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It is almost 20 years since the largest observational, multicentre study evaluating the risks of mortality associated with general anaesthesia in horses. We proposed an internet-based method to collect data (cleaned and analysed with R) in a multicentre, cohort, observational, analytical, longitudinal and prospective study to evaluate peri-operative equine mortality. The objective was to report the usefulness of the method, illustrated with the preliminary data, including outcomes for horses seven days after undergoing general anaesthesia and certain procedures using standing sedation. Within six months, data from 6701 procedures under general anaesthesia and 1955 standing sedations from 69 centres were collected. The results showed (i) the utility of the method; also, that (ii) the overall mortality rate for general anaesthesia within the seven-day outcome period was 1.0%. In horses undergoing procedures other than exploratory laparotomy for colic (“noncolics”), the rate was lower, 0.6%, and in “colics” it was higher, at 3.4%. For standing sedations, the overall mortality rate was 0.2%. Finally, (iii) we present some descriptive data that demonstrate new developments since the previous CEPEF2. In conclusion, horses clearly still die unexpectedly when undergoing procedures under general anaesthesia or standing sedation. Our method is suitable for case collection for future studies.
Miguel Gozalo-Marcilla; Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger; Mark Johnston; Polly M. Taylor; Jose I. Redondo. Data Collection for the Fourth Multicentre Confidential Enquiry of Perioperative Fatalities (CEPEF4) Study: New Technology and Preliminary Results. Animals 2021, 11, 2549 .
AMA StyleMiguel Gozalo-Marcilla, Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger, Mark Johnston, Polly M. Taylor, Jose I. Redondo. Data Collection for the Fourth Multicentre Confidential Enquiry of Perioperative Fatalities (CEPEF4) Study: New Technology and Preliminary Results. Animals. 2021; 11 (9):2549.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiguel Gozalo-Marcilla; Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger; Mark Johnston; Polly M. Taylor; Jose I. Redondo. 2021. "Data Collection for the Fourth Multicentre Confidential Enquiry of Perioperative Fatalities (CEPEF4) Study: New Technology and Preliminary Results." Animals 11, no. 9: 2549.
P. M. Taylor. Just because we can – Doesn’t mean we should. Equine Veterinary Education 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleP. M. Taylor. Just because we can – Doesn’t mean we should. Equine Veterinary Education. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleP. M. Taylor. 2021. "Just because we can – Doesn’t mean we should." Equine Veterinary Education , no. : 1.
Equine peri‐anaesthetic mortality and morbidity are of interest to anaesthetists, practitioners, horse owners and insurance companies. The largest prospective study, ‘The Confidential Enquiry into Perioperative Equine Fatalities’ (CEPEF) was conducted more than 20 years ago. It included over 40,000 horses from multiple centres and reported mortality to be 1.9% that decreased to 0.9% when only elective cases were considered. This is in stark contrast to mortality rates in small animal (dogs: 0.17%, cats: 0.24%) and human anaesthesia (0.04–7/10,000). In spite of developments in understanding the pathophysiology of equine anaesthesia mortality has not decreased in the intervening years. The main contributors to peri‐anaesthetic equine mortality are cardiac arrest, fractures and myopathy or neuropathy. Spinal cord myelopathy and cerebral necrosis are less common. Malignant hyperthermia and hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis are diseases associated with genetic mutations that can be triggered during general anaesthesia and may be fatal if not recognised and treated immediately. Morbidities are reported less frequently, presumably because often they do not cause permanent harm and may resolve within a short period of time. Complications in equine anaesthesia are numerous and include injuries at induction and recovery, damage to the airway associated with orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation, post‐anaesthetic myopathy or neuropathy, regurgitation and aspiration of stomach contents, ocular injuries and complications associated with intravascular cannulation. Hypotension, hypoventilation, hypoxaemia, hypothermia and dysrhythmias may occur both during the maintenance phase of anaesthesia but also in recovery. Airway obstruction during recovery has repeatedly been reported over the years as causing pulmonary oedema, which is often fatal if the airway is not restored extremely quickly. This review summarises the literature on the risk of mortality and morbidity. Information has been gathered from single case reports as well as larger research studies.
