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Bozena Debska
Department of Biogeochemistry and Soil Sciences, University of Science and Technology, 6 Bernardynska St., 85-029 Bydgoszcz, Poland

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Journal article
Published: 20 June 2021 in Materials
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The major indicator of soil fertility and productivity are humic acids (HAs) arising from decomposition of organic matter. The structure and properties of HAs depend, among others climate factors, on soil and anthropogenic factors, i.e., methods of soil management. The purpose of the research undertaken in this paper is to study humic acids resulting from the decomposition of crop residues of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and plant material of thuja (Thuja plicata D.Don.ex. Lamb) using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. In the present paper, we report EPR studies carried out on two types of HAs extracted from forest soil and incubated samples of plant material (mixture of wheat straw and roots), both without soil and mixed with soil. EPR signals obtained from these samples were subjected to numerical analysis, which showed that the EPR spectra of each sample could be deconvoluted into Lorentzian and Gaussian components. It can be shown that the origin of HAs has a significant impact on the parameters of their EPR spectra. The parameters of EPR spectra of humic acids depend strongly on their origin. The HA samples isolated from forest soils are characterized by higher spin concentration and lower peak-to-peak width of EPR spectra in comparison to those of HAs incubated from plant material.

ACS Style

Bozena Debska; Ewa Spychaj-Fabisiak; Wiesław Szulc; Renata Gaj; Magdalena Banach-Szott. EPR Spectroscopy as a Tool to Characterize the Maturity Degree of Humic Acids. Materials 2021, 14, 3410 .

AMA Style

Bozena Debska, Ewa Spychaj-Fabisiak, Wiesław Szulc, Renata Gaj, Magdalena Banach-Szott. EPR Spectroscopy as a Tool to Characterize the Maturity Degree of Humic Acids. Materials. 2021; 14 (12):3410.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bozena Debska; Ewa Spychaj-Fabisiak; Wiesław Szulc; Renata Gaj; Magdalena Banach-Szott. 2021. "EPR Spectroscopy as a Tool to Characterize the Maturity Degree of Humic Acids." Materials 14, no. 12: 3410.

Research article
Published: 08 June 2021 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research
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Many studies report organic carbon stabilization by clay minerals, but the effects of land use and soil type on the properties of humic acids (HAs) are missing. The aim of the paper is to determine the effects of land use and soil types on the characteristics of HAs, which have a considerable influence on organic matter quality. It was hypothesised that the effect of the land use on HAs properties depends on the particular size distribution. The research was performed in three ecosystems: agricultural, forest, and meadow, located in Slovakia. From each of them, the samples of 4 soil types were taken: Chernozem, Luvisol, Planosol, and Cambisol. The soil samples were assayed for the content of total organic carbon (TOC) and the particle size distribution. HAs were extracted with the Schnitzer method and analysed for the elemental composition, spectrometric parameters in the UV-VIS range, and hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties, and the infrared spectra were produced. The research results have shown that the properties of HAs can be modified by the land use and the scope and that the direction of changes depends on the soil type. The HAs of Chernozem and Luvisol in the agri-ecosystem were identified with a higher “degree of maturity”, as reflected by atomic ratios (H/C, O/C, O/H), absorbance coefficients, and the FT-IR spectra, as compared with the HAs of the meadow and forest ecosystem. However, as for the HAs of Cambisol, a higher “degree of maturity” was demonstrated for the meadow ecosystem, as compared with the HAs of the agri- and forest ecosystem. The present research has clearly identified that the content of clay is the factor determining the HAs properties. Soils with a higher content of the clay fraction contain HAs with a higher “degree of maturity”.

ACS Style

Magdalena Banach-Szott; Bozena Debska; Erika Tobiasova. Properties of humic acids depending on the land use in different parts of Slovakia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2021, 1 -13.

AMA Style

Magdalena Banach-Szott, Bozena Debska, Erika Tobiasova. Properties of humic acids depending on the land use in different parts of Slovakia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2021; ():1-13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Magdalena Banach-Szott; Bozena Debska; Erika Tobiasova. 2021. "Properties of humic acids depending on the land use in different parts of Slovakia." Environmental Science and Pollution Research , no. : 1-13.

