emil Soból, Alojzy Szymański. Resilient modulus testing with application of cyclic CBR test for road subgrade materials. ce/papers. 2018; 2 (2-3):767-772.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWojciech Sas; Andrzej Głuchowski; Katarzyna Gabryś; Emil Soból; Alojzy Szymański. 2018. "Resilient modulus testing with application of cyclic CBR test for road subgrade materials." ce/papers 2, no. 2-3: 767-772.
One important aspect of soil dynamics is attenuation or energy loses. This inherent dynamic property is essential in the analysis of soil behavior subjected to a dynamic load. Energy absorption in soils leads to the definition of an equivalent viscous damping ratio (D). In resonant column testing there are commonly two different approaches in measuring material damping: during a steady-state vibration (SSV), when the specimen is vibrated at its first mode; and during free-vibration decay (FVD). The study reports results associated with the small to medium strain range material damping from FVD method, i.e. there is a cut off the constant vibration of the specimen at resonance and the specimen is allowed to free-vibration mode while the decay strain amplitude during free-vibration is calculated. The experiments were conducted on cohesive soils (sasiCl, Cl, clSa) from various test sites located in Warsaw, Poland. All the specimens were subjected to torsional mode of vibration at their first natural frequency, at different mean effective stress. The authors paid particular attention to the number of successive cycles after the free-vibration of the material is initiated. They examined various propositions from the literature and compare the received damping values using different number of cycles of vibration. The results showed that the most stable values of material damping ratio can be obtained by selecting each time a line of best fit on the authors’ choice of number of free-vibration cycles. However, the number of these cycles should not exceed 10.
Katarzyna Gabryś; Emil Soból; Wojciech Sas; Alojzy Szymański. Material damping ratio from free-vibration method. Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Land Reclamation 2018, 50, 83 -97.
AMA StyleKatarzyna Gabryś, Emil Soból, Wojciech Sas, Alojzy Szymański. Material damping ratio from free-vibration method. Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Land Reclamation. 2018; 50 (2):83-97.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKatarzyna Gabryś; Emil Soból; Wojciech Sas; Alojzy Szymański. 2018. "Material damping ratio from free-vibration method." Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Land Reclamation 50, no. 2: 83-97.