J. Deutsch; P. M. Taylor. Mortality and morbidity in equine anaesthesia. Equine Veterinary Education 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleJ. Deutsch, P. M. Taylor. Mortality and morbidity in equine anaesthesia. Equine Veterinary Education. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ. Deutsch; P. M. Taylor. 2021. "Mortality and morbidity in equine anaesthesia." Equine Veterinary Education , no. : 1.
Nociceptive threshold (NT) testing is widely used for the study of pain and its alleviation. The end point is a normal behavioural response, which may be affected by restraint or unfamiliar surroundings, leading to erroneous data. Remotely controlled thermal and mechanical NT testing systems were developed to allow free movement during testing and were evaluated in cats, dogs, sheep, horses and camels. Thermal threshold (TT) testing incorporated a heater and temperature sensor held against the animal’s shaved skin. Mechanical threshold (MT) testing incorporated a pneumatic actuator attached to a limb containing a 1–2 mm radiused pin pushed against the skin. Both stimuli were driven from battery powered control units attached on the animal’s back, controlled remotely via infra-red radiation from a handheld component. Threshold reading was held automatically and displayed digitally on the unit. The system was failsafe with a safety cut-out at a preset temperature or force as appropriate. The animals accepted the equipment and behaved normally in their home environment, enabling recording of reproducible TT (38.5–49.8 °C) and MT (2.7–10.1 N); precise values depended on the species, the individual and the stimulus characteristics. Remote controlled NT threshold testing appears to be a viable refinement for pain research.
Polly Taylor. Remote Controlled Nociceptive Threshold Testing Systems in Large Animals. Animals 2020, 10, 1556 .
AMA StylePolly Taylor. Remote Controlled Nociceptive Threshold Testing Systems in Large Animals. Animals. 2020; 10 (9):1556.
Chicago/Turabian StylePolly Taylor. 2020. "Remote Controlled Nociceptive Threshold Testing Systems in Large Animals." Animals 10, no. 9: 1556.
Miguel Gozalo‐Marcilla; Jose I. Redondo; Mark Johnston; Polly Taylor; Regula Bettschart‐Wolfensberger. A new equine anaesthetic mortality study two decades after CEPEF2: CEPEF4 is going live! Equine Veterinary Journal 2020, 52, 891 -892.
AMA StyleMiguel Gozalo‐Marcilla, Jose I. Redondo, Mark Johnston, Polly Taylor, Regula Bettschart‐Wolfensberger. A new equine anaesthetic mortality study two decades after CEPEF2: CEPEF4 is going live! Equine Veterinary Journal. 2020; 52 (6):891-892.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiguel Gozalo‐Marcilla; Jose I. Redondo; Mark Johnston; Polly Taylor; Regula Bettschart‐Wolfensberger. 2020. "A new equine anaesthetic mortality study two decades after CEPEF2: CEPEF4 is going live!" Equine Veterinary Journal 52, no. 6: 891-892.
Nociceptive threshold (NT) testing is widely used for the study of pain and its alleviation. The end point is a normal behavioural response which may be affected by restraint or unfamiliar surroundings leading to erroneous data. Remotely controlled thermal and mechanical NT testing systems were developed to allow free movement during testing and were evaluated in cats, dogs, sheep, horses and camels. Thermal threshold (TT) testing incorporated a heater and temperature sensor held against the animal’s shaved skin. Mechanical threshold (MT) testing incorporated a pneumatic actuator attached to a limb containing a 1 - 2mm radiused pin pushed against the skin. Both stimuli were driven from battery powered control units attached on the animal’s back, controlled remotely via infra-red radiation from a hand held component. Threshold reading was held automatically and displayed digitally on the unit. The system was failsafe with a safety cutout at a preset temperature or force as appropriate. The animals accepted the equipment and behaved normally in their home environment enabling recording of reproducible TT (38.5 – 49.8°C) and MT (2.7 – 10.1N); precise values depended on species, the individual and the stimulus characteristics. Remote controlled NT threshold testing appears to be a viable refinement for pain research.
