Due to the growth of sensor technology, more affordable integrated circuits, and connectivity technologies, the usage of wearable equipment and sensing devices for monitoring physical activities, whether for wellness, sports monitoring, or medical rehabilitation, has exploded. The current literature review was performed between October 2022 and February 2023 using PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus in accordance with P.R.I.S.M.A. criteria. The screening phase resulted in the exclusion of 69 articles that did not fit the themes developed in all subchapters of the study, 41 articles that dealt exclusively with rehabilitation and orthopaedics, 28 articles whose abstracts were not visible, and 10 articles that dealt exclusively with other sensor-based devices and not medical ones; the inclusion phase resulted in the inclusion of 111 articles. Patients who utilise sensor-based devices have several advantages due to rehabilitating a missing component, which marks the accomplishment of a fundamental goal within the rehabilitation program. As technology moves faster and faster forward, the field of medical rehabilitation has to adapt to the time we live in by using technology and intelligent devices. This means changing every part of rehabilitation and finding the most valuable and helpful gadgets that can be used to regain lost functions, keep people healthy, or prevent diseases.

Background: Compared to the great volume of studies focusing on children and adolescents without intellectual disability, research regarding body mass index among young populations (13–17 years old) with intellectual disability is scarce, mostly when we refer to the comparisons between various degrees of intellectual disability and gender. Methods: The purpose of this study was to assess a series of morphofunctional parameters among children with and without intellectual disability to characterise the morphofunctional normality and its perturbations. Within the study, we included 101 subjects from several educational institutions, distributed on five groups, by their gender and degree of intellectual disability. Results: The average values of body mass index exceed the values recommended by the WHO among all the five groups (boys and girls with and without intellectual disabilities) prone to obesity. Upon analysing the values of BMI by gender and type of intellectual disability, we note that the prevalence of obesity among boys is 28.07% (BMI > 24), while 19.29% are overweight (BMI ranging between 21.5 and 24). Conclusions: The prevalence of excess weight and obesity among persons with intellectual disabilities was similar among the male and female subjects. It shows an increasing trend by age.

The purpose of the present study is to increase the action efficiency of the center players in the Arcada Galaţi Club by using the ”Data Volley” Software, analysing the attack and defense of our own players, as well as the analysis of the opponent centre players participating in the national senior voleyball championships. As coaches of the Arcada Galaţi team it was possible for us to access the tracking statistics of 24 centre players participating in the 2018 National Senior Volleyball Championships and evaluate our own centre players in relation to the national level statistics, as well as the actions within the team. In the ample statistics for each play action, rotation, upon analysing 18 matches (stage I-III) we observed the efficiency of the serve and attack at national level as 43% and 36% respectively, as compared to 48% and 43% as it was recorded for the average centre in Arcada Galaţi.The differences of 5% for the serve and 7% for the attack over the national level point to an advantage in the attack phase. The centre play’s low blocking efficiency of 10% as compared to the 40% national average was the point of interest in the technico-tactical training for a three-month period, so that based on the distribution of the opponents’ passes/attacks an improvement of 8% was achieved in comparison to the initial analysis of the defense phase.

Background and Study Purpose. The attack is a crucial technical element in scoring points in volleyball. This research aims to identify differences in attack efficiency and errors based on the value level of teams in the competitive system, considering different playing positions. Material and Methods. The analysis included 86 attacking players from the rosters of 12 teams in the men’s domestic first league. The distribution by positions was as follows: 37 outside hitters, 19 opposites, and 30 middle blockers. Statisticians from each team recorded the data using Data Volley software during three championship matches. For each player, the following parameters were interpreted: Attack Efficiency (E%), Error% (=), Blocked Attack% (/), Poor% (-), Blocked but Recovered% (!), Positive% (+), and Winning% (#). Attack efficiency was analyzed for each playing position across top teams (positions 1-4 in the final ranking), mid-level teams (positions 5-8), and lower-level teams (positions 9-12). Results. Across all three playing positions, top teams demonstrate higher percentages in attack efficiency, winning executions, and positive outcomes compared to average and lower-level teams. Top and average teams also have lower percentages of errors in attack executions. For the outside hitter position, no statistically significant superiority is observed between top and middle teams for any attack variable, indicating a balance in player performance. In the opposite hitter position, top and middle-level players show higher attack efficiency and direct point scores (Winning). They also have lower poor execution rates, despite the lack of statistical confirmation for superiority in many attack variables. Among all positions, top middle blockers exhibit a clear superiority over low-level teams across all attack variables. Conclusions. The findings of the study highlight the critical role of team value level in influencing attack efficiency and execution quality across different playing positions in volleyball. The results underscore the importance of strategic differentiation in training and game planning. This is especially crucial for teams aiming to optimize their performance. Coaches and trainers should focus on tailored approaches that address the specific strengths and weaknesses of each playing position. They should also consider the overall team value level in their strategies. This approach could lead to improved competitive outcomes and a more effective utilization of player potential across all levels of competition.