Journal article
Published: 22 November 2020 in Molecules
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The aim of this paper was to determine the effect of the hydrolysis method on the amounts of phenolic compounds in the plant material in soil and, as a consequence, on the parameters to determine the degree of lignins transformation in soils. The study included the plant material (hay, sward, and roots) and soil—Albic Brunic Arenosol (horizon A, AE, and Bsv) samples. Phenolic compounds were isolated at two stages by applying acid hydrolysis followed by alkaline re-hydrolysis. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of phenolic compounds was performed with high-performance liquid chromatography with a DAD. The content of phenolic compounds in the extracts depended on the hydrolysis method and it was determined by the type of the research material. The amounts of phenolic compounds contained in the alkaline hydrolysates accounted for 55.7% (soil, horizon Bsv)—454% (roots) of their content in acid hydrolysates. In the extracts from acid hydrolysates, chlorogenic and p-hydroxybenzoic acids were dominant. In the alkaline extracts from the plant material, the highest content was recorded for p-coumaric and ferulic acids, and in the extracts from soil, ferulic and chlorogenic acids. A combination of acid and alkaline hydrolysis ensures the best extraction efficiency of insoluble-bound forms of polyphenols from plant and soil material.

ACS Style

Anna Ziolkowska; Bozena Debska; Magdalena Banach-Szott. Content of Phenolic Compounds in Meadow Vegetation and Soil Depending on the Isolation Method. Molecules 2020, 25, 5462 .

AMA Style

Anna Ziolkowska, Bozena Debska, Magdalena Banach-Szott. Content of Phenolic Compounds in Meadow Vegetation and Soil Depending on the Isolation Method. Molecules. 2020; 25 (22):5462.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anna Ziolkowska; Bozena Debska; Magdalena Banach-Szott. 2020. "Content of Phenolic Compounds in Meadow Vegetation and Soil Depending on the Isolation Method." Molecules 25, no. 22: 5462.

Journal article
Published: 09 November 2020 in Scientific Reports
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The aim of the research has been to determine the role of phenolic compounds in the processes of transformations of organic matter in meadow soils, leading to the formation of humic substances. The research has been performed based on the plant material and soil sampled from Europe’s unique complex of permanent grasslands irrigated continuously for 150 years applying the slope-and-flooding system, the Czerskie Meadows. Phenolic compounds were isolated from the plant material samples (hay, sward and roots) and soils (horizon A, AE and Bsv) and from the fraction of humic and fulvic acids. It was found that the contents of phenolic compounds decrease in the following order: hay > sward > roots > A horizon soil > AE horizon soil > Bsv horizon soil > A horizon fulvic acids > AE horizon fulvic acids > Bsv horizon fulvic acids > A horizon fulvic acids > AE horizon fulvic acids > Bsv horizon fulvic acids. A significantly higher share of cinnamyl than vanillyl and syringyl compounds in the extracts of fulvic acids and slightly higher in the hydrolysates of humic acids confirms the effect of the chemical composition of the plant material undergoing decomposition on the properties of the emerging humic substances.

ACS Style

Anna Ziolkowska; Bozena Debska; Magdalena Banach-Szott. Transformations of phenolic compounds in meadow soils. Scientific Reports 2020, 10, 1 -14.

AMA Style

Anna Ziolkowska, Bozena Debska, Magdalena Banach-Szott. Transformations of phenolic compounds in meadow soils. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10 (1):1-14.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anna Ziolkowska; Bozena Debska; Magdalena Banach-Szott. 2020. "Transformations of phenolic compounds in meadow soils." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1: 1-14.

Journal article
Published: 18 October 2020 in Agronomy
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Tillage is an agrotechnical practice that strongly affects the soil environment. Its effect on soil properties depends on the system and, more specifically, on the degree of soil inversion and loosening. Strip-till is a non-inversive method that loosens only narrow soil strips. In strip-till one-pass (ST-OP) technology, tillage is combined with a simultaneous application of fertilizers and seed sowing. In a static multi-year field experiment, the soil properties after application of ST-OP for 8 years were compared to those of soil under conventional tillage with the use of a moldboard plough to a depth of 20 cm (CT), and equally deep loosened and mixed reduced tillage (RT). A field experiment of these three treatments was performed since 2012 in sandy loam soil, Luvisol. A total of 44 features were examined that described the physical, chemical, biological, and biochemical soil properties in the 0–20 cm layer, and penetration resistance (PR), bulk density (BD), and soil moisture (SM) in the 25–30 cm layer. The influence of the ST-OP technology on the yield of crops was also determined. Multivariate analysis shows that the ST-OP method, in terms of affecting the soil properties, differs considerably from RT and CT treatments. The soil after the ST-OP method contained two- to four-fold more earthworms (En), with a mass (Em) 2- to 5-fold higher, than those in the soil following RT and CT, respectively. In the ST-OP soil the content of available phosphorus (Pa) and available potassium (Ka); the total count of bacteria (Bt), cellulolytic microorganisms (Bc), and fungi (Ff); and the activity of phosphatases (AlP, AcP) were significantly higher. Compared with CT, the content of total organic carbon (Ct) and its content in the fractions of organic matter were also higher, with the exception of humins (CH). The yields of winter rapeseed and winter wheat using the ST-OP technology were marginally higher compared with those using the CT and RT technology.