Polly Taylor. Remote Controlled Nociceptive Threshold Testing Systems in Large Animals. 2020, 1 .
AMA StylePolly Taylor. Remote Controlled Nociceptive Threshold Testing Systems in Large Animals. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StylePolly Taylor. 2020. "Remote Controlled Nociceptive Threshold Testing Systems in Large Animals." , no. : 1.
Polly M. Taylor. Evidence‐based medicine. Equine Veterinary Journal 2020, 52, 632 -632.
AMA StylePolly M. Taylor. Evidence‐based medicine. Equine Veterinary Journal. 2020; 52 (4):632-632.
Chicago/Turabian StylePolly M. Taylor. 2020. "Evidence‐based medicine." Equine Veterinary Journal 52, no. 4: 632-632.
There are few investigations relating anti-nociception to plasma concentrations of fentanyl in horses. The study objective was to evaluate analgesic efficacy and duration in horses and determine the minimum anti-nociceptive plasma concentrations. Eight horses were treated with saline (P) and fentanyl (F2.5 = 2.5 µg/kg; F5 = 5 µg/kg; F10 = 10 µg/kg) given IV over 5 min, with a wash-out period of 10 days. To evaluate thermal (°C) and mechanical (N) nociceptive threshold single stimulations were applied prior to (baseline) and 10, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, 420, 540 min and 22.5 h after treatment. Plasma fentanyl concentrations were measured at specific time points. Locomotor activity, heart rate, respiratory rate and gastrointestinal sounds were recorded. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA and pairwise comparisons were used for data analysis (P < 0.05). With treatment F10, there was a significant increase in thermal threshold above baseline (47.2 ± 4.1 °C) at t10 (53.7 ± 4.2 °C) and t30 (52.1 ± 5.6 °C), whereas mechanical threshold increased considerably above baseline (3.7 ± 1.3 N) only at t10 (6.6 ± 3.6 N). Estimated mean minimum anti-nociceptive plasma concentration determined by thermal stimulation was 6.1–6.8 ng/mL. Dose-dependent increased locomotion occurred, but no significant changes in heart rate, respiratory rate and gastrointestinal sounds were observed. Fentanyl IV at 10 µg/kg produced anti-nociception for 10–30 min and fentanyl plasma concentrations of ≥6.1–6.8 ng/mL appear necessary to induce thermal anti-nociception. Dose-dependent increased locomotion was the main side effect observed.
J. Echelmeyer; P.M. Taylor; K. Hopster; K. Rohn; Julien Delarocque; Sabine Kästner. Effect of fentanyl on thermal and mechanical nociceptive thresholds in horses and estimation of anti-nociceptive plasma concentration. The Veterinary Journal 2019, 249, 82 -88.
AMA StyleJ. Echelmeyer, P.M. Taylor, K. Hopster, K. Rohn, Julien Delarocque, Sabine Kästner. Effect of fentanyl on thermal and mechanical nociceptive thresholds in horses and estimation of anti-nociceptive plasma concentration. The Veterinary Journal. 2019; 249 ():82-88.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ. Echelmeyer; P.M. Taylor; K. Hopster; K. Rohn; Julien Delarocque; Sabine Kästner. 2019. "Effect of fentanyl on thermal and mechanical nociceptive thresholds in horses and estimation of anti-nociceptive plasma concentration." The Veterinary Journal 249, no. : 82-88.
Polly Taylor; M. Senior. Update in advances in pain management for the equine practitioner. Equine Veterinary Education 2018, 31, 340 -342.
AMA StylePolly Taylor, M. Senior. Update in advances in pain management for the equine practitioner. Equine Veterinary Education. 2018; 31 (7):340-342.
