In this work, we present an ecofriendly, non-hazardous, green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) by leaf extract of Crotalaria verrucosa (C. verrucosa). Total phenolic content, total flavonoid and total protein contents of C. verrucosa were determined. Further, synthesized ZnO NPs was characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) Spectra, transmission electron microscope (TEM), and Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis. UV-vis shows peak at 375 nm which is unique to ZnO NPs. XRD analysis demonstrates the hexagonal phase structures of ZnO NPs. FTIR spectra demonstrates the molecules and bondings associated with the synthesized ZnO NPs and assures the role of phytochemical compounds of C. verrucosa in reduction and capping of ZnO NPs. TEM image exhibits that the prepared ZnO NPs is hexagonal shaped and in size ranged between 16 to 38 nm which is confirmed by DLS. Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed to determine the thermal stability of biosynthesized nanoparticles during calcination. The prepared ZnO NPs showed significant antibacterial potentiality against Gram-positive (S. aureus) and Gram-negative (Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli) pathogenic bacteria and SEM image shows the generalized mechanism of action in bacterial cell after NPs internalization. In addition, NPs are also found to be effective against the studied cancer cell lines for which cytotoxicity was assessed using MTT assay and results demonstrate highest growth of inhibition at the concentration of 100 µg/mL with IC₅₀ value at 7.07 µg/mL for HeLa and 6.30 µg/mL for DU145 cell lines, in contrast to positive control (C. verrucosa leaf extract) with IC₅₀ of 22.30 µg/mL on HeLa cells and 15.72 µg/mL on DU145 cells. Also, DAPI staining was performed in order to determine the effect on nuclear material due to ZnO NPs treatment in the studied cell lines taking leaf extract as positive control and untreated negative control for comparison. Cell migration assay was evaluated to determine the direct influence of NPs on metastasis that is potential suppression capacity of NPs to tumor cell migration. Outcome of the synthesized ZnO NPs using C. verrucosa shows antimicrobial activity against studied microbes, also cytotoxicity, apoptotic mediated DNA damage and antiproliferative potentiality in the studied carcinoma cells and hence, can be further used in biomedical, pharmaceutical and food processing industries as an effective antimicrobial and anti-cancerous agent.

Scaffolds are important to tissue regeneration and engineering because they can sustain the continuous release of various cell types and provide a location where new bone-forming cells can attach and propagate. Scaffolds produced from diverse processes have been studied and analyzed in recent decades. They are structurally efficient for improving cell affinity and synthetic and mechanical strength. Carbon nanotubes are spongy nanoparticles with high strength and thermal inertness, and they have been used as filler particles in the manufacturing industry to increase the performance of scaffold particles. The regeneration of tissue and organs requires a significant level of spatial and temporal control over physiological processes, as well as experiments in actual environments. This has led to an upsurge in the use of nanoparticle-based tissue scaffolds with numerous cell types for contrast imaging and managing scaffold characteristics. In this review, we emphasize the usage of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and CNT–polymer composites in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine and also summarize challenges and prospects for their potential applications in different areas.

The synthesis of nanometer-sized metallic nanoparticles utilizing bio-sources is one of the most cost-effective and ecologically friendly approaches. Nano-zinc oxide particles (N-ZnO Ps) were made using a simple green synthesis method using an aqueous zinc nitrate salt and Perilla frutescens crude protein as a protecting and reducing agent in the current work. UV-visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), (energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy) EDX and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) were used to characterize the synthesized N-ZnO Ps. A distinctive UV-vis absorption peak was observed at 370 nm due to N-ZnO Ps. The SEM and HR-TEM pictures revealed N-ZnO Ps with a triangular form. The XRD pattern indicated the wurtzite structure of N-ZnO Ps. Nanoparticles exhibited a zeta potential of −11.3 mV. The antibacterial activity of N-ZnO Ps was tested against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumonia) microorganisms. The N-ZnO Ps were non-toxic to HMC-3 human normal brain microglia cells; however, they exhibited a potential cytotoxic effect on the LN-18 human brain glioblastoma cell line. These results indicate that N-ZnOPs can act as promising antibacterial and anticancer treatments in the prevention of Glioblastoma.

Calcium-based nanotechnology is a rapidly growing field that leverages the unique properties of calcium compounds at the nanoscale to develop innovative materials and applications. This field centers around the manipulation and utilization of calcium compounds, such as calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, and calcium oxide (CaO), when their dimensions are reduced to the nanoscale. Calcium compounds are generally biocompatible, biodegradable, cost-effective, and versatile, making them suitable for biomedical applications. Calcium homeostasis plays a critical role in cancer development and its progression. Understanding the mechanisms underlying cancer and calcium homeostasis disruption is crucial for developing effective strategies in cancer therapy. This review explores the therapeutic implications of intracellular calcium homeostasis, its crucial cancer development, and advances in therapy. The link between calcium homeostasis and tumor therapy is examined in this review, with particular attention paid to common calcium-based nanomaterials and their multifunctionality with other metals and compounds. Potential treatment options for disrupting calcium homeostasis include calcification therapy for tumor diagnosis, indirect prevention of tumor growth by altering the tumor microenvironment, and direct killing of tumor cells by inducing calcium overload. This review also examines the progress made in creating and using multifunctional calcium-based nanomaterials to treat cancer. Nanomaterials, which are categorized according to their main constituents (hydroxyapatite, carbonate, peroxide, and calcium phosphate), show great promise in ion interference, gene delivery, protein delivery, and drug delivery. Despite the challenges in this field, calcium-based nanotechnology holds immense potential for a wide range of applications, from healthcare to environmental remediation to energy. Continued research and development in this field will undoubtedly lead to more innovative and impactful technologies in the future.

Recent advancements in Cu₂MX₄ (CMX)-based nanocomposites have garnered significant attention in the biomedical field due to their exceptional structural, optical, electrical, and catalytic properties. In this review, recent developments regarding the synthesis, properties, and applications of CMX nanostructures in biomedicine, along with their high versatility and functionality, are discussed in detail. The various synthesis techniques, such as hydrothermal, solvothermal, and chemical vapour deposition methods and their influence on the properties of nanomaterials for therapeutic and diagnostic applications are also discussed. CMX-based nanocomposites cover highly important biomedical applications, including drug delivery, photothermal and photodynamic therapies, bioimaging, and antimicrobial activity. For the applications in targeted and controlled drug delivery, CMX, therefore, provides an efficient pathway to improve therapeutic efficiency while reducing adverse effects. The high photothermal conversion efficiency also makes this material beneficial for cancer therapies. The inherent fluorescence and magnetic properties of these agents may be beneficial in advanced bioimaging techniques. The good antimicrobial efficacy of CMX materials opens new avenues for combating microbial resistance. Mechanistic insights into cellular interactions, oxidative stress induction, and catalytic activities help provide a deeper understanding of the functions of these nanostructures in biological systems. Along with many future awaiting applications, toxicity, scalability, physico-stability, and regulatory issues are critical hurdles that need to be addressed for clinical translation to occur with CMX-based nanocomposite. The future aspects of enhancing the synthesis route, biocompatibility, and leveraging interdisciplinary approaches to optimize these materials for biomedical applications are also discussed. The unique multifunctionality of Cu₂MX₄ positions it as a next-generation nanomaterial, and this review provides timely insights to accelerate its translation from laboratory research to real-world biomedical applications.