ACS Style

Iwona Jaskulska; Kestutis Romaneckas; Dariusz Jaskulski; Lech Gałęzewski; Barbara Breza-Boruta; Bożena Dębska; Joanna Lemanowicz. Soil Properties after Eight Years of the Use of Strip-Till One-Pass Technology. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1596 .

AMA Style

Iwona Jaskulska, Kestutis Romaneckas, Dariusz Jaskulski, Lech Gałęzewski, Barbara Breza-Boruta, Bożena Dębska, Joanna Lemanowicz. Soil Properties after Eight Years of the Use of Strip-Till One-Pass Technology. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (10):1596.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Iwona Jaskulska; Kestutis Romaneckas; Dariusz Jaskulski; Lech Gałęzewski; Barbara Breza-Boruta; Bożena Dębska; Joanna Lemanowicz. 2020. "Soil Properties after Eight Years of the Use of Strip-Till One-Pass Technology." Agronomy 10, no. 10: 1596.

Journal article
Published: 25 August 2020 in Agronomy
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The aim of this paper has been to determine the importance of the strip-till method for the content of carbon and the quality of organic matter as compared with plough and ploughless tillage. The question to answer has been to what extent strip-till can contribute to carbon sequestration and thus be part of the strategy of counteracting climate change. The research involved soil where conventional tillage (CT), strip-till (ST), and reduced tillage (RT) were applied. These systems differ completely in the way they affect the post-harvest residue, i.e., “plant residue management”. For air-dry soil samples, the following analyses were made: the content of total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (Nt), content of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved nitrogen (DNt), and the fractional composition of humus. In the surface layer the content of TOC ranged from 11.96 (CT) to 13.88 g kg−1 (RT) and DOC ranged from 209.9 (CT) to 230.5 mg kg−1 (ST). The share of the fraction of fluvic acids (0–15 cm layer) changed from 15.51% (RT) to 18.81% (ST), the share of the fraction of humic acids was 9.36% (ST) to 11.60%, and humins were 68.90% (CT) to 72.6% (RT). These results demonstrated that the tillage system determines the properties of the organic matter of soil. In the surface layer (0–15 cm) and in the 30–50 cm layer the properties of the soil organic matter under strip-till had a greater similarity to the soil under ploughless tillage than under conventional tillage. Ploughless tillage and strip-till considerably limited the leaching of carbon and nitrogen from the surface layer to the 30–50 cm layer. Strip-till, similarly to ploughless tillage, is the tillage method which can be crucial for the process of carbon sequestration.

ACS Style

Bozena Debska; Iwona Jaskulska; Dariusz Jaskulski. Method of Tillage with the Factor Determining the Quality of Organic Matter. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1250 .

AMA Style

Bozena Debska, Iwona Jaskulska, Dariusz Jaskulski. Method of Tillage with the Factor Determining the Quality of Organic Matter. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (9):1250.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bozena Debska; Iwona Jaskulska; Dariusz Jaskulski. 2020. "Method of Tillage with the Factor Determining the Quality of Organic Matter." Agronomy 10, no. 9: 1250.

Humic substances in the environment
Published: 02 August 2017 in Journal of Soils and Sediments
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The aim of this paper has been to determine the seasonal changes in the content of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the soils under agricultural use based on assaying changes in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved nitrogen (DNt) as well as determining the factors which can define the DOM in soils. The research has involved the soils under agricultural use sampled in the Kujawsko-Pomorskie province (Poland). Phaeozems and Luvisols were sampled from the depth of 0–30, 30–60, and 60–100 cm, November 2011 through September 2013, in November, March, May, July, and September. The soil samples were assayed for the grain size composition, pH, dry weight content, content of total organic carbon, and total nitrogen. Dissolved organic matter was extracted with 0.004 mol dm3 CaCl2; in the DOM extracts, the content of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved nitrogen (DNt) were assayed. The research results were statistically verified. It has been demonstrated that in the first year of research, the content of dissolved organic carbon in the soils was changing throughout the year. The highest differences in the content of that carbon fraction occurred across the soil sampled in autumn and the soil sampled in spring. In the second year of research, an inverse dependence was noted. DOC was migrating to deeper layers of the soil profile; yet, the migration got more intensive in summer. The content of dissolved nitrogen was not changing significantly throughout the year. Higher DNt content in the surface layer, in general, resulted in a higher content of dissolved nitrogen in deeper profile layer, which could have been due to leaching of the nutrient deep down the soil profile. The content of dissolved organic carbon was significantly related to the content of total organic carbon and total nitrogen. Significant changes in the content of dissolved forms of nitrogen were reported in the profile of Phaeozems due to mineral fertilization and irrigation. The soils where irrigation and higher nitrogen rates had been applied demonstrated a higher content and share of soluble forms of nitrogen, as compared with the soils non-irrigated and the soils where lower nitrogen rates had been supplied.