Chicago/Turabian StylePolly Taylor; M. Senior. 2018. "Update in advances in pain management for the equine practitioner." Equine Veterinary Education 31, no. 7: 340-342.
Background Drug policy, whether for legal or illegal substances, is a controversial field that encompasses many complex issues. Policies can have effects on a myriad of outcomes and stakeholders differ in the outcomes they consider and value, while relevant knowledge on policy effects is dispersed across multiple research disciplines making integrated judgements difficult. Methods Experts on drug harms, addiction, criminology and drug policy were invited to a decision conference to develop a multi-criterion decision analysis (MCDA) model for appraising alternative regulatory regimes. Participants collectively defined regulatory regimes and identified outcome criteria reflecting ethical and normative concerns. For cannabis and alcohol separately, participants evaluated each regulatory regime on each criterion and weighted the criteria to provide summary scores for comparing different regimes. Results Four generic regulatory regimes were defined: absolute prohibition, decriminalisation, state control and free market. Participants also identified 27 relevant criteria which were organised into seven thematically related clusters. State control was the preferred regime for both alcohol and cannabis. The ranking of the regimes was robust to variations in the criterion-specific weights. Conclusion The MCDA process allowed the participants to deconstruct complex drug policy issues into a set of simpler judgements that led to consensus about the results.
Ole Rogeberg; Daniel Bergsvik; Lawrence D. Phillips; Jan van Amsterdam; Niamh Eastwood; Graeme Henderson; Micheal Lynskey; Fiona Measham; Rhys Ponton; Steve Rolles; Anne Katrin Schlag; Polly Taylor; David Nutt. A new approach to formulating and appraising drug policy: A multi-criterion decision analysis applied to alcohol and cannabis regulation. International Journal of Drug Policy 2018, 56, 144 -152.
AMA StyleOle Rogeberg, Daniel Bergsvik, Lawrence D. Phillips, Jan van Amsterdam, Niamh Eastwood, Graeme Henderson, Micheal Lynskey, Fiona Measham, Rhys Ponton, Steve Rolles, Anne Katrin Schlag, Polly Taylor, David Nutt. A new approach to formulating and appraising drug policy: A multi-criterion decision analysis applied to alcohol and cannabis regulation. International Journal of Drug Policy. 2018; 56 ():144-152.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOle Rogeberg; Daniel Bergsvik; Lawrence D. Phillips; Jan van Amsterdam; Niamh Eastwood; Graeme Henderson; Micheal Lynskey; Fiona Measham; Rhys Ponton; Steve Rolles; Anne Katrin Schlag; Polly Taylor; David Nutt. 2018. "A new approach to formulating and appraising drug policy: A multi-criterion decision analysis applied to alcohol and cannabis regulation." International Journal of Drug Policy 56, no. : 144-152.
Paulo Steagall; Sheilah Robertson; Polly Taylor. Feline Anesthesia and Pain Management. Feline Anesthesia and Pain Management 2017, 1 .
AMA StylePaulo Steagall, Sheilah Robertson, Polly Taylor. Feline Anesthesia and Pain Management. Feline Anesthesia and Pain Management. 2017; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaulo Steagall; Sheilah Robertson; Polly Taylor. 2017. "Feline Anesthesia and Pain Management." Feline Anesthesia and Pain Management , no. : 1.
Half‐Title Page Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Contents Foreword Contributors
Paulo Steagall; Sheilah Robertson; Polly Taylor. Front matter. Feline Anesthesia and Pain Management 2017, i -xx.
AMA StylePaulo Steagall, Sheilah Robertson, Polly Taylor. Front matter. Feline Anesthesia and Pain Management. 2017; ():i-xx.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaulo Steagall; Sheilah Robertson; Polly Taylor. 2017. "Front matter." Feline Anesthesia and Pain Management , no. : i-xx.
Paulo Steagall; Sheilah Robertson; Polly Taylor. Index. Feline Anesthesia and Pain Management 2017, 281 -286.
