About 2.5 million hectares of a total of 15 million hectares of oil palm plantation in Indonesia are planted in, or conflict with, the forest zone. Oil palm plantations face a conflict between socio-economic and ecological issues. This study was conducted in the Harapan Rainforest, Jambi to evaluate the potential of oil palm-based agroforestry to reconcile economic and ecological interests, by considering socio-economic and financial feasibility as well as biodiversity and land cover. The financial feasibility of oil palm agroforestry is compared to oil palm monoculture, employing a discounted cash flow approach using three indicators: net present value (NPV), benefit-cost ratio (BCR), and internal rate of return (IRR). Two ecological indicators—biodiversity and land cover—are evaluated in an experimental plot of oil palm agroforestry in Jambi. This study indicates that the NPV, BCR, and IRR of oil palm monoculture are IDR 62,644,836 (US$ 4,476.84), 1.39, and 20.77%, respectively, while the oil palm agroforestry planted in the experimental plot potentially generates much better values of financial indicators with NPV, BCR, and IRR being IDR 209,221,212 (US$ 14,951.76), 1.79, and 24.42%, respectively. Besides evaluating financial feasibility, we also found that the reviewed current studies indicate that the oil palm agroforestry provides positive ecological impacts, such as increased forest land cover, invertebrate fauna, and bird diversity.

The Harapan Rainforest is the only remaining lowland rainforest in Sumatera Island, Indonesia, that the Ministry of Forestry has designated for restoring lowland rainforest ecosystems. In the Harapan Rainforest, several stakeholders are interested in using the forest for several things. For example, the local community uses the forestland for their oil palm plantation, while PT Restorasi Ekosistem Indonesia (PT REKI) as forest manager, uses the forest for ecosystem restoration goals, causing a conflict of interest. This study aims to identify the stakeholders involved and provide a policy recommendation for the contestation in the Harapan Rainforest. We conducted key-person interviews to identify the stakeholders involved and analyze the interest and influence of all important stakeholders related to the utilization of the the Harapan Rainforest. The stakeholder analysis method analyzes and categorizes stakeholders’ interests and influences in the Harapan Rainforest utilization. According to the study, three of the eight stakeholders have a direct role in the Harapan Rainforest’s utilization. The last section of this paper ends by giving an alternative strategy for considering policy options and a win-win solution that prioritizes all stakeholders’ interests. This study concludes that the utilization of the Harapan Rainforest should be conducted with multiple-use forest management for production and rehabilitation.

Climat change (CC) which contributed to increased conflict/war had implicitly emerged in the IPCC’s 3rd and 4th reports (IPCC, 2001; 2007); meanwhile on the 5th report (IPCC, 2014) emphasized more on human security. The risk/impact of CC to human security was shown through interaction between livelihood, conflict, culture, and migration. The purpose of the stydy was to gained an understanding of the correlation between CC and the occurrence of conflict/war; knowing the impacts of CC on national resilience; explaining the phenomenon of CC on national resilience; and explained the linkages between human security and national resilience.This research was done through conceptual and comparative approach.The results showed that CC did not contribute directly to the occurrence of conflict/war;the impact of CC disrupts people's livelihoods thereby reducing national resilience; CC could be viewed as a disturbance and/or threat; and basically national resilience and human security could be synchronized because both of them seeked to brought guarantee for the security, safety, and individual prosperity.ABSTRAK Perubahan iklim (PI) diasumsikan berkontribusi terhadap meningkatnya konflik/perang. Pandangan tersebut secara implisit telah muncul dalam laporan Panel Antarpemerintah tentang Perubahan Iklim(IPCC)ke-3 (IPCC TAR, 2001) dan ke-4 (IPCC AR4, 2007); sebaliknya pada laporan ke-5 (IPCC AR5, 2014) memfokuskan pada keamanan manusia. Skema risiko PI pada keamanan manusia ditunjukkan melalui interaksi antara mata pencaharian, konflik, budaya, dan migrasi. Penelitian ini untuk menjelaskan korelasi antara PI dengan terjadinya konflik/perang; menggambarkan dampak PI bagi ketahanan nasional (Tannas); menjelaskan isu PI ditinjau dari konsepTannas; dan menjelaskan keterkaitan antara keamanan manusia dengan Tannas. Penelitian dilakukan melalui dua pendekatan, yaitu: pendekatan konseptual dan pendekatan komparatif. Diperoleh hasil bahwa PI tidak berkorelasi langsung terhadap terjadinya konflik/perang; PI mengganggu mata pencaharian masyarakat, sehingga menurunkan Tannas; dalam konsep Tannas, PI merupakan gangguan dan atau ancaman; dan Tannas dapat disetarakan dengan keamanan manusia karena keduanya berupaya menghadirkan penjaminan keamanan, keselamatan, dan kesejahteraan individu.

We investigated the key mitigation options for achieving the mid-term target for carbon emission reduction in Indonesia. A computable general equilibrium model coupled with a land-based mitigation technology model was used to evaluate specific mitigation options within the whole economic framework. The results revealed three primary findings: (1) If no climate policy were implemented, Indonesia’s total greenhouse gas emissions would reach 3.0 GtCO₂eq by 2030; (2) To reduce carbon emissions to meet the latest Intended Nationally-Determined Contributions (INDC) target, ~58% of total reductions should come from the agriculture, forestry and other land use sectors by implementing forest protection, afforestation and plantation efforts; (3) A higher carbon price in 2020 suggests that meeting the 2020 target would be economically challenging, whereas the INDC target for 2030 would be more economically realistic in Indonesia.

Salah satu dampak paling signifikan dari perubahan iklim adalah kenaikan permukaan laut. Wilayah pesisir Pangandaran yang terletak di Selatan Jawa Samudra Hindia secara langsung memiliki risiko banjir lebih tinggi akibat kenaikan permukaan laut (SLR) dibandingkan dengan wilayah pesisir di Utara Jawa. Dampak langsung dari kenaikan muka laut, pada umumnya, diukur berdasarkan besarnya kerusakan fisik maupun kerugian ekonomi. Dalam kajian ini, kerusakan fisik dinotasikan sebagai persentase penyusutan atau perubahan penggunaan/tutupan lahan yang terpapar oleh banjir air laut. Kerugian ekonomi didekati dengan biaya kerusakan tiap jenis penggunaan lahan yang terpapar oleh banjir air laut. Satuan biaya (unit cost) tiap jenis penggunaan/tutupan lahan yang terusakkan dapat diperoleh dari hasil survei kuesioner, diskusi kelompok mendalam (focus group discussion, FGD), dan riset terdahulu. Hasil analisis SLR menunjukkan bahwa sementara penurunan tanah mencapai lebih dari 85 ha. Sementara itu, kerugian permanen akibat SLR pada 2025 dan 2050 hampir sama yaitu sekitar 40 ha, meskipun SLR meningkat lebih dari 0,24 meter menjadi 0,50 meter (skenario rendah) atau dari 0,30 meter hingga 0,64 meter (skenario tinggi). Ini bisa dimengerti karena elevasi Pantai Pangandaran cukup tinggi. Selain kerugian fisik, jenis kerugian lain yang disebabkan oleh SLR rusak atau hilang sebagian dari penggunaan lahan. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa kerugian tertinggi terjadi di sektor permukiman dibandingkan dengan sektor pertanian, dan permukiman yang terkena dampak SLR lebih luas dengan meningkatnya periode proyeksi.