Background and Study Aim. The focus of our attention lies on the medically exempt students, who more often than not take part in physical education (P.E.) classes as spectators, without any tasks to complete in accord with the collective work of their classmates or the objective of the lesson. The purpose of the present research is to develop and implement the application Info-Scutit-Sport in the P.E. lesson to the purpose of teaching and assessing medically-exempt students, who are present, but do not take part in the lesson. Material and Methods. The present paper emphasises the usefulness of the Info-Scutit-Efort [Info-Exempt-Effort] application aimed at the active and mindful inclusion of 55 students (aged=11.29±1.84), who have a medical exemption (58.2% total and 42.8% partial) in the P.E. lesson. The appli-cation, in an improved form, comprises the entire content of the curriculum of physical edu-cation in secondary school, transformed into 2080 questions with three answer variants, with 1500 processed images, that may be accessed with the teacher’s accord, on the stu-dent’s own phone. The assessment obtained by means of the application after the working session may provide the student with a mark for the information taught before, if he accesses topics from the previous lessons, or a mark for the current assessment in order to test the ac-tive and mindful participation in the lesson which is being taught. Conclusions. The study utilized multiple statistical tests to establish a relationship between platform access time and student performance. The results of the tests demonstrated that platform use time has a significant impact on student performance, with longer platform access time leading to hi-gher marks. The study concluded that the proposed model is significant, as it identifies plat-form access time as a crucial factor in determining student performance. Moreover, the study found that even small increases in platform access time can lead to significant impro-vements in student performance, with an increase of one unit resulting in a 0.54% increase in marks.

Background: Considering the increasing number of students that are medically exempt from physical education classes, it is imperative to find solutions that are centered on their needs. Purpose: To design a quiz app that can solve the problem of assessing exempt students and help their active and conscious integration and participation in the physical education class. Materials and method: Before designing and writing the application, a preliminary study was carried out based on a questionnaire distributed on the Google Forms platform to 84 secondary school teachers of physical education in the counties of Galati, Braila, Buzau and Tulcea. The questions were structured in order to provide us data about the actual working time in the lesson of a medically exempt pupil, his/her involvement or non-involvement in the subject, the distribution of working time on class segments, the provisions of the education law in relation to the exemption from effort, etc. Our contribution to this research consists of a quiz-type application, unique at the national level, which can be successfully implemented in the physical education class for medically-exempt students. During the construction of the application, the content of the current school curriculum for grades V-VIII was included in 160 questions for each content area, with multiple-choice answers and images processed according to the content in the curriculum. The application can be accessed by the exempt student regardless of his/her diagnosis, depending on the grade level, subject taught and topic of interest. The app provides an evaluation after accessing the session and contains a folder for information purposes only. Results: the questionnaire offered relevant data on the issue of integrating the medically-exempt student in the physical education class, showing that: the medically-exempt student participates in the category between 0 and 5 minutes (50% of teachers) and between 5 and 10 minutes (38% of teachers); the medically-exempt student participates only in the first segment (44% of teachers) - 22% answered that in the first and last segments of the lesson, which means that, if we approximate the time allocated to the two components, the student does not exceed 5-8 minutes of active participation; 56% of the teachers interviewed state that students do not participate actively and consciously in the physical education class, and 94% consider that other methods of stimulating interest are needed for those who are exempt; 48% of the teachers confirm that students may have temporary exemptions, which reinforces the idea that we must find solutions so that during the period of medical exemption, the student be at least interested in acquiring the theoretical knowledge that will fundamentally help him/her when s/he becomes fit for making effort. Conclusion: The implementation of the quiz application among students exempted from the physical effort in the physical education class stimulates the students’ interest in accessing the program content, makes them participate actively and consciously. Thanks to the facilities of the application through the possibility of self-assessment in real-time, and ensures the acquisition of theoretical knowledge through the possibility of evaluation on work sessions in real-time. Keywords: medically-exempt students; integration; assessment; curriculum; quiz application;