AMA StylePaulo Steagall, Sheilah Robertson, Polly Taylor. Index. Feline Anesthesia and Pain Management. 2017; ():281-286.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaulo Steagall; Sheilah Robertson; Polly Taylor. 2017. "Index." Feline Anesthesia and Pain Management , no. : 281-286.
Treatment of acute pain presents several challenges in feline practice. This chapter presents an overview of epidemiological data on the use of analgesics in cats and current challenges and principles of feline acute pain management. Multimodal and preventive analgesia involving nonpharmacological therapies and local anesthetics, opioids and nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the first line of treatment in acute pain. The importance of nonpharmacological therapy should not be underestimated. Other therapies including agonists of α2‐adrenergic receptors, tramadol, tapentadol, gabapentin and ketamine are presented as the second line of treatment for severe acute pain but also for prevention of persistent postsurgical pain.
Paulo Steagall; Polly Taylor. Treatment of Acute (Adaptive) Pain. Feline Anesthesia and Pain Management 2017, 221 -240.
AMA StylePaulo Steagall, Polly Taylor. Treatment of Acute (Adaptive) Pain. Feline Anesthesia and Pain Management. 2017; ():221-240.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaulo Steagall; Polly Taylor. 2017. "Treatment of Acute (Adaptive) Pain." Feline Anesthesia and Pain Management , no. : 221-240.
To evaluate intravenous (IV) detomidine with methadone in horses to identify a combination which provides sedation and antinociception without adverse effects.Randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded, crossover.A group of eight adult healthy horses aged (mean ± standard deviation) 7 ± 2 years and 372 ± 27 kg.A total of six treatments were administered IV: saline (SAL); detomidine (5 μg kg(-1); DET); methadone (0.2 mg kg(-1); MET) alone or combined with detomidine [2.5 (MLD), 5 (MMD) or 10 (MHD) μg kg(-1)]. Thermal, mechanical and electrical nociceptive thresholds were measured, and sedation, head height above ground (HHAG), cardiopulmonary variables and intestinal motility were evaluated at 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 120 and 180 minutes. Normal data were analyzed by mixed-model analysis of variance and non-normal by Kruskal-Wallis (p < 0.05).Nociceptive thresholds in horses administered methadone with the higher doses of detomidine (MMD, MHD) were increased above baseline to a greater degree and for longer duration (MMD: 15-30 minutes, MHD: 30-60 minutes) than in horses administered low dose with methadone or detomidine alone (MLD, DET: 5-15 minutes). No increases in nociceptive thresholds were recorded in SAL or MET. Compared with baseline, HHAG was lower for 30 minutes in MMD and DET, and for 45 minutes in MHD. No significant sedation was observed in SAL, MET or MLD. Intestinal motility was reduced for 75 minutes in MHD and for 30 minutes in all other treatments.Methadone (0.2 mg kg(-1)) potentiated the antinociception produced by detomidine (5 μg kg(-1)), with minimal sedative effects.Detomidine (5 μg kg(-1)) with methadone (0.2 mg kg(-1)) produced antinociception without the adverse effects of higher doses of detomidine.
Miguel Gozalo-Marcilla; Stelio Luna; Nadia Crosignani; José Np Puoli Filho; Fábio S. Possebon; Ludovic Pelligand; Polly M. Taylor. Sedative and antinociceptive effects of different combinations of detomidine and methadone in standing horses. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 2017, 44, 1116 -1127.
AMA StyleMiguel Gozalo-Marcilla, Stelio Luna, Nadia Crosignani, José Np Puoli Filho, Fábio S. Possebon, Ludovic Pelligand, Polly M. Taylor. Sedative and antinociceptive effects of different combinations of detomidine and methadone in standing horses. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. 2017; 44 (5):1116-1127.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiguel Gozalo-Marcilla; Stelio Luna; Nadia Crosignani; José Np Puoli Filho; Fábio S. Possebon; Ludovic Pelligand; Polly M. Taylor. 2017. "Sedative and antinociceptive effects of different combinations of detomidine and methadone in standing horses." Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 44, no. 5: 1116-1127.