ACS Style

Ewa Rosa; Bozena Debska. Seasonal changes in the content of dissolved organic matter in arable soils. Journal of Soils and Sediments 2017, 18, 2703 -2714.

AMA Style

Ewa Rosa, Bozena Debska. Seasonal changes in the content of dissolved organic matter in arable soils. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 2017; 18 (8):2703-2714.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ewa Rosa; Bozena Debska. 2017. "Seasonal changes in the content of dissolved organic matter in arable soils." Journal of Soils and Sediments 18, no. 8: 2703-2714.

Journal article
Published: 28 February 2014 in Journal of Soils and Sediments
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Interestingly, soil is the component of the natural environment in which most hydrophobic organic pollution including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) gets accumulated. The aim of the present paper was to determine the effect of soil pollution with PAHs on the elemental composition, spectral properties, and hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties of humic acids. The research was performed on different types of soil samples that were artificially polluted with selected PAHs (anthracene, pyrene, fluorene and chrysene). The soil samples were polluted with selected PAHs in an amount corresponding to 10 mg PAHs kg−1. The PAHs-polluted soil samples were incubated for 180 and 360 days at a temperature of 20–25 °C and fixed moisture (50 % of field water capacity). Humic acids (HAs) were extracted from the soil samples prior to the incubation (additionally, soils not polluted with PAHs) and after 180 and 360 days of incubation. For isolated HAs, the following analyses were performed: elemental composition, UV–Vis and IR spectra, susceptibility to oxidation, and hydrophilic (HIL) and hydrophobic (HOB) properties were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. The research demonstrated that introducing anthracene, fluorene, pyrene and chrysene to soil samples resulted in a change in some of the quality parameters of humic acids. However, the intensity and the direction of those changes were determined by soil properties. The changes of the parameters, once PAHs were introduced, that did not depend on the soil properties were ΔA 665u and ΔA 465u (susceptibility to oxidation at wavelengths of 465 and 665 nm) as well as HIL/ΣHOB. The same tendency in changes in the structure of humic acids, once PAHs were introduced, was also observed based on the Fourier transform infrared spectra pattern. A single pollution of soils with PAHs that leads to changes in the quality parameters of humic acids shows that, as for the soils permanently exposed to pollution with those compounds, significant changes can occur in the properties of humic acids. As a result, it can lead to a change in the functions played by humic acids in the environment.

ACS Style

Magdalena Banach-Szott; Bożena Debska; Ewa Rosa. Effect of soil pollution with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the properties of humic acids. Journal of Soils and Sediments 2014, 14, 1169 -1178.

AMA Style

Magdalena Banach-Szott, Bożena Debska, Ewa Rosa. Effect of soil pollution with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the properties of humic acids. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 2014; 14 (6):1169-1178.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Magdalena Banach-Szott; Bożena Debska; Ewa Rosa. 2014. "Effect of soil pollution with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the properties of humic acids." Journal of Soils and Sediments 14, no. 6: 1169-1178.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2013 in Agriculture (Pol'nohospodárstvo)
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In this study, differences in soil structure in different ecosystems (forest, meadow, urban, and agro-ecosystem) and soil types (Haplic Chernozem, Haplic Luvisol, Haplic Stagnosol) with a dependence on the influence of quantity and quality of soil organic matter and the particle size distribution on fraction composition of soil aggregates were compared. Soils had different productive capacity and particle size distribution. The most favourable soil structure was in the agro-ecosystem, then in forest, meadow, and urban ecosystem. The worst soil structure was in Haplic Stagnosol. An important indicator in assessing of ecosystem influence, water-resistant macro-aggregates of the 0.5-1 mm size fraction seems to be. This fraction was the only one which was statistically significantly influenced by the ecosystem, and also the only one which was not statistically significantly influenced by the soil type. This fraction also was not influenced either with the quantity and quality of soil organic matter, or with the particle size distribution. The quantity of soil organic matter is reflected in relation to the fractional composition of dry-sieved aggregates and its quality in relation to waterresistant aggregates. Large fractions of water-resistant macro-aggregates were in positive correlation with C : N ratio, the amount of extracted humus substances, or stability and quality of humic acids; while smaller fractions were in negative correlation just with these parameters. Clay and silt fractions had a positive influence on waterresistant macro-aggregates formation, while sand fraction had negative and vice versa.

