Agro-forest management policy is one of the most trending issues in Indonesia under the dynamics circumstances of regional autonomy. Regional autonomy has been recognized in the formal governance system of the Republic Indonesia through Regional Governance Law 5/1972 and Village Governance Law 5/1979. A strong political reform following deep economic crisis in 1998 has forced Indonesian President Suharto to step down, and the new government has to accommodate political reform agendas, included a broader regional autonomy, which has been implemented under a Regional Governance Law 22/1999, then replaced by Law 32/2004 and Law 23/2014. The existing Regional Governance Law has shifted almost all authorities in forest management from the regency to the province, and associated with the new established Law 11/2020 on job creation, a single license of multi-purpose forest utilization was introduced, including agroforestry, that will potentially reduce deforestation and improve the community welfare. This study evaluates key elements of local development goals, risks and barriers, as well as basic capitals for agro-forest management in Tebo Regency, Jambi Province, using an Interpretive Structural Modelling approach. Overall, this study concludes that weak coordination, low quality of human capital, inappropriate communication with stakeholders, and lack of financial resources are the greatest challenges to the implementation of agro-forest management, particularly agroforestry, as a part of social forestry schemes.

Law 11/2020 on job creation has changed a partial forest business license to a multi-purpose forest business and devolved some authorities in forest management to local communities. Studies on common-pool resources demonstrate that devolution of common property is one of the most important factors for sustainability. This study aims to analyze the factors that influence reducing deforestation and focuses on two different village forest organizations in East Kalimantan: first, village forests under the management of the Forest Management Unit of Berau Barat -forests managed by a provincial government (Long Duhung and Merapun village forests), and second, devolution of village forest managed by a local village institution (Merabu village forest). Recent evidence from these study sites indicates that the devolution of forest management associated with village forests has not consistently reduced forest cover loss. There was a complex interaction between the passage of robustness of the institutional settings and economic preferences linked to deforestation. The forest governance systems, including rules that determine property rights, can promote forest conservation when people's interests are served by forest land use. Conversely, economic preferences also control deforestation. This study confirms that the institutional robustness of forest governance systems and actors' economic preferences play an important role in controlling deforestation. This study suggests the devolution of rights for forest management and incentivizing economic alternatives for using forest resources to reduce deforestation.

About 2.5 million hectares of a total of 15 million hectares of oil palm plantation in Indonesia are planted in, or conflict with, the forest zone. Oil palm plantations face a conflict between socio-economic and ecological issues. This study was conducted in the Harapan Rainforest, Jambi to evaluate the potential of oil palm-based agroforestry to reconcile economic and ecological interests, by considering socio-economic and financial feasibility as well as biodiversity and land cover. The financial feasibility of oil palm agroforestry is compared to oil palm monoculture, employing a discounted cash flow approach using three indicators: net present value (NPV), benefit-cost ratio (BCR), and internal rate of return (IRR). Two ecological indicators—biodiversity and land cover—are evaluated in an experimental plot of oil palm agroforestry in Jambi. This study indicates that the NPV, BCR, and IRR of oil palm monoculture are IDR 62,644,836 (US$ 4,476.84), 1.39, and 20.77%, respectively, while the oil palm agroforestry planted in the experimental plot potentially generates much better values of financial indicators with NPV, BCR, and IRR being IDR 209,221,212 (US$ 14,951.76), 1.79, and 24.42%, respectively. Besides evaluating financial feasibility, we also found that the reviewed current studies indicate that the oil palm agroforestry provides positive ecological impacts, such as increased forest land cover, invertebrate fauna, and bird diversity.

The Harapan Rainforest is the only remaining lowland rainforest in Sumatera Island, Indonesia, that the Ministry of Forestry has designated for restoring lowland rainforest ecosystems. In the Harapan Rainforest, several stakeholders are interested in using the forest for several things. For example, the local community uses the forestland for their oil palm plantation, while PT Restorasi Ekosistem Indonesia (PT REKI) as forest manager, uses the forest for ecosystem restoration goals, causing a conflict of interest. This study aims to identify the stakeholders involved and provide a policy recommendation for the contestation in the Harapan Rainforest. We conducted key-person interviews to identify the stakeholders involved and analyze the interest and influence of all important stakeholders related to the utilization of the the Harapan Rainforest. The stakeholder analysis method analyzes and categorizes stakeholders’ interests and influences in the Harapan Rainforest utilization. According to the study, three of the eight stakeholders have a direct role in the Harapan Rainforest’s utilization. The last section of this paper ends by giving an alternative strategy for considering policy options and a win-win solution that prioritizes all stakeholders’ interests. This study concludes that the utilization of the Harapan Rainforest should be conducted with multiple-use forest management for production and rehabilitation.

Peatland plays a pivotal role in providing natural resource production and environmental services for human welfare. However, many studies have mentioned the impact of dryland cultivation in peatland on the shifting carbon balance in the ecosystem that clearly will alter the interaction of these two ecosystem services. The goal of this study, conducted under the framework of the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) framework, was to monetary value the ecosystem services (ES) of provisioning and carbon regulating services of the Gaung-Batang Tuaka Peat Hydrological Unit (KHG). We focused on KHG in response to Regulation No.57/2016, which highlights ecosystem boundary as a new basis for peatland management. Under the SEEA framework, ecosystem services become a benefit when utilized by ecosystem beneficiaries. In this case, provisioning services will be valued only for cultivated land, while carbon services calculated for the entire study area (global beneficiaries). Our study showed that the provisioning services and carbon services are under the trade-off condition, where the monetary value of provisioning services increased at a slower rate (0.50 million USD annually) than the monetary loss of the benefit of carbon services (5.28 million USD annually), greatly exceeded the monetary value of provisioning services. We highlight two main strategies to increase the monetary value of the KHG towards a synergy condition, namely increased value-added by reducing the productivity gap among ES beneficiaries and large-scale adoption of a profitable cultivation system with minimum peat disturbance. The main enablers required include financing access and incentives (e.g., reduce tax) and disincentives to allow for peat-adaptive commodities to compete with dryland commodities in the future market.

Hasannudin DAL, Nurrochmat DR, Ekayani M. 2022. Agroforestry management systems through landscape-life scape integration: A case study in Gowa, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 1864-1874. Agroforestry has a potentially important role in increasing farmers' income and sustainable landscape management. The need to increase income from a community with limited land area, resulting in indiscriminate deforestation and shifting cultivation, has accelerated soil erosion. This study addresses the problem by evaluating land use and land cover change structure and prediction, providing plant types' preferences for agroforestry systems based on social, business feasibility, and ecological suitability. This study was conducted in Bontolerung Village, part of the KPH Jeneberang 1's working area, Tinggimoncong Sub-district, Gowa District, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The data was collected from January to March 2021 using a snowball-purposive sampling method. The analysis data used land use and land cover change, land management patterns, cost and revenue, household expenditure and income, financial feasibility -Net present value (NPV), Benefit-cost ratio (BCR), and Internal rate of return (IRR), and ecological suitability (invasive series). The study finds that forest cover losses are 17% from 2010-2020 and converted into agricultural land. The agroforestry patterns of coffee, coffee-cloves, and coffee-cloves-iles-iles are feasible to cultivate following the NPV, BCR, and IRR criteria. Agroforestry systems contributed 26% to farmer household income. The value shows a low percentage compared to the non-agroforestry income (74%). The coffee-cloves agroforests show the highest gains with an average annual income of IDR 43,017,192 (US$ 3,024.9). This study promotes using agroforestry to reforest the existing degraded lands. Agroforestry systems offer great potential for environmental conservation and contribution to human well-being.