Polly Taylor; Walt Ingwersen. Importance of ketamine. Veterinary Record 2016, 178, 348 -348.
AMA StylePolly Taylor, Walt Ingwersen. Importance of ketamine. Veterinary Record. 2016; 178 (14):348-348.
Chicago/Turabian StylePolly Taylor; Walt Ingwersen. 2016. "Importance of ketamine." Veterinary Record 178, no. 14: 348-348.
Polly Taylor; Walt Ingwersen. Importance of ketamine. Veterinary Record 2016, 178, 271 -271.
AMA StylePolly Taylor, Walt Ingwersen. Importance of ketamine. Veterinary Record. 2016; 178 (11):271-271.
Chicago/Turabian StylePolly Taylor; Walt Ingwersen. 2016. "Importance of ketamine." Veterinary Record 178, no. 11: 271-271.
We would like to highlight the medicinal value of ketamine. In November, 2015, WHO's Expert Committee on Drug Dependence (ECDD) reviewed ketamine among drugs “with potential for dependence, abuse and harm to health”, to make recommendations to the UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND) on the need for their international control. The ECDD recommended unequivocally that ketamine should not be placed under international control as they concluded that ketamine abuse does not pose a global public health threat and that such control would limit access for those who most need it as a life-saving anaesthetic.1WHO recommends against international control of ketamine. ((accessed March 7, 2016).)http://www.who.int/medicines/access/controlled-substances/recommends_against_ick/enGoogle Scholar This month in March, the 59th CND will vote on this issue.
Polly Taylor; David Nutt; Val Curran; Rudi Fortson; Graeme Henderson. Ketamine—the real perspective. The Lancet 2016, 387, 1271 -1272.
AMA StylePolly Taylor, David Nutt, Val Curran, Rudi Fortson, Graeme Henderson. Ketamine—the real perspective. The Lancet. 2016; 387 (10025):1271-1272.
Chicago/Turabian StylePolly Taylor; David Nutt; Val Curran; Rudi Fortson; Graeme Henderson. 2016. "Ketamine—the real perspective." The Lancet 387, no. 10025: 1271-1272.
Objective To compare sedative and analgesic properties of buprenorphine or morphine for standing procedures combined with a detomidine continuous rate infusion (CRI). Study design Blinded, prospective, randomized clinical pilot study. Animals Ten horses presented for dental or sinus procedures. Methods Horses received 0.02 mg kg−1 acepromazine intravenously (IV), followed 30 minutes later by detomidine 10 μg kg−1 IV. Five minutes later, buprenorphine 0.01 mg kg−1 (n = 6) or morphine 0.1 mg kg−1 (n = 4) was administered IV. Detomidine was administered by CRI (0.2 μg kg−1 minute−1) and adjusted to maintain appropriate sedation. Heart rate, respiratory frequency, gastrointestinal motility and rectal temperature were measured; pain, ataxia and sedation were scored. Sedation, pain scores and ataxia scores were analysed using a mixed linear model. Detomidine dose and procedure success scores were compared using Wilcoxon's rank sum test. Complications between groups were analysed using Fisher's exact test. Results Two horses had incomplete data. Weights and ages were not different between groups (p = 0.15 and p = 0.42, respectively). The dose rate for detomidine was not different between groups (0.33 ± 0.02 μg kg−1 minute−1 in the buprenorphine group and 0.33 ± 0.05 μg kg−1 minute−1, in the morphine group p = 0.89). Intraoperative visual analogue scale scores were greater after buprenorphine than morphine (mean ± SD, buprenorphine 48 ± 4, morphine 40 ± 5, p = 0.0497). Procedure duration was not different between groups (buprenorphine 142 ± 33, morphine 140 ± 12 minutes). All horses treated with buprenorphine experienced complications compared with none in the morphine group (p = 0.0286). Conclusions and clinical relevance At the doses used, buprenorphine produced greater sedation but more post-operative complications than morphine. However, Type I or Type II errors cannot be excluded and larger studies are required to confirm these findings.