ACS Style

Erika Tobiašová; Vladimír Šimanský; Bożena Dębska; Magdalena Banach-Szott; Ing. Erika Tobiašová. Soil Structure and Soil Organic Matter of Selected Soil Types in Different Ecosystems. Agriculture (Pol'nohospodárstvo) 2013, 59, 1 -8.

AMA Style

Erika Tobiašová, Vladimír Šimanský, Bożena Dębska, Magdalena Banach-Szott, Ing. Erika Tobiašová. Soil Structure and Soil Organic Matter of Selected Soil Types in Different Ecosystems. Agriculture (Pol'nohospodárstvo). 2013; 59 (1):1-8.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Erika Tobiašová; Vladimír Šimanský; Bożena Dębska; Magdalena Banach-Szott; Ing. Erika Tobiašová. 2013. "Soil Structure and Soil Organic Matter of Selected Soil Types in Different Ecosystems." Agriculture (Pol'nohospodárstvo) 59, no. 1: 1-8.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2013 in Journal of Central European Agriculture
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ACS Style

Erika Tobiašová; Bożena Dębska; Magdalena Banach-Szott. STABILITY OF ORGANIC MATER OF HAPLIC CHERNOZEM AND HAPLIC LUVISOL OF DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS. Journal of Central European Agriculture 2013, 14, 1541 -1549.

AMA Style

Erika Tobiašová, Bożena Dębska, Magdalena Banach-Szott. STABILITY OF ORGANIC MATER OF HAPLIC CHERNOZEM AND HAPLIC LUVISOL OF DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS. Journal of Central European Agriculture. 2013; 14 (4):1541-1549.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Erika Tobiašová; Bożena Dębska; Magdalena Banach-Szott. 2013. "STABILITY OF ORGANIC MATER OF HAPLIC CHERNOZEM AND HAPLIC LUVISOL OF DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS." Journal of Central European Agriculture 14, no. 4: 1541-1549.

Original articles
Published: 30 September 2010 in Chemistry and Ecology
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The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the size of the soil particle containing organic matter, the type of organic fertiliser (cattle manure, vermicompost, straw) and the decomposition time of these fertilisers in soil on the hydrophilic–hydrophobic properties and polydispersity of humic acid molecules. In the model incubation experiment, organic fertilisers (cattle manure, vermicompost and wheat straw) were mixed with soil material (sandy texture). The soil was sampled for testing after one and three years of incubation. Each sample was separated into two fractions according to graining, grain diameter>0.1 mm (sand fraction) and<0.1 mm (silt and clay fraction), and humic acids (HAs) were isolated. For the HAs isolated, hydrophilic–hydrophobic properties were defined using RP-HPLC, and the division was made into low- and high-molecular-mass fractions (HPSEC). It was demonstrated that introducing organic fertilisers into soil resulted in an increase in the proportion of hydrophobic and high-molecular mass fractions and a decrease in the proportion of hydrophilic and low-molecular mass fractions in the HA molecules. Highest values for the ratio HIL/ΣHOB and lowest values for S1/S2 were noted for HAs of soil mixed with straw. HAs isolated from the fine-grained soil fraction demonstrated a higher degree of ‘maturity’ than HAs from the coarse-grained fraction, which was seen as higher values for HIL/ΣHOB and lower values for S1/S2.

ACS Style

B. Debska; M. Banach-Szott; A. Dziamski; S. S. Gonet. Chromatographic characteristics (HPLC, HPSEC) of humic acids of soil fertilised with various organic fertilisers. Chemistry and Ecology 2010, 26, 49 -57.

AMA Style

B. Debska, M. Banach-Szott, A. Dziamski, S. S. Gonet. Chromatographic characteristics (HPLC, HPSEC) of humic acids of soil fertilised with various organic fertilisers. Chemistry and Ecology. 2010; 26 (sup2):49-57.

Chicago/Turabian Style

B. Debska; M. Banach-Szott; A. Dziamski; S. S. Gonet. 2010. "Chromatographic characteristics (HPLC, HPSEC) of humic acids of soil fertilised with various organic fertilisers." Chemistry and Ecology 26, no. sup2: 49-57.