Joanna J Potter; Paul MacFarlane; Emma J Love; Henry Tremaine; Polly M Taylor; Joanna C Murrell. Preliminary investigation comparing a detomidine continuous rate infusion combined with either morphine or buprenorphine for standing sedation in horses. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 2016, 43, 189 -194.
AMA StyleJoanna J Potter, Paul MacFarlane, Emma J Love, Henry Tremaine, Polly M Taylor, Joanna C Murrell. Preliminary investigation comparing a detomidine continuous rate infusion combined with either morphine or buprenorphine for standing sedation in horses. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. 2016; 43 (2):189-194.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJoanna J Potter; Paul MacFarlane; Emma J Love; Henry Tremaine; Polly M Taylor; Joanna C Murrell. 2016. "Preliminary investigation comparing a detomidine continuous rate infusion combined with either morphine or buprenorphine for standing sedation in horses." Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 43, no. 2: 189-194.
To examine the relationship between probe tip size and force readings of mechanical nociceptive thresholds (MTs) to identify appropriate probes for horses. Randomized, crossover study. Eight adult, mixed-breed horses aged 5-10 years, weighing 268-460 kg. Four probe configurations (PCs) were used in random sequence: 1.0 mm diameter (SHARP); 3.2 mm (BLUNT); spring-mounted 1.0 mm (SPRING), and 3 × 2.5 mm (3PIN). A remote-controlled unit on the horse increased force (1.2 N second−1) in a pneumatic actuator on the metacarpus. Mean MT for each PC was calculated from 10 readings for each horse. Data were log-transformed for analysis using mixed-effects anova/linear regression (p < 0.05). Variability of data for each PC was assessed using the coefficient of variation (CV). Mean ± standard deviation MTs were: SHARP, 5.6 ± 2.3 N; BLUNT, 11.4 ± 3.4 N; 3PIN, 9.6 ± 4.6 N, and SPRING 6.4 ± 1.8 N. Mean MT for SHARP was significantly lower than for BLUNT (p < 0.001) and 3PIN (p < 0.001), but not different from SPRING (p > 0.05). Mean MT was significantly higher for BLUNT than for 3PIN (p < 0.05) and SPRING (p < 0.001). Mean MT for 3PIN was significantly higher than for SPRING (p < 0.001). Larger contact area PCs produced higher MTs than smaller PCs, but the relationship was not linear. BLUNT (area: 10-fold greater) gave a MT two-fold higher than SHARP. 3PIN (area: 20-fold greater) produced more variable MTs, less than two-fold higher than SHARP. SPRING was similar to SHARP. CVs were: SHARP, 22.9%; BLUNT, 72.3%; 3PIN, 44.2%, and SPRING, 28.7%. The PC has nonlinear effects on MT. Therefore, it is important to define PC when measuring MT. Smaller probe tips may be preferable as MT data are less variable.
Polly M Taylor; Nadia Crosignani; Carlize Lopes; Ademir C Rosa; Stelio Pl Luna; José Np Puoli Filho. Mechanical nociceptive thresholds using four probe configurations in horses. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 2016, 43, 99 -108.
AMA StylePolly M Taylor, Nadia Crosignani, Carlize Lopes, Ademir C Rosa, Stelio Pl Luna, José Np Puoli Filho. Mechanical nociceptive thresholds using four probe configurations in horses. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. 2016; 43 (1):99-108.
Chicago/Turabian StylePolly M Taylor; Nadia Crosignani; Carlize Lopes; Ademir C Rosa; Stelio Pl Luna; José Np Puoli Filho. 2016. "Mechanical nociceptive thresholds using four probe configurations in horses." Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 43, no. 1